Body iron store and prevalence of iron deficiency In Mongolian children aged 6-59 months / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background@#Iron is an essential mineral needed for physical and cognitive development with iron needs greatest during pregnancy, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Iron is vital throughout the lifespan as it is a component of haemoglobin, the protein responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to body cells for energy production. Iron deficiency results from a depletion of body iron stores due to increased iron needs, inadequate dietary iron intake, reduced iron absorption, or loss of iron from infections caused by malaria, hookworms, and other intestinal parasites. In advanced stages, iron deficiency leads to iron deficiency anaemia, a condition of low red blood cells and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.@*Goal@#This study aimed to determine body iron stores in Mongolian children aged 6-59 months, and estimate prevalence of iron deficiency among of studied children. @*Materials and Methods@#In this study were used materials that collected during the fifth national nutrition survey conducted in 21 provinces of 4 economic regions and 8 districts of Ulaanbaatar city of Mongolia. The fifth national nutrition survey was household based survey; therefore sampling unit was household with 5 year-old child. We had used demographic information collected by interview methods and laboratory examination results on ferritin, soluble transferrin (sTfR), C reactive protein (CRP) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AFP) in serum samples collected from 6 to 59 months old children, pregnant women and 15–49 year-old men living in child’s households. Serum Ferritin and soluble transferrin (sTfR) were used as a biomarker for iron store and iron deficiency and C reactive protein (CRP) and AFG were used as indicators for acute and chronic infection. The determination of iron status is challenging when concomitant infection and inflammation are present because of confounding effects of the acute-phase response on the interpretation of most iron indicators. Effects of C reactive protein (CRP) and AGP concentrations on estimates of ID according to serum ferritin (SF) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were considered in the study. @*Ethical considerations @#The survey protocol was discussed at the scientific committee of the Public health institute and approved by director of scientific committee of PHI on June 28, 2016. Ethical approval for conducting the survey, including obtaining biological samples was obtained from the Medical ethics committee under the Ministry of Health of Mongolia on July 7, 2016. Participation in the survey was voluntary, oral and written informed consent was obtained from each participants and adult caregivers of under 5 year-old children. @*Results@#Biomarkers of iron status were adjusted with inflammation indicators and estimated iron deficiency (ID) and total body iron store in 1732 children 6-59 month-olds. The study findings showed that adjusted mean concentration of serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor was 33.7 µg/l and 8.8 mg/l in children age of 6-59 months, respectively. The calculated total body iron store by using adjusted SF and soluble transferrin receptor was 2.8 mg/kg among surveyed children. Iron deficiency was estimated by using 2 different biomarkers among selected population group. The prevalence of iron deficiency estimated by using SF was 20.7% in children 6-59 months. Iron deficiency in children defined by using serum soluble transferrin receptor was 27.7%.@*Conclusions@#</br> 1. The average serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor concentrations was 33.7 µg/l and 8.8 mg/l in children age of 6-59 months, respectively. Total body iron store estimated by using SF and soluble transferrin was 2.8 mg/kg among surveyed children. </br>2. The prevalence of iron deficiency estimated by using SF and sTfR was 20.7% and 27.7% in children 6-59 months, respectively. According to the WHO recommendation, prevalence of iron deficiency among Mongolian children aged 6-59 months is classified as “prevalent”. </br>3. Overall proportion of children with low body iron store was 22.4%. The prevalence of iron depletion is relatively common in boys, young children aged 6–23 months, and rural children aged 6-59 months.

Iron status in small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants at birth / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study compared the iron statuses of small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants at birth. METHODS: The clinical data of 904 newborn infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were reviewed. Blood samples were drawn from the infants within 24 hours after birth. Serum ferritin level was used as a marker of total iron status. RESULTS: In this study, 115 SGA (GA, 36.5±2.9 weeks; birth weight [BW], 1,975±594.5 g) and 717 AGA (GA, 35.1±3.5 weeks; BW, 2,420.3±768.7 g) infants were included. The SGA infants had higher hematocrit levels (50.6%±5.8% vs. 47.7%±5.7%, P<0.05) than the AGA infants. No difference in serum ferritin level (ng/mL) was found between the groups (mean [95% confidence interval]: SGA vs. AGA infants, 139.0 [70.0–237.0] vs. 141.0 [82.5–228.5]). After adjusting for gestational age, the SGA infants had lower ferritin levels (147.1 ng/mL [116.3–178.0 ng/mL] vs. 189.4 ng/mL [178.0–200.8 ng/ mL], P<0.05). Total body iron stores were also lower in the SGA infants than in the AGA infants (185.6 [153.4–211.7] vs 202.2 [168.7–241.9], P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The SGA infants had lower ferritin and total body iron stores than the AGA infants. The SGA infants affected by maternal hypertension who were born at late preterm had an additional risk of inadequate iron store. Iron deficiency should be monitored in these infants during follow-up.

