Privacidad de la información en la investigación social de naturaleza cualitativa: la transición hacia el mundo digital / Privacy of information in qualitative social research: the transition to the digital world / Privacidade da informação na pesquisa social qualitativa: a transição para o mundo digital

Resumen: Este texto aborda el problema de la privacidad de la información en la investigación social de tipo cualitativa que se desarrolla en el contexto del mundo digital. Para ello, se revisa el concepto de privacidad desde una mirada analógica hacia su incorporación en el plano digital con la figura de la privacidad de la información y algunos elementos de la hermenéutica de Gadamer. Primero, se revisa el plano analógico y ético de la privacidad. Luego, se revisa el potencial de la información, la distinción entre información privada y sensible y su aplicabilidad a la investigación social mediante los conceptos de confianza y seguridad. Finalmente se esboza una propuesta para una privacidad renovada que propone rescatar la intersubjetividad que se construye en la relación del participante de la investigación con el investigador.

Abstract: This text addresses the problem of information privacy in qualitative social research developed in the context of the digital world. For this purpose, the concept of privacy is reviewed from an analogical view towards its incorporation in the digital plane with the figure of information privacy and some elements of Gadamer's hermeneutics. First, the analogical and ethical plane of privacy is reviewed. Then, the potential of information, the distinction between private and sensitive information and its applicability to social research through the concepts of trust and security are reviewed. Finally, we outline a proposal for a renewed privacy that proposes to rescue the intersubjectivity that is built in the relationship between the research participant and the researcher.

Resumo: Este texto aborda o problema da privacidade da informação na investigação social qualitativa no contexto do mundo digital. Para o fazer, revê o conceito de privacidade de um ponto de vista analógico para a sua incorporação no plano digital com a figura da privacidade da informação e alguns elementos da hermenêutica de Gadamer. Primeiro, o plano analógico e ético da privacidade é revisto. Em seguida, o potencial da informação, a distinção entre informação privada e informação sensível e a sua aplicabilidade à investigação social através dos conceitos de confiança e segurança são revistos. Finalmente, esboça uma proposta para uma privacidade renovada que se propõe resgatar a intersubjetividade que é construída na relação entre o participante da pesquisa e o pesquisador.

Estudios Locos Latinoamericanos: marcos conceptuales y agenda de investigación / Estudos loucos da América Latina: marcos conceituais e agenda de investigação / Latin-American Mad Studies: Conceptual Frameworks and Research Agenda

Resumen El artículo analiza la emergencia de los Estudios Locos como tradición investigativa que propone teorías críticas y metodologías alternativas en la producción de saberes desde las personas que han sido etiquetadas con diagnósticos psiquiátricos. Para los Estudios Locos, los significados en torno a la locura expresan la relación de fuerzas y las formas de opresión que constituyen el campo de la salud mental, por lo tanto, enfatizan el carácter político de las investigaciones que se desarrollan en este ámbito y sostienen un cuestionamiento a la pretensión de objetividad y neutralidad del modelo biomédico. En este marco, mediante una revisión de la literatura académica y la netnografía como método de investigación, se describe el creciente protagonismo de las comunidades que han recibido atención de salud mental en América Latina para expresar sus narrativas en la esfera pública, situándose como agentes de conocimientos y actores políticos. En torno a estas nuevas gramáticas, los Estudios Locos Latinoamericanos se constituyen como una perspectiva de investigación hacia la configuración de otros modos de habitar la locura y articular sus luchas de emancipación social en el escenario regional contemporáneo.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a emergência dos Estudos loucos como uma tradição investigativa que propõe teorias críticas e metodologias alternativas para a produção do conhecimento de pessoas que foram rotuladas com diagnósticos psiquiátricos. Para Estudos loucos, os significados em torno da loucura expressam a relação de forças e as formas de opressão que constituem o campo da saúde mental, portanto, enfatizam o caráter político das pesquisas que se desenvolvem neste campo e sustentam um questionamento da reivindicação de objetividade e neutralidade do modelo biomédico. Nesse quadro, por meio de uma revisão da literatura acadêmica e da netnografia como método de pesquisa, descreve-se o crescente papel das comunidades que receberam atenção em saúde mental na América Latina para elaborar suas experiências no campo acadêmico e expressar suas narrativas em público. esfera, posicionando-se como agentes do conhecimento e atores políticos. Em torno dessas novas gramáticas, propõe-se o surgimento dos Estudos loucos da América Latina como disciplina emergente na configuração de outras formas de habitar a loucura e articular suas lutas pela emancipação social no cenário regional contemporâneo.

