The role of irrational beliefs on psychological distress among female office workers in Bali

Objectives@#This study examined the association between irrational beliefs and psychological distress among female office workers in Bali, and formulate general equation to predict psychological distress from the irrational belief scores.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was conducted among 111 female office workers in Bali. The irrational beliefs were measured by the Smith Irrational Belief Inventory (SIBI) questionnaire and the psychological distress was assessed by a questionnaire quoted from the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ). Multivariable linear regression was performed to evaluate the role of irrational beliefs on psychological distress scores.@*Results@#There was a moderate, positive correlation between irrational beliefs and psychological distress, which was statistically significant (r = 0.451, n = 111, p = 0.000). The R squared was 0.205, indicating that 20.5% of psychological distress variance can be explained by irrational beliefs. The F-ratio in the ANOVA test shows that the independent variables statistically significantly predict the dependent variable, F(3,107) = 9.187, p < 0.0005. The general form of the equation to predict psychological distress from irrational belief scores is: Predicted psychological distress (Y) = 17.909 + (0.392 x Irrational belief scores).@*Conclusion@#Irrational beliefs are significantly associated with psychological distress among female office workers in Gianyar, Bali. This finding suggests the need for strategies anticipating better health and productivity among female workers.

Depression, suicide ideation, and irrational beliefs: Explanatory models in psychology students / Depresión, ideación suicida y creencias irracionales: modelos explicativos en estudiantes de psicología

Abstract Introduction In rational emotive behavioral therapy, irrational beliefs are significant in mental health since their presence leads to conditions such as depression and suicidal ideation. Since these conditions have been increasing worldwide, it is essential to explore the factors that contribute to their understanding. Objective To design explanatory models for depression and suicidal ideation based on irrational beliefs in psychology students. Method Quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study with multivariate analysis. Results Two explanatory models were designed: one for depression and the other for suicidal ideation. Thirty-nine per cent of depressive symptomatology can be explained by the presence of irrational beliefs concerning perfectionism, avoidance of responsibilities, concern over the future, and the determinism of the past. At the same time, 54% of suicidal ideation can be explained by the presence of beliefs centering on perfectionism, avoidance of responsibilities, external locus of control, and the determinism of the past. Discussion and conclusion Depression and suicidal ideation in psychology students can partly be explained by irrational beliefs concerning perfectionism, external locus of control, concern over the future, avoidance of responsibilities, and the determinism of the past. Clinical care approaches can modify these beliefs to reduce symptoms and promote mental health.

Resumen Introducción Para la terapia racional emotiva conductual las creencias irracionales tienen un gran peso en la salud mental, ya que la presencia de estas genera padecimientos como depresión e ideación suicida. Se sabe que en el mundo estos padecimientos han ido en aumento, por ello, es importante explorar factores que faciliten su explicación. Objetivo Generar modelos explicativos para la depresión y la ideación suicida desde las creencias irracionales en estudiantes de psicología. Método Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal con análisis multivariado. Resultados Se realizaron modelos explicativos; uno para la depresión y otro para ideación suicida. La sintomatología depresiva se explica en 39% con la presencia de creencias irracionales de perfeccionismo, evitación de responsabilidades, preocupación por el futuro y determinismo del pasado. Por otro lado, la ideación suicida se explica en 54% con la presencia de las creencias de perfeccionismo, evitación de responsabilidades, locus de control externo y determinismo del pasado. Discusión y conclusión La depresión e ideación suicida en estudiantes de psicología se puede explicar en parte por creencias irracionales de perfeccionismo, locus de control externo, preocupación por el futuro, evitación de responsabilidades y determinismo del pasado. A través de enfoques de atención clínica es factible modificar dichas creencias con el objetivo de disminuir sintomatología y promover la salud mental.