Changes of metabolic syndrome related indexes before and after blood donation in blood donors / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the significance of blood donation in preventing metabolic syndrome (MS)by analyzing the changes of the blood pressure and the related biochemical indexes before and after blood donation in the blood donors with high risk of MS.Methods The blood specimens of 102 blood donors,aged 45 -55 years old with the systolic blood pressure of 110 -140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure of 75 -90 mmHg,the body mass index> 24 kg/m2 ,were selected as the subjects.The blood pressure,heart rate,iron reserves,blood glucose,blood lipids,and the other indicators were determined before blood donation. All the above indicators were tested again on 42 d after blood donation.Results The blood pressure,iron reserves,blood glucose and LDL/HDL ratio after donation showed significant changes compared with before blood donation(P <0.05 ).Conclusion The changes of the MS related blood indexes exist before and after blood donation,blood donation has a certain significance for preven-ting MS in the blood donors with high risk of MS.

Iron Status and Red Cell Parameters in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Adolescents in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa).

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate iron metabolism and compare iron stores between pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents in Côte d’Ivoire. Place and Duration of Study: The study was undertaken with 187 volunteers adolescents aged from 15 to 19 years. For this study, adolescents were divided into 2 groups with 75 non-pregnant adolescents and 112 pregnant adolescents. Study population was recruited January 2006 to January 2008 in 4 urban community health centers, of Abidjan. Assays of blood samples were performed in Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Phytotherapy (Nangui Abrogoua University) and in Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry of University Hospital Centre (Cocody, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University). Methodology: In each pregnant adolescent a blood sample was collected by venipuncture on a dry and EDTA tubes of 5 ml. With these blood samples, haematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: Haematological parameters were decreased in pregnant adolescents at the third trimester of pregnancy compared with control adolescents. Pregnant adolescents were more anaemic during pregnancy (77.7 %) compared with non-pregnant adolescents (42.7 %). Iron stores were greatly decreased in 72.3 %, 83.9 % and 95.6 % of adolescents respectively during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy compared with non-pregnant adolescents (34.7 %). In addition, high prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was recorded throughout pregnancy in adolescents. Therefore, iron status was more altered in pregnant adolescents (11.6 %, 9.8 % and 0.0 % respectively) compared with non-pregnant adolescents (13.3 %). The results of this study show that the causes of pronounced degradation in iron status are insufficient in size of iron stores in pregnant adolescents and non-pregnant adolescents. Conclusion: Iron metabolism alteration is important in pregnant adolescents in Côte d’Ivoire, causing severe anaemia in this group of population.

Intervención educativa para modificar el aporte de hierro absorbible en mujeres no embarazadas / Educational intervention to modify the levels of absorbed iron in non pregnant women

Biochemical tes ts (hemoglobin andferritin) and dietary surveys were carried out in this study to determine changes in absorbable iron intake and serum levels of iron, before and after an educational intervention aimed to promote food dietary iron bioavailability in 49 non pregnant women between 18 and 25 year of age students from La Frontera University who were enrolled in this institution in 2009. Favorable changes were detected in vitamin C intake which increased from 67 to 125 mg (p<0.001), and hemoglobin from of 132 to 13.4 g/dl (p<0.0065). A significant a decrease in factors on the non-heme iron absorption depressants from 100% to 6.1% (p = 0.008) was observed. Important qualitative chances on the adequate selection and combination of types of food were identified which contributes to improve iron absorption.