Abstract This article analyzes the emergence of Mad Studies as an investigative tradition that proposes critical theories and alternative methodologies in the production of knowledge from people who have been labeled with psychiatric diagnoses. For Mad Studies, the meanings around Madness express the relationship of forces and the forms of oppression that constitute the field of mental health, therefore, they emphasize the political nature of the research that is developed in this field and sustain a questioning of the claim of objectivity and neutrality of the biomedical model. In this framework, through a review of the academic literature and netnography as a research method, the growing role of the communities that have received mental health care in Latin America to express their narratives in the public sphere is described, positioning themselves as agents of knowledge and political actors. Around these new grammars, Latin American Mad Studies are constituted as a research perspective towards the configuration of other ways of inhabiting madness and articulating their struggles for social emancipation in the contemporary regional scenario.

Sentidos del cuidado en centros de privación de libertad para adolescentes en Uruguay / Meanings of care in adolescent detention centers in Uruguay / Significado dos cuidados em centros de detenção juvenil no Uruguay

Resumen (analítico) El artículo explora sentidos y significados asociados al cuidado por parte de agentes responsables de la custodia de adolescentes en centros de privación de libertad en Uruguay. La investigación cualitativa es un estudio de caso de tipo único, descriptivo y en profundidad que presenta un corpus compuesto por entrevistas, documentos, observaciones y registro en diario de campo. Se describen tres categorías de análisis en las que se reflexiona sobre el cuidado: acerca de la medida socioeducativa, la seguridad como criterio de funcionamiento y el acceso a los derechos a través de la política punitiva. Se concluye que existen visiones plurales asociadas al cuidado y que el tratamiento de los y las adolescentes se basa en el castigo por la vía del encierro disciplinante que legitima el uso de prácticas violentas.

Abstract (analytical) This article analyzes the meanings and ideas associated with care among the adults who operate adolescent detention centers in Uruguay. This qualitative research involves a unique, descriptive and in-depth case study that presents a corpus consisting of interviews, documents, observations and field notes. Three categories of analysis are described in relation to the concept of care: care as a socio-educational measure, safety as an operating standard and access to rights through punitive politics. The article argues that there are pluralist visions associated with care and the treatment of adolescents that are based on punishment through disciplinary confinement, which legitimizes the use of violent practices.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo explora significados e ideias associadas ao cuidado dos agentes responsáveis pela custódia dos adolescentes nos centros de privação de liberdade no Uruguai. A pesquisa qualitativa é um estudo de caso único, descritivo e aprofundado, que apresenta um escopo composto por entrevistas, documentos, observações e anotações de diário de campo. Três categorias de análise são descritas nas quais se consideram o cuidado: a medida socioeducativa, a segurança como critério de funcionamento e o acesso aos direitos por meio de políticas punitivas. Conclui-se que existem visões plurais associadas ao cuidado e que o tratamento dos adolescentes é baseado na punição por meio do confinamento disciplinar que legitima o uso de práticas violentas.

Prevenção do HIV/Aids em municípios da Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: hiatos entre a política global atual e as respostas locais / HIV/AIDS prevention in municipalities in Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: gaps between global policy and local responses / Prevención del VIH/Sida en municipios de la Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: hiatos entre la política global y las respuestas locales

As políticas globais e nacional de resposta à Aids têm enfatizado atualmente o tratamento como prevenção, as profilaxias pós e pré-exposição ao HIV e a prevenção combinada. O artigo analisa a tradução dessas políticas no âmbito local, com base em uma pesquisa social em municípios da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro centrada no contexto programático de prevenção e cuidado do HIV/Aids e na vulnerabilidade ao HIV de gays, travestis e prostitutas. Os hiatos entre as diretrizes e os contextos locais são abordados a partir de quatro temas: ampliação da oferta de testagem; desafios das ações focalizadas; distância entre testar e tratar; e o alcance das combinações na prevenção combinada. Buscamos demonstrar a importância da compreensão dos processos sociais que perpassam a implementação das estratégias preconizadas globalmente, que precisam ainda ser consideradas no enfrentamento da epidemia.(AU)

Global and national AIDS response policies emphasize treatment as prevention, pre and post- exposure prophylaxis, and combination prevention. This article analyzes the implementation of such policies at local level drawing on the findings of a social study conducted in municipalities in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro , Brasil, centered on HIV/AIDS prevention and care and the vulnerability of gays, transvestites, and prostitutes. The gaps between policy and local action are addressed focusing on four issues: the expansion of HIV testing, challenges facing targeted actions, the distance between testing and treatment, and the reach of combinations in combination prevention. We demonstrate the importance of understanding the social processes that cut across the implementation of the global recommendations and guidelines and suggest that these processes must to be taken into account to effectively tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.(AU)

Las políticas globales y nacional de respuesta al Sida han enfatizado actualmente el tratamiento como prevención, las profilaxis post y preexposición al VIH y la prevención combinada. El artículo analiza la traducción de esas políticas en el ámbito local, con base en una investigación social en municipios de la región metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, centrada en el contexto programático de prevención y cuidado del VIH/Sida y la vulnerabilidad al VIH de gais, travestis y prostitutas. Los hiatos entre las directrices y los contextos locales se abordan a partir de cuatro temas: ampliación de la oferta de testes, desafíos de las acciones focalizadas, la distancia entre el teste y el tratamiento y el alcance de las combinaciones en la prevención combinada. Buscamos demostrar la importancia de la comprensión de los procesos sociales presentes en la implementación de las estrategias preconizadas globalmente que todavía tienen que llevarse en consideración en el enfrentamiento de la epidemia.(AU)