Effect of internet/ reality alienation on depression in medical college students: mediating effect of irrational beliefs / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship among internet / reality alienation, irrational beliefs and depression in medical college students.Methods:In October 2021, a total of 501 students from five medical colleges in Shandong were selected by the convenient sampling method.All the participants were assessed by the internet alienation scale, general alienation scale, irrational beliefs scale and self rating depression scale.SPSS 24.0 software was used for descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and AMOS 21.0 software was used to conduct structural equation modeling and Bootstrap mediated effect test.Results:The scores of internet/reality alienation, irrational beliefs and depression were 3.12±1.35, 2.04±0.57, 2.72±0.72, 2.07±0.42, respectively.There was a statistically significant positive correlation among internet/reality alienation, irrational beliefs and depression( r=0.56-0.64, P<0.01). Structural equation modeling showed that the mediating effect of irrational beliefs between internet alienation and depression was 0.05(95% CI=0.01-0.11). The mediating effect of irrational beliefs between reality alienation and depression was 0.16(95% CI=0.06-0.30). Conclusion:Internet/ reality alienation can indirectly effect depression of medical college students through the mediation of irrational beliefs.

Irrational ophthalmic fixed-dose combinations for dry eye syndrome

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common disorder with rising incidence due to increased use of digital devices. While multiple treatment options are available, some are not efficacious or sometimes even safe for use in DES. This is particularly true for Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) that may contain ingredients having no rational for their use or may actually be harmful. Various committees appointed by the Government have reviewed several FDCs marketed in India and found some of them to be irrational and recommended for their removal. This paper discusses the contents of some of these FDCs marketed for DES with an aim to ensure that prescribers are mindful of their ingredients and whether there is adequate data about their efficacy and safety and prescribe them only if they consider them necessary for managing the patient.

Analysis of irrational fixed dose combinations in the Indian drug market using the WHO guidelines

Background: Evaluation of the pattern of fixed dose combinations (FDCs) prescribing among the practitioners in India. Aims and Objectives: Aims and objectives of the study was to find out prevalence, prescribing pattern and rationality of FDCs in Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: Photocopies of one thousand prescriptions of general practitioners, containing 800 FDCs were randomly collected from few big pharmacies of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan and analyzed for the different pattern of prescribing and rationalism. Results were expressed as percentages. After excluding the repetitions, the numbers of FDCs were 218, which were considered for final analysis. Results: Out of 218 FDCs, the most commonly prescribed FDCs were of anti-microbial agents followed by anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-hypertensive drugs. The FDCs were maximum from the department of medicine (30.2%), followed by surgery (20.2%) and Obstetrics (16.9%). Out of 218 FDCs, only 13.3% were rational, and rest of the FDCs was irrational. 94% of all FDCs prescribed with brand names. Conclusions: In our study, most of the prescriptions contains irrational FDCs. Physicians have no knowledge about the essential drugs and FDCs. Therefore, physicians and regulators should be educated regularly by seminars and conferences. Government laws should be made mandatory. Implementation of central drug standard control organizations guidelines on industries for manufacture of FDCs must be made compulsory.

Path analysis of the effect of irrational beliefs on the structures of the planned behavior model in the field of physical activity / Análise do caminho do efeito das crenças irracionais nas estruturas do modelo de comportamento planejado no campo da atividade física