Se realizó un estudio en 49 alumnas entre 18 y 25 años de edad, de la Universidad de La Frontera, matriculadas el año 2009 con exámenes bioquímicos (hemoglobina y ferritina) y encuestas alimentarias, para determinar modificaciones en el aporte de hierro absorbible y en los niveles séricos de hierro, antes y después a una intervención educativa alimentaria enfocada a favorecer la biodisponibilidad de hierro dietario. Después de la intervención se detectaron cambios favorables ya que el aporte de vitamina C aumentó de 67 a 125 mg (p<0,001), la concentración de hemoglobina varió de 13.2 a 13.4 g/dl (p<0,001), y disminuyeron los depresores de absorción de hierro dietético de 100% a 6,1% (p=0,008). Se identificaron importantes cambios cualitativos respecto a la correcta selección y combinación de alimentos contribuyendo así a disminuir la deficiencia de hierro en las participantes. Se aportan antecedentes actualizados sobre la calidad de hierro en la dieta y deficiencia de hierro en mujeres en edad fértil.

Anemia y depleción de las reservas de hierro en niños con síndrome de down / Anemia y iron stores depletion in children with down syndrome

En el Síndrome de Down (SD) son escasos los estudios que determinan la prevalencia de anemia y deplecion de las reservas de hierro (DRFe). Evaluar la prevalencia de anemia y DRFe en ninos con SD de Maracaibo-Venezuela. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 169 ninos entre 4-14 años: ochenta y siete sin SD y 80 con SD, sin procesos infecciosos e inflamatorios activos. Se consideró anemia valores de hemoglobina <110 g/L en <5 años, <115 g/L entre 5-11 años y <120 g/L entre 12-14 años. Microcitosis vcm<80 fL, Hipocromía HCM<27 pg. Se consideró DRFe=ferritina<15µg/L; riesgo de DRFe (RDRFe) ferritina=15-20µg/L y reservas normales (RFe normal) ferritina>20µg/L. Los datos fueron analizados con el pregrama de estadísticas SAS, y se consideró como significación estadística una p<0,05. La prevalencia total de anemia fue 20,71 por ciento, significativamente más baja en niños con SD (5,92 por ciento) (p<0,01). La prevalencia de microcitosis (5,0 por ciento) e hipocromia (18,75 por ciento) también fue menor en estos niños (p<0,0001), no observándose casos de macrocitosis, pero si de hipercromía (7,50 por ciento). La prevalencia de DRFe en niños con SD (9,14 por ciento) fue superior a la observada en niños sin SD; sin embargo, la prevalencia de RDRFe (36,59 por ciento), fue más baja en niños con SD. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a edad, peso y estatura. La depleción y riesgo de depleción de las reservas de hierro son deficiencias nutricionales prevalentes en niños con Síndrome de Down, que requieren de una atención especial del estado nutricional y de salud en esta población.

There are few studies in relation to the prevalence of anemia and depletion of iron stores (DIS) in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and DIS in children with Down Syndrome from Maracaibo-Venezuela. A descriptive study was carried out on 169 chidren (aged 4 to 14 years); 87 without DS and 80 with DS; without infectious or inflammatory processes. Anemia was considered when Hemoglobin <110 g/L in <5y old, Hb<115 g/L in 5 to 11y old and Hb<120 g/L in 12 to 14 y old; microcytosis (mean corpuscular volume MCV<80 fL) and hypochromia (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin MCH<27 pg). DIS=ferritin<15µg/L; DIS risk ferritin=15-20µg/L and normal iron stores normal (NIS) ferritin>20µg/L. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS programs, Statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. The overall prevalence of anemia was 20.71%. This prevalence was much lower in children with DS (5.92%; p<0.01) Prevalence of microcytosis (5.0%) and hypochromia (18.75%) were also significantly lower in children with DS (p<0.0001). No macrocytosis was observed but hipercromia was detected in 7.50%. Although, the prevalence of DIS (9.14%) was higher in children with DS, the prevalence of DIS risk was lower (36.59%). Age, weight and height did not show statistical differences between groups. DIS and DIS risk are prevalent nutritional deficiencies in children with Down Syndrome, which require special attention in order to improve nutritional and health status in this population.