Discapacidad y configuración del Capital Emocional (CE): el caso de tres padres / Disability and configuration of Emotional Capital (EC): the case of three fathers / Incapacidade e configuração do Capital Emocional (CE): o caso de três pais

El objetivo del artículo es mostrar la configuración del CE a partir del análisis de los relatos de vida de tres padres cuyos hijos e hijas presentan discapacidad. Los argumentos de las teorías de los campos sociales de Bourdieu y de la antropología de las emociones planteada por Hochschild aportan al piso teórico del concepto. La metodología utilizada fue el enfoque narrativo-biográfico a través de los relatos de vida. Se concluye que el CE surge desde la ruptura ideológica -de la normalidad- que ocurre en el momento del diagnóstico de discapacidad de sus hijos e hijas, pero se acumula desde la confrontación con la estructura social. Sólo uno de los padres logra adquirir CE, pues cuando las personas viven sus vidas en marcos ideológicos establecidos que no se cuestionan, es imposible acumular CE.

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the configuration of Emotional Capital (EC) through the analysis of the life stories of three fathers whose children have disabilities. The main components of Bourdieu's social field theory and the anthropology of emotions proposed by Hochschild provide the theoretical framework for this study. The methodology used was the biographical-narrative approach through the collection and analysis of life stories. It is concluded that EC emerges from the ideological break with normality that occurs at the time of diagnosis of the disability of their children, and accumulates through confrontations with social structures. Only one of the fathers succeeds in acquiring EC because when people live their lives in established ideological frameworks that are not questioned it is impossible to accumulate EC.

O objetivo do artigo é mostrar a configuração do Capital Emocional (CE) a partir da análise das histórias de vida de três pais cujos filhos têm deficiência. Os argumentos da teoria de campo social de Bourdieu e a antropologia das emoçãµes suscitadas por Hochschild fornecem o piso teórica para este conceito. A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem narrativa-biográfica através de histórias de vida. Conclui-se que a CE surge da ruptura ideológica de normalidade que ocorre no momento do diagnóstico da deficiência de seus filhos, e acumula-se a partir do confronto com a estrutura social. Apenas um dos pais consegue adquirir CE, porque quando as pessoas vivem suas vidas em quadros ideológicos estabelecidos que não são questionadas, é impossível acumular CE.

Hermenéutica e investigación social: narrativas generativas de paz, democracia y reconciliación / Hermeneutics and social research: narratives that generate peace, democracy and reconciliation / Hermenêutica e investigação social: narrativas generativas de paz, democracia e reconciliação

La pertinencia de los métodos de investigación implica la indagación por sus límites y posibilidades para comprender y transformar los fenómenos sociales. La hermenéutica ontológica política implica comprender sentidos y significados en su devenir, transformando a su vez las realidades sociales con otros según vivencias subjetivas e identitarias. Aquí presentamos el vínculo entre hermenéutica ontológica política y construccionismo social: primero, explicitando cómo la hermenéutica ontológica política, además de ser un modelo epistemológico para acceder a fenómenos sociales, es un aporte político a la comprensión y transformación de lo social; segundo, estableciendo un vínculo entre el socioconstruccionismo y la actitud hermenéutica que se instala en este modelo de comprensión; y finalmente, abordando la aplicación del vínculo metodológico entre hermenéutica ontológica política y socioconstruccionismo en la investigación con niños y niñas en contextos de conflicto armado.

The relevance of research methods implies the inquiry about their limits and possibilities for understanding and transforming social phenomena. Ontological political hermeneutics aims to comprehend meanings that are subject to continuous change, and at the same time transform social realities with others based on subjective and identity-based experiences. This article focuses on the link between ontological political hermeneutics and social constructionism: in the first instance, the authors detail how ontological political hermeneutics, in addition to providing an epistemological model for social research, acts as a political contribution to the comprehension and transformation of social processes; secondly, this article will show a link between social constructionism and the hermeneutical attitude that is located within this model of understanding. Finally, the authors apply the methodological link between ontological political hermeneutics and social constructionism in the field of social research with children living in armed conflict contexts. Key words: Methodology, social research, childhood (Unesco Social Sciences Thesaurus). Authors’ key words: Ontological political hermeneutics, social constructionism, narratives.

A pertinência dos métodos de investigação induz à indagação por seus limites e possibilidades para compreender e transformá-los em fenômenos sociais. A hermenêutica ontológica política implica compreender sentidos e significados em seu desenvolvimento, transformando, por sua vez, as realidades sociais com outros indivíduos por meio de vivências subjetivas e indenitárias. É apresentado o vínculo entre hermenêutica ontológica política e construcionismo social da seguinte maneira: primeiro, explicitando como a hermenêutica ontológica política, além de ser um modelo epistemológico para acessar fenômenos, é uma contribuição política para a compreensão e transformação do social; segundo, estabelecendo um vínculo entre o socioconstrutivismo e a atitude hermenêutica que se instala nesse modelo de compreensão; e, finalmente, abordando a aplicação do vínculo metodológico entre hermenêutica ontológica política e socioconstrutivismo na pesquisa com crianças em contextos de conflito armado.