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to path analysis of the hypothesized model of the irrational beliefs on the constructs of the planned behavior model, in particular the physical activity intention, and also the prediction of the physical activity intention based on the constructs of irrational beliefs. 320 male and female students of Semnan Province were randomly selected and completed Planned Behavior and Irrational Beliefs (Ahwaz) questionnaires. A path analysis model was used to analyse the relationships between variables and calculate the direct and indirect structural effects. Also, multiple regression analysis was used to predict theoretical constructs of planned behavior using irrational beliefs dimensions. The results indicated that the hypothesized model is not in accordance with the data of this study and direct effect of irrational beliefs on subjective norms is not meaningful. By eliminating the effect of irrational beliefs on subjective norms and adding the effect of subjective norms on perceived behavioral control, a new model was obtained that was fitted with the data. Also, the results show that two variables of Demand for approval and problem avoidance were significant predictors of physical activity intention. The results of this study showed that irrational beliefs, both directly and indirectly (through attitudes and perceived behavioral control), have an effect on the physical activity intention. Therefore, it is important to reduce the irrational beliefs in order to develop the intentions of physical activity and the physical activity itself.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi traçar a análise do modelo hipotético das crenças irracionais sobre os construtos do modelo de comportamento planejado, em particular a intenção de atividade física, e também a predição da intenção de atividade física com base nos construtos de crenças irracionais. 320 estudantes do sexo masculino e feminino da província de Semnan foram selecionados aleatoriamente e completaram os questionários de Gordon (2008) e Irrational Beliefs (Ahwaz) 2005. Um modelo de análise de caminho foi utilizado para analisar as relações entre as variáveis e calcular os efeitos estruturais diretos e indiretos. Além disso, a análise de regressão múltipla foi usada para prever construções teóricas de comportamento planejado usando dimensões de crenças irracionais. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo hipotético não está de acordo com os dados deste estudo e o efeito direto das crenças irracionais sobre as normas subjetivas não é significativo. Ao eliminar o efeito das crenças irracionais sobre as normas subjetivas e adicionar o efeito das normas subjetivas sobre o controle comportamental percebido, foi obtido um novo modelo que foi ajustado aos dados. Além disso, os resultados mostram que duas variáveis ​​de demanda por aprovação e evitação de problemas foram preditores significativos da intenção de atividade física. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que as crenças irracionais, tanto direta quanto indiretamente (por meio de atitudes e controle comportamental percebido), afetam a intenção de atividade física. Portanto, é importante reduzir as crenças irracionais a fim de desenvolver as intenções de atividade física e a própria atividade física.

A recusa e as crenças: a dimensão narcísica da não admissão da castração / Denial and beliefs: the narcissistic dimension of the non-admission of castration / La negación y las creencias: la dimensión narcisica de la no admisión de la caatración

A partir da obra de Freud, trabalha-se a noção de Recusa (Verleugnung) como um mecanismo de defesa presente em todas as formas de subjetivação. A Recusa defende o narcisismo da ameaça de castração, que não se restringe à perda do genital, mas evoca diversas outras feridas narcísicas. Este artigo analisa as transmissões familiares inconscientes e sua relação com a simultânea admissão e não admissão da castração. A fantasia infantil da mãe fálica evidencia a ação da Recusa na manutenção das crenças irracionais e seus efeitos sobre o senso de realidade. Este trabalho aborda as manifestações da Recusa no cotidiano e nos adoecimentos psíquicos e comprova a importância do conceito na ampliação da teoria e da clínica psicanalítica (AU).

Based on Freud's work, this paper focuses on the notion of denial (Verleugnung) as a defense mechanism present in all forms of subjectivity. Denial defends narcissism against castration threat, which is not restricted to the loss of genitals, but evokes several other narcissistic wounds. This article analyzes the unconscious family transmissions and their relationship with the simultaneous admission and nonadmission of castration. The phallic mother childish fantasy shows denial's action in maintaining irrational beliefs and their effects on the sense of reality. This paper explores denial's manifestation in everyday life and in psychic illnesses, and attests the importance of that concept in the expansion of psychoanalytic theory and clinic (AU).

Basándose en la obra de Freud, se trabaja la noción de negación (Verleugnung) como mecanismo de defensa presente en todas las formas de subjetividad. La negación defiende el narcisismo contra la amenaza de castración, que no se limita a la pérdida del genital, sino que evoca varias otras heridas narcisistas. Este articulo analiza las transmisiones familiares inconscientes y su relación con la simultánea admisión y no admisión de la castración. La fantasía infantil de la madre fálica evidencia la acción de la negación en la manutención de creencias irracionales y sus efectos sobre el sentido de la realidad. Este trabajo explora las manifestaciones de la negación en la vida diaria y en enfermedades psíquicas, y comprueba la importancia de este concepto en la expansión de la teoría y de la clínica psicoanalítica (AU).