Utilidad de la ferritina sérica para evaluar depósitos de hierro maternos en el post parto inmediato / Usefulness of serum ferritin to assess maternal iron stores in the early postpartum period

La ferritina sérica (FS), indicadora de depósitos de hierro (Fe), es cuestionable en el puerperio, mientras que el receptor soluble de transferrina (RsT) parecería más confiable. Por ello, se estudió la FS en las 24 h post parto en 88 mujeres atendidas en el Hospital Diego Paroissien. Se determinó: Hematocrito (Hto), Hemoglobina (Hb), recuento de glóbulos rojos (GR) y blancos (GB); en suero: RsT, FS y Proteína C-Reactiva. Se analizó sensibilidad y especificidad de FS mediante el modelo del operador-receptor (ROC), considerando al RsT como "estándar de oro". Los valores (media ± DE y rangos) fueron: Hto (%) 35 ± 5 (22 - 47); Hb (g/L) 112 ± 17 (61 - 150); GR x 103/mm3 3.843 ± 530 (2.500 - 5.300); GB/mm3 9.644 ± 2.599 (5.300 - 21.000); RsT (mg/L) 4,93 ± 2,93 (0,54 - 14,77); FS (µg/L) 33 ± 39 (0 - 210); PCR (+) en 92,4% de los casos. FS evidenció un área bajo la curva de 0,795 con elevada sensibilidad (83%) y especificidad de 63% para un punto de corte de 25 µg/L. Además, FS correlacionó con RsT (r = -0,436) y con el cociente RsT/FS (r = -0,919). Estos resultados sugieren que FS sería de utilidad en el post parto inmediato, siendo aconsejable utilizar el punto de corte de 25 µg/L.

Serum ferritin (SF) may not be a reliable indicator of iron (Fe) stores during the puerperium. Therefore, it was compared to the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in 24 h post partum women (n = 88), assisted at Diego Paroissien Hospital (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were determined in fasting blood samples using an electronic counter (Mega); SF by ELISA (IMx Ferritina, Abbott); sTfR by ELISA (Orion Diagnostica) and C-Reactive Protein (PCR-Latex, Wiener lab). Statistical analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristics, ROC) were performed using the sTfR as "gold standard". Results: (mean ± SD) (range): Hct (%) 35 + 5 (22 - 47); Hb (g/L) 112 ± 17 (61 - 150); RBC x 103/mm3 3843 ± 530 (2500-5300); WBC/mm3 9644±2599 (5300 -21000); sTfR (mg/L) 4.93 ± 2.93 (0.54 - 14.77); SF(µg/L) 33 ± 39 (0 - 210); PCR (+) in 92.4%. Sensitivity and specificity of SF were, respectively: 83% and 63% for a cut-off point of 25 µg /L (area under ROC plot 0.795, 95% reference interval: 0.694 - 0.897). SF correlated inversely with sTfR (r = -0.436) and with the sTfR/SF ratio (r = -0.919). These results suggest that SF may be a useful indicator of maternal Fe stores during the early perinatal period, although its cost may limit rutinary laboratory use.

Effect of Body Iron Stores on Indices of Biosynthesis and Destruction of Red Blood Cells after a Single Session of Cycling Exercise / 体力科学

Objectives : The present study investigates the effects of body iron stores upon indices of biosynthesis and destruction of red blood cells (RBC) induced by a single session of cycling exercise.<BR>Design : Eight sedentary female students were divided into groups depending on their body iron stores : normal (C group, n=5) and iron deficient (D group, n=3) . Blood samples were collected at five time points of before (pre), immediately after (0 hours), then 1, 3 and 6 hours after exercise (248±31 kcal, 70% V0<SUB>2</SUB> peak level) . Osmotic fragility and serum haptoglobin (hp) concentration served as of for degradation, and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) activity, erythropoietin concentration and number of reticulocytes served as indices of RBC biosynthesis.<BR>Results : A single session of cycling exercise did not affect the level of RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, hp and osmotic fragility in either groups. The δ-ALAD activity increased at 3 (p<0.05) and 6 hours (p<0.01) after exercise compared with that at 0 hours in the C group. In contrast, δ -ALAD activity in the D group was significantly lower at 3 hours after exercise than that of C group (p<0.001) . Reticulocytes and erythropoietin concentration increased gradually in the C group after exercise, but not in the D group.<BR>Conclusions : A single session of cycling exercise under our experimental conditions enhanced RBC biosynthesis indicated by δ -ALAD activity, whereas exercise-induced hemolysis was not evident. Body iron stores affect the δ -ALAD activity induced by a single bout of cycling exercise.