Econograma: Diseño de un Instrumento Cualitativo para Investigación en Ambientes Sociales con poca o nula Información Socioeconómica de base / Econogram: designing a tool for qualitative research in social contexts with low or no socioeconomic information data base

Este artículo presenta un instrumento de investigación cualitativa denominado econograma y tiene su origen en la necesidad generar un conocimiento de base para evaluar la eficacia de los programas estatales implementados en la atención de población damnificada por un fenómeno de excesiva plu-viosidad, sucedido en Colombia entre noviembre de 2010 y marzo de 2011. Esta herramienta de investigación es a la vez un formato y una técnica, que pone en evidencia la estructura básica de las interacciónes que se establecen entre un individuo o un colectivo en términos económicos, y permite rastrear desplazamientos en los comportamientos económicos a través del tiempo, desde una perspectiva que permite inferir ciclos de producción y de consumo, tendencias y redes de producción.

This paper presents a qualitative research tool called Econogram. This instrument has its origin in the need to generate new knowledge to evaluate the effectiveness of the state programs, implemented to attend the population affected by a phenomenon of excessive rainfall in Colombia between November 2010 and March 2011. This research tool is both a format and a technique, which proves the structure of the interactions between an individual, or a group in economic terms. It also allows tracking and understanding shifts in economic behavior throughout time to infer cycles of production, consumption and production networks and trends.

Variations of the social: some reflections on public health, social research and the health-society relation / Variaciones de lo social: algunas reflexiones sobre salud pública, investigación social y la relación salud-sociedad

The idea of a social dimension of health is widely accepted as unavoidable and relevant for public health. This article proposes a reflection around the notion of the social examining some of the manifold ways in which it might be inherited by researchers, professionals, administrative staff and material settings involved in the practices of public health care. It will be argued that this inheritance has deep consequences for efforts of care inasmuch these different versions of the social characterise, circumscribe and reframe the health-society relation, modifying the scope under which public health issues are tackled or dismissed. To ground this seemingly abstract discussion I will work considering a specific public health problem: the case of frequent attenders in public health. Drawing on two approaches from the Sociology of Health (i.e. illness-behaviour and the user-professional relation) and the field of Science and Technology Studies, I will show how these ways of framing the study of frequent attenders assume and simultaneously promote three different versions of the social. The article aims to explore how social research in these traditions participate in the achievement and promotion of specific health-society relations, in which certain notions of the social operate helping or limiting research and care efforts by creating richer or poorer possibilities for posing, examining and facing the problems of public health.

La idea de una dimensión social de la salud ha sido ampliamente aceptada como inevitable y relevante para la salud pública. Este artículo propone una reflexión en torno a la noción de lo social examinando algunas de las muchas formas en que ésta puede ser heredada por los investigadores, profesionales, personal administrativo y contextos materiales involucrados en las prácticas sanitarias. Se propondrá que esta herencia tiene consecuencias importantes para los esfuerzos de atención en la medida en que distintas versiones de lo social caracterizan, circunscriben y replantean la relación salud-sociedad, modificando el alcance bajo el cual se enfrentan o descartan los problemas de salud pública. Para situar esta discusión, aparentemente abstracta, se trabajará a partir de un problema específico de salud pública: el caso de los pacientes policonsultantes. Tomando elementos de dos aproximaciones de la Sociología de la Salud (el comportamiento de enfermedad y la relación usuario-profesional) y del campo de los Estudios de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, mostraré cómo estas maneras de dar forma al estudio de los policonsultantes asumen y simultáneamente promueven tres versiones distintas de lo social. El artículo busca explorar cómo la investigación social situada en estas tradiciones participa en el logro y promoción de relaciones específicas entre salud y sociedad, en las cuales ciertas nociones de lo social operan ayudando o limitando los esfuerzos de cuidado e investigación, creado posibilidades más ricas o pobres para plantear, examinar y enfrentar los problemas de la salud pública.