Irrational Use of Quinolones in Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi, Pakistan

Objective: The antimicrobial drugs especially Quinolones are the top most therapeutics class of drug prescribed in some country like Pakistan in primary and tertiary care hospitals and clinics. The objective of the study was to assess the irrational prescribing practice of quinolones in tertiary care setups of Karachi. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for the period of 04 months from November 2019-February 2020, in Public and Private Sector Tertiary Care setups of Karachi. Data was collected from surgical, medical and emergency wards on the basis of World Health Organization prescribing pattern, to evaluate the prescriptions based on Culture sensitivity tests (CST), empirical, targeted, and/or prophylactic therapies. Results: Out of total 1000 patients 41.6% patients were from Public and 58.4% were from Private Sector Tertiary Care Hospital. 13.7% of the patients from Public and 24.8% from Private Sector Tertiary Hospitals were prescribed Quinolones after performing their Culture Sensitivity Test. However, 79.8% of the patients were prescribed Quinolones without Culture Sensitivity Test. 36.4% patients were prescribed with empirical therapy, 20.2% with De-Escalation therapy, while 43.4% were prescribed with prophylactic therapy of quinolones. Conclusion: Study concluded that some serious efforts are required to avoid the irrational prescribing practice and promote the rational prescribing practice of antibiotics particularly for Quinolones.

Antimicrobial prescribing pattern in a tertiary care teaching hospital: a pilot study

Background: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide challenge threatening to negate the gains made by discovery of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) is an important strategy for ensuring appropriate use of AMAs and controlling emergence of antibiotic resistance. Implementation of ASP must start with assessment of the current state of antimicrobial use. This study was therefore conducted to assess the prevalent prescribing patterns in a tertiary care hospital and identify gaps which warrant corrective intervention.Methods: This prospective pilot study presents analysis of the first 30 Patients from the medicine ward prescribed at least one antimicrobial agent during the two months of study period. Relevant data was collected in AMA record form. Appropriateness of AMAs was analyzed regarding selection as well as administration protocol as per the hospital antibiotic policy.Results: Out of the 60 AMAs prescribed to these patients, most commonly prescribed were cephalosporins (63.3%), anti-amoebics (26.6%) and macrolides (23.3%). Common diseases involved were urinary tract infection, acute gastroenteritis, sepsis and lower respiratory tract infections. Use of AMAs was found to be appropriate for the indication in 42 %, dose in 97%, duration 60 %, route 93% and frequency 90 %.Conclusions: This gap between the appropriate and the actual practice use of AMAs indicates an urgent need of rigorous implementation of ASP in order to avoid emergence of resistance and to conserve the sensitivity to the available AMAs.

A prospective observational study of prescription pattern in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Jharkhand

Background: Prescription error and irrational prescribing are the avoidable problems imposed on health care delivery system from prescriber side which must be addressed. Periodic prescription audit helps to curtail the error and irrational prescribing.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on patients visiting various Outpatient Department of RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand on all working days at 11:00 AM to 12:00 PM from 1 August 2018 to 31 July 2019. Various aspects of collected prescriptions were analyzed by using World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators.Results: In this study, out of 700 prescriptions collected, 76 were excluded. Out of total 624 patients analyzed, 382 (61.28%) were male and 242 (38.72%) were female. 48 (7.69%) patients belonged to ?18, 464 (74.36%) to 19-64 and 112 (17.95%) to ?65 years of age group. Tablet (71%) was the most common dosage form. None of prescriptions were having registration number of the doctor. 242 (38.78%) prescriptions did not have a diagnosis duly written. The total no. of drugs prescribed in 624 prescriptions was 2176. Only 32 (5.13%) prescriptions were found to have medicines prescribed in block letters. Antibiotics (29%) were the most common class of drugs prescribed. Average number of drugs per prescription was 3.47. Only 48 (2.20%) drugs were prescribed by their generic name while total of injectables prescribed were 102 (4.68%). Total number of drugs from NLEM was 848 (38.97%). 196 (9.00%) drugs were fixed-dose combination.Conclusions: In our study, we found deficiencies in various parts of prescriptions. Prescribing pattern was not in accordance with WHO recommendation for prescribing practice.