El factor humano y las tecnologías socialmente apropiadas / Human factor and socially appropriate technologies

Se caracteriza el actual modelo de desarrollo de tipo industrial que beneficia a las poblaciones urbanas del planeta, sustentado en el uso del petróleo y sus derivados, el carbón y la energía nuclear; así como el modelo de desarrollo de tipo rudimentario en las poblaciones en condición de pobreza de las áreas periurbanas, rurales e indígenas, de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe. El propósito es valorar la ausencia del enfoque humano de la ciencia y la tecnología en las actuales intervenciones de desarrollo, representada en la implementación de las Tecnologías Apropiadas. Se establecen los criterios para la puesta en práctica de estas tecnologías y, a manera de ejemplo, se exponen dos de este tipo en salud, en reemplazo de dos tecnologías rudimentarias ineficientes; se explora los factores que limitan la adhesión de la población beneficiada a estas tecnologías y la conveniencia del funcionamiento de una Tecnología Socialmente Apropiada consolidada a los usos y costumbres de la población. Profundizamos en la contribución del conocimiento del ser humano, desde la perspectiva de las Ciencias Sociales y su metodología para el logro de las metas de salud. Finalmente, planteamos que una Tecnología Socialmente Apropiada es el resultado de una comunidad involucrada trabajando activamente y con conciencia, para hacer realidad la idea de que esta tecnología sí puede brindar salud para todos

This article discusses the current development model that benefits industrial-urban populations in the world, based on the use of oil and oil products, coal and nuclear energy, as well as the rudimentary model ingrained in poor populations from periurban areas, rural and native areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. Our objective was to assess the lack of human approach of science and technology under the present development interventions, represented in the implementation of the appropriate technologies. The requirements for the implementation of appropriate technology and two health technologies of this kind to replace two inefficient rudimentary technologies were set forth. Furthermore, the factors limiting the adhesion of the beneficiary population to them and the suitability of the functioning of socially appropriate technology in line with the uses and customs of the population were also explored. The paper delved into the contribution of the knowledge of the human being from the social science perspective, and the methodology for the attainment of health goals. Finally, it was stated that a socially appropriate technology is the result of a conscious community involved in active work to materialize the idea of a technology capable of providing health for all

Memória de reconhecimento social em ratos / Social recognition memory in rats / Mémoire de reconnaissance sociale chez les rats / Memoria de reconocimiento social en ratones

O paradigma intruso-residente vem sendo intensamente empregado em estudos para avaliar a memória de reconhecimento social em roedores. Tipicamente, ratos adultos (residentes) são expostos a dois encontros de 5 minutos cada com um mesmo intruso juvenil ou com juvenis diferentes; o intervalo entre encontros é usualmente 30 minutos. A quantidade de comportamentos sociais do residente, no segundo encontro, em relação a um intruso familiar é substancialmente menor do que o observado no primeiro encontro, o que não ocorre quando o segundo encontro envolve um juvenil novo; esse resultado caracteriza memória de reconhecimento social. Neste estudo discutimos achados recentes sobre os tipos de comportamentos usualmente incluídos nas categorias social e não-social, a influência da fase temporal, a interferência de rotinas laboratoriais na memória de reconhecimento social, modalidades sensoriais usualmente empregadas por roedores no processamento de informações na memória social e alternativas adicionais para o estudo da socialidade em roedores

The intruder-resident paradigm has been extensively employed in studies of social recognition memory in rodents. Typically, adult rats (residents) are exposed to two 5-min encounters with the same juvenile intruder or with two different juveniles; the interval between the encounters is 30 min. The amount of social behaviors exhibited by the resident rats toward the same intruder juvenile in the second encounter is substantially smaller when compared to both that seen in the first encounter and that seen toward a different juvenile; these results characterize social recognition memory. In this study we discuss recent findings related to behaviors usually included as social and non-social, the influence of the temporal phase on social behavior, the interference of laboratory routines on social recognition memory, sensory modalities usually employed by rodents for processing relevant information in the social memory and additional alternatives to study sociability in these animals

Le paradigme intrus-résident a été employée dans les études de memoire de reconnaissance social chez les rongeurs. Les rats adultes, nommés résidents, sont exposés à deux rencontres de 5min chacun, avec un même intrus juvénile ou avec des différents. L'intervalle de temps parmi les rencontres est 30 min. Le montant des comportements sociaux du résident, à la deuxième rencontre, parrapport a un intrus familiaire est sensiblement inférieur à celui observé à la première rencontre, ce qui ne se produit pas lorsque la deuxième recontre implique un nouveau juvenil. Ce résultat caractérise la mémoire de reconnaissance social. Cette étude discute des récentes conclusions du comportement social et non social, l'influence de la phase temportelle, l'ingérence dês routines de laboratoire dans cette memoire, les modalités sensorielles habituellement utilisées par les rongeurs dans le traitement de l'information sociale dans la mémoire et des solutions alternatifs pour l'étude de la socialité chez eux

El paradigma intruso-residente se viene utilizando extensivamente en estudios de memoria de reconocimiento social en roedores. Típicamente, un ratón adulto (residente) se expone a dos encuentros de 5 minutos cada uno con el mismo intruso juvenil o con dos juveniles diferentes; el intervalo entre los encuentros es de 30 minutos. El número de comportamientos sociales en el segundo encuentro exhibido por el residente y direccionado hacia el mismo intruso es substancialmente menor comparado con el primer encuentro o con un intruso nuevo; este tipo de disminución comportamental caracteriza memoria de reconocimiento social. En este estudio discutimos nuevos resultados relacionados con los comportamientos sociales y no-sociales, influencia de la fase circadiana, interferencia de las rutinas de laboratorio en la memoria de reconocimiento social, modalidades sensoriales empleadas por roedores para procesar información relevante a la memoria social y las alternativas adicionales para estudiar sociabilidad en estos animales

El porvenir de una relación: psicoanálisis y investigación social entre la aplicación y la extensión / The future of a relation: psychoanalysis à social research between application and extension

La travesía de incorporar el psicoanálisis al trabajo de investigación social invita a recorrer los diversos caminos que las distintas disciplinas sociales transitaron en su relación con la producción psicoanalítica. Sin embargo, dadas las dificultades que supone brindar un panorama razonable de esos encuentros y desencuentros, en reverso, optamos por explorar algunos aspectos de los modos en que el psicoanálisis llevó a cabo, pero también pensó y teorizó, su relación con las ciencias sociales. Así, el trabajo se propone indagar algunos estilos de relación entre el psicoanálisis y otros campos mediante el rastreo de las coordenadas políticas, institucionales y epistémicas que vertebraron la constitución de las nociones de psicoanálisis aplicado y psicoanálisis en extensión. Y, por esa vía, comenzar a pensar qué de lo dicho por los psicoanalistas acerca de la formación del analista comparte una espesura en común con la formación del investigador social.

Problemas y dilemas éticos en la investigación de la explotación sexual comercial de niñas y niños / Ethical problems and dilemmas in research on the commercial sexual explotation of children

The article begins by defining commercial sexual explotation of children (CSEC) as an exercise of power that commercializes the sexual abuse of children and adolescents so that the exploiters, nearly always adult men, will obtain financial profit or some type of social, psychological or other satisfaction. Victims of CSEC are girls and, to a lesser extent, boys. In any case, they are persons under the age of 18, who have been stripped of their right to be respected and protected from slavery and sexual abuse, discrimination, sickness and crime. This usurpation of rights occurs in certain businesses in the sexual industry (such as prostitution in bars, saloon bars, eateries, brothels, hotels and in the journals, videos and websites on the Internet run by pornographers and child molesters) and the street sex market (including prostitution in streets, squares, beaches, and parks). The main thrust of this article is to analyze some of the problems derived from the failure to comply with the principles of research ethics when studying commercial sexual exploitation (CSEC) in the sex industry and street sex market in Mexico. Research about CSEC started during the 90's focusing on the sex industry and street market in Mexico City and Guadalajara, Jalisco. By the end of that decade the National System for the Integral Development of Families (NSIDF) created a program against CSEC, with social research being one of its core objectives. A brief analysis is conducted of the problems derived from the failure to comply with ethical standards in the early covert research on CSEC in Mexico. It reports that this type of research encourages protection of the researcher without obtaining informed consent, respecting the dignity, confidentiality or anonymity of victims or providing any type of protection for the victims from any type of damage caused by their participation in the research. Most of the research projects focus on detecting victims in the sex industry and the stress sex market in various cities throughout the country. To this end, various methods and techniques have been used that require compliance with basic ethical standards in the relationship between researchers and key informants and in the reports by responsible researchers. Although it might be said that projects review and approval by an ethics committees implicitly assume compliance, there is still a considerable amount of studies without manifest ethic support. This article also discusses the fact that the de-contextualized application of the principles of research ethics to CSEC studies does not suffice to solve the previous problems, and may create ethical dilemmas in CSEC research. It also specifically describes one of the dilemmas faced in the authors' own research. Although a certain percentage of the research related to the issue is obviously reviewed and approved by an ethics committee that implicitly acknowledges this compliance, there continues to be a considerable number of studies with no manifest ethical support. Researchers responsible for the detection of and interviews with victims of CSEC also seek to defend themselves without protecting any of the latter. For example, many researchers act as clients in order to go unnoticed by exploiters and record the presence of teenagers in bars, saloon bars and diners without offering them any form of protection. These researchers never report that the victims interviewed have been informed of their right to refuse to answer or to leave whenever they wish. Ten years ago one researcher decided to penetrate a network that exploited adolescents. He managed to know the procedures followed to contact, enroll and coerce victims, as well as the commercial sex activities. Some authors consider that the violation of informant's rights in social research can be avoided by applying the universal principles of ethics in scientific research. However, the application of such principles seems to be insufficient to solve the wide range of ethical problems that raise in frequent and deep social relationships to informants. Applying the universal principles out of context would also obstruct the development of ethical validated social sciences such as participant observation, and generate other problems. For instance, the application of the principle of anonymity to protect the informant's identity when the participants wish to have their real names used on research reports, can make participants feel disappointed and stolen when reading their own experiences being reported under somebody else's name. This might persuade them to participate in other research projects. The article ends by describing the lessons learned during this work. Recommendations include protecting the physical, social and psychological welfare of the persons studied and those with whom one works, finding out about the social context where one's fieldwork is conducted; adopting a rights and gender approach; avoiding research solely designed to detect victims without offering them protection; detecting victims within the context of inter-institutional coordination (State Prosecutor's offices, Municipal and State DIF Systems and welfare organizations run by civilians), and rescue and protection programs that will guarantee the restoration of their rights and ensure the research team's welfare. At the very least, they should be quite clear that their own safety should always take precedence over their research.