Adverse drug reactions due to fixed dose combinations: an observational cross sectional study

Background: In modern world, poor compliance has been the main reason of therapeutic failure. Many factors may be responsible for this. The reasons highlighted may be adverse drug reactions (ADRs), pill burden or economic reasons. Fixed drug combinations (FDC) have helped to solve this problem. The present study was conducted to see the ADR due to fixed dose combinations.Methods: After approval from institutional ethics committee, an observational study was conducted over a period of six months in December 2018 to May 2019 in adverse drug monitoring centre, GMC Jammu.Results: A total number of 112 ADRs were reported during the study period. FDCs were responsible for ADRs in 64 patients and single drug was responsible in 48 patients. As per latest WHO essential drug list, irrational FDC were responsible for ADRs in 44 patients and rational FDCs were responsible for ADRs in 20 patients.Conclusions: The results of present study underscores that drug combinations, FDC rational as well as irrational substantially contribute towards the pool of total ADRs.

A questionnaire base survey on the knowledge, attitude and practices about antimicrobial resistance and usage among the faculty and resident doctor of teaching tertiary care hospital, Chittoor, India

Background: 10million could die every year due to antibiotic resistant infections by 2050 unless the threat is addressed. Irrational use of antibiotic use is a global phenomenon. So, 50% all anti bionics are prescribed, sold are dispensed inappropriately, while 50% of patients are not taking antibiotics correctly (WHO 2004).Methods: This was a cross section study it was a conducted in RVS institute, tertiary care teaching hospital. Chittoor. The questionnaire was distributed along the faculty resident doctors and senior faculty of this RVS institute Where their knowledge, attitude, practice regarding antibiotic prescription and resistance was assessed by a five point likert scale, whose response ranged from strongly agree to disagree. Some questionnaire were of useful or nor useful and yes or no.Results: Irrational prescription of antibiotics is worldwide problem and also in India was known to most of the physicians in our institute (n=95%) of participants. 80% subjects answered that prescription writing influenced by senior faculty and medical representatives. 50% subjects answered that antimicrobial resistance is a problem in daily practice.80 % subjects answered that most of the antibiotics available as over the counter drugs (OTC).Conclusions: This study concludes, prescription writing influences by senior faculty and medical representatives. It’s important to monitor and auditing prescription writing based on WHO Antibiotic guidelines to prevent resistance. Strict vigilance of OTC sales of antibiotics to prevent resistance.

Creencias Irracionales en Estudiantes de Psicología de una Universidad Privada de Lima Metropolitana, según el Nivel de Estudios, Sexo y Lugar de Origen / Irrational Beliefs in Psychology Students of a Private University in Metropolitan Lima, an Analysis by Level of Studies, Sex, and Place of Origin

Resumen La presente investigación plantea que las creencias irracionales descritas por Albert Ellis son afirmaciones anti empíricas que causan un malestar emocional en quienes las poseen. Por ello se busca analizar la presencia de estas en estudiantes de psicología y su asociación con el nivel de estudios, sexo y lugar de origen. Fueron seleccionados 278 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana. Se utilizó el Registro de Opiniones de Ellis. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes de psicología presentan la creencia 6 (se debe sentir miedo o ansiedad ante cualquier cosa desconocida o potencialmente peligrosa) de manera sumamente limitante, y las creencias 2 (uno debe ser indefectiblemente competente y casi perfecto en todo) y 8 (se necesita contar con algo más grande y fuerte que uno) de manera posiblemente limitante. Por otro lado, se encontró asociación con el nivel de estudios de las creencias 3 (ciertas personas son malas y deberían ser castigadas) y 8, donde, a mayor nivel de estudios, menos creencias. También se verifica asociación entre las creencias irracionales 1 (para un adulto es necesario tener el cariño y la aprobación de sus semejantes, familia y amigos), 3 y 10 (la felicidad aumenta con la inactividad) con sexo.