En este artículo se define primero la explotación sexual comercial infantil (ESCI) como un ejercicio de poder que mercantiliza el abuso sexual de niñas, niños y adolescentes, con el fin de que los explotadores, casi siempre hombres adultos, obtengan alguna ganancia financiera o alguna satisfacción social, psicológica o de cualquiera otra especie. Las víctimas de la ESCI son niñas y, en menor medida, niños. En cualquier caso se trata de personas menores de 18 años de edad, usurpadas de su derecho a ser respetadas y protegidas contra la esclavitud y el abuso sexual, la discriminación, las enfermedades, la delincuencia, entre otros. Esta usurpación de derechos ocurre en algunos negocios de la industria sexual (la prostitución en bares, cantinas, fondas, casas de cita, hoteles y en las revistas/videos/sitios de la WEB de pornografía, pederastas, etc.) y del mercado callejero del sexo (la prostitución en las calles, plazas, playas, jardines, etc.). El propósito del artículo es analizar algunos problemas derivados del incumplimiento de los principios de la ética de la investigación al estudiar la explotación sexual comercial infantil (ESCI) en la industria sexual y el mercado callejero del sexo en México. De esta manera se hace un rápido análisis de los problemas derivados del incumplimiento de los estándares éticos en las primeras investigaciones encubiertas sobre la ESCI en México. Se reporta que este tipo de investigaciones privilegia la protección del investigador sin obtener el consentimiento informado, sin respetar la dignidad, la confidencialidad ni el anonimato de las víctimas y sin brindarles algún tipo de protección contra cualquier tipo de daño producido por su participación en la investigación. La mayoría de las investigaciones se centra en la detección de víctimas en la industria sexual y en el mercado callejero del sexo de diferentes ciudades del país. Para tal efecto se han ocupado métodos y técnicas que exigen el cumplimiento de estándares éticos básicos en la relación de los investigadores con los informantes clave y en el reporte de los investigadores responsables. Asimismo se discute que la aplicación descontextualizada de los principios de la ética de la investigación a los estudios de la ESCI no es suficiente para resolver los problemas anteriores y que puede generar dilemas éticos en la investigación de la ESCI. De manera específica se expone uno de los dilemas enfrentados en el propio trabajo de investigación de los autores. Es innegable que se podría asumir que cierto porcentaje de investigaciones relacionadas con el tema pasa por la revisión y aprobación de un comité de ética que da cuenta implícitamente de ese cumplimiento. Sin embargo, aun así persiste un número considerable de estudios que no tiene ningún respaldo ético manifiesto. Los investigadores responsables de la detección y las entrevistas a las víctimas de la ESCI también buscan salvaguardarse sin proteger a ninguna de ellas. Por ejemplo, muchos investigadores actúan como clientes para pasar desapercibidos ante los explotadores y registrar la presencia de adolescentes en bares, cantinas y figones sin ofrecer a ellas algún tipo de protección. Los investigadores nunca reportan que las víctimas entrevistadas hayan sido enteradas de que tenían derecho a negarse a contestar o a retirarse cuando lo decidieran. Finalmente se exponen las lecciones aprendidas en dicho trabajo, las cuales recomiendan proteger el bienestar físico, social y psicológico de las personas a las que se estudia y con las que se trabaja; conocer el contexto social donde uno hace su trabajo de campo; adoptar un enfoque de derechos y de género; evitar las investigaciones que persigan como único fin detectar a víctimas sin ofrecerles protección; realizar la detección de victimas en el contexto de programas de coordinación interinstitucional (ministerios públicos, sistemas estatales y municipales DIF; organismos asistenciales de la sociedad civil), de rescate y de protección que garanticen la restitución de sus derechos, y proteger el bienestar del equipo de investigación. Por lo menos debe quedar claro al investigador que su propia seguridad debe estar en todo momento por encima de la realización de las tareas de investigación.

Panorama de la investigación del trabajo social en el ámbito de la salud mental (1970-2000)

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Summary Social Work is defined as a profession which takes care within the social environment, of the individual who simultaneously experiences diverse problems and deficiencies that affect and alter his personal, group and his community's development. Therefore, the social worker is a trained professional who takes care and looks for solutions to specific problems of individuals in accordance to specific and viable goals. This way we can say that the goal of Social Work is the well-being of human beings and, of course, this includes the promotion of mental health as a means to achieve it. This paper contains a review of the research carried out by social workers on mental health in Mexico during the period from 1970 to 2000. The sources of information for this analysis include the following documents: Revista Salud Mental, published by the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría: Ramón de la Fuente, Revista de Trabajo Social published by the Escuela Nacional de Trabajo Social at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Revista de Trabajo Social produced by the Asociación de Trabajadores Sociales Mexicanos A.C.; and other publications issued by Centro de Integración Juvenil (CIJ) and Hospital Fray Bernardino Alvarez (HFBA). The papers were selected on the basis of what is defined as social research, in other words, a process designed to obtain knowledge of a social phenomenon through the application of a theoretical body to an object of knowledge by means of a series of procedures comprising a method. All the papers were authored or co-authored by a social worker and published between 1970 and 2000. They were related to the psychosocial sphere or mental health issues and included field research, and were produced and published in Mexico. Social work became a profession in Mexico in the 1930s, and in the 1940s, psychiatric social work emerged as a specialization of Medical Social Work and research began to be mentioned as part of the methodology of this discipline. Psychiatric social work has been influenced by the Hegemonic Medical Model (HMM), characterized by a biological approach, in which disease receives more attention than health or the prevention of illness, and there is a division between practice and research. Although there have been advances in this respect, social work should be included within the sphere of mental health since this is a more integral concept. Mental health may be defined as the capacity of the individual, group, and environment to interact with each another in a way that will produce subjective well-being, optimal development, and the use of mental capacities to achieve individual and collective goals in order to promote social welfare and improve the quality of life. Objective To describe the characteristics of the research conducted in Mexico by social workers in the mental health sphere. Material and method A descriptive study of social work in the sphere of mental health from 1970 to 2000 based on an analysis of the characteristics of the publications produced during this period, to determine the authors' thematic areas, type of research and academic back-ground. Results The main findings of the 37 papers analyzed were as follows: one article is published per year, with variations in the different decades, two were published from 1970 to 1980, seventeen appeared from 1981 to 1990 while a total of 18 were published from 1991 to 2000. Most part of the research (62%) was carried out in the Federal District and in a number of states such as Mexico, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Oaxaca and Jalisco. Most of the papers were published in the Revista de la Escuela Nacional de Trabajo Social (33%). The larger part of the articles, (57%), refer to various issues linked to drug addiction and alcoholism and to a lesser extent to youngsters (18%) who are not involved in drug consumption, children (8%), family violence (6%), poverty, women, training, and the number of patients that drop out of mental health, each of which accounts for 2.8%. The research covered, 23 cases of which 63% were descriptive, 18% exploratory, 16% correlative and 3% explanatory. The theoretical frameworks were drawn partly from medical sciences and mainly from the social sciences such as sociology, and included health-sickness, migration, marginalization, poverty, family, socialization, group theory, social classes, and social welfare. Among the anthropological issues included were culture and indigenism, gender theory, while legal issues included human rights, anti-social behavior, crime and criminology. Medical issues comprised epidemiology, health, prevention, treatment, addiction and alcoholism, while social psychology topics included identity, mental health and youth gangs. The most commonly utilized techniques were various types of interviews and participant and non-participant observation, while the most widely used instrument was the questionnaire. In 75% of the research, the first authors were women while 25% had professions other than social work. A total of 49% of the authors and co-authors had graduate studies including specializations, master's degrees and to a lesser extent, doctoral degrees. Various studies on drug addiction report that addicts come from marginal neighborhoods, with a low level of educational achievement, with under-employed households heads, although some of the studies carried out on populations living in poverty reported that the inhabitants did not have any addictions. What differentiates the two groups, i.e. consumers and non-consumers of drugs and alcohol are specific characteristics. Familial characteristics included addictive models, family disintegration, inappropriate communication, inability to demonstrate affection and emotion, present-absent father, desertion by father, orphanhood, absence of parents due to work, conflictive relationship with parents, family violence and unclear limits. Social characteristics included poverty, unemployment, migration, marginalization, expectations of a magical cure, drug consumption starting at an early age, stigma as a means of preserving identity through acceptance by a group or gang, group's permissiveness towards consumption and dropping out of school. Higher indexes of socio-economic marginalization due to unemployment and under-employment, early deprivation and conflictive family dynamics appear to be linked to the presence of addictions. The consumption of inhalants is also associated with the most under-privileged groups. Violence is associated with migration, prior experience of mistreatment in childhood, abandonment, pover ty, low educational achievement and alcoholism. Studies show that after women who have been battered by their husbands make a formal complaint to the police, their husbands become less aggressive. Another important finding is the fact that most addicts drop out of treatment programs during the early stages of the latter, with 40% dropping out during the diagnostic stage and 60% before ten treatment sessions. This suggests that brief interventions should be designed to deal with drug addicts and alcoholics. The fact that patients drop out treatment programs offered by mental health services is due to personal reasons rather than to the quality of the care provided by a particular institution. Preventive programs and programs offering individual, family and group orientation should be provided, while research should be undertaken to gauge the effectiveness of the intervention and to incorporate the results of the latter into treatment programs to improve the population's mental health. In addition to dealing with drug addiction and alcoholism, programs should be designed to cope with other mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and old age.