Abstract The research suggests that Albert Ellis irrational beliefs are antiempirical statements that cause emotional distress in people who possess them. In his theory A B C, argues that what we feel is not based on what happens around us, but on how we interpret that reality. Then, A would become the event that occurs, B the interpretation we make, and C the emotional and behavioral consequence. From this, Albert Ellis groups this idea generating ten final irrational beliefs and creates an instrument to measure them called Registro de Opiniones, which has 100 items, 10 for each of the beliefs. That is why I attempt to analyze the presence of irrational beliefs in psychology students and their correlation with educational level, sex and place of origin. I selected 282 university students getting their BA in psychology at a private university in Lima Metropolitana. The Albert Ellis Inventory, Registro de Opiniones, was applied after obtaining written informed consent. The hypothesis was that there is a correlation between the irrational beliefs of the students and their educational level, sex and place of origin. The results showed than psychology students that the sixth irrational belief is found in an (it should feel fear or anxiety to any unknown, uncertain or potentially dangerous thing) extremely limited way. Belief number 2 (must be unfailingly competent and almost perfect in everything I undertake) and 8 (you need to have something bigger and stronger than oneself) were found in a possibly limiting manner. Beliefs number 3 and 8 were found in a correlating manner with education level. Seeming that as higher level of education less strength of the belief. There was also an association between irrational beliefs 1 (for an adult is absolutely necessary to have the love and approval of their peers, family and friends), 3 and 10 (happiness increases with inactivity, passivity and leisure undefined) with sex. Finally, no association was found between irrational beliefs and place of origin.

Prescribing pattern of fixed dose combinations of antibiotics in a post-operative surgical ward of tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Fixed dose drug combinations (FDCs), are combinations of two or more active drugs. It should be used when the combination has an established advantage over single drug in efficacy, safety and compliance. The World Health Organization (WHO) lists only 19 of such combinations. But Indian market is filled with hundreds of FDCs which were not approved leading to irrational use. This study was focused on finding out the fixed dose combination of antimicrobial agents used in the post-operative general surgery ward of a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: After getting approval from institutional human ethics committee the prescriptions of patients admitted during April 2013 to March 2014 were analyzed. Demographic data, FDC prescribed by surgeons, Dose, Frequency, Duration, Route, Formulation, Brand or generic drugs, Adverse events due to use of FDC were collected and SPSS version 17 was used for statistical analysis. Fixed dose combinations were used in 90 Patients. The most commonly used FDC were ampicillin with Cloxacillin (43) followed by amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (22), cefoperazone with sulbactam (19) and piperacillin with tazobactam (6). A common drug used in combination along with FDC was metronidazole and aminoglycoside. The irrational combination seen in this study was ampicillin with Cloxacillin (8.88%) of the total FDC which is not approved by DCGI or FDA.Results: In this study out of 145 drugs used, 41drugs were administered three times a day, 90 drugs were given two times a day and 14 drugs were given once a day dosing. 53 patients received FDCs for prophylaxis and 37 patients for treatment purpose. All FDCs were prescribed in brand names. No adverse drug reaction was observed in this study.Conclusions: Consultants should undergo continuing medical education (CME) on newer drug combinations and their adverse drug reactions which will be evidence-based rather than to rely on representatives.

Prescription pattern of fixed dose drug combinations in obstetrics and gynecology department of a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, India: an observational study

Background: Fixed drug combinations (FDCs)have various advantages and disadvantages. In countries like India there are numerous irrational prescriptions as highlighted by the recent banning of FDCs in October 2018. Studying the prescription pattern helps in developing national database which can be used to promote rational use of drugs.Methods: All the Outdoor Patient Department (OPD) prescriptions from department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG) during the study period were used for the study. The drugs were classified according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Other data studied were the number of FDCs and the number of currently banned combinations which were used during the study period.Results: The 41% of the drugs prescribed as FDCs. Most FDCs belonged to alimentary system followed by anti-infectives and blood and blood forming organs group. Vitamin D3 and Calcium combination was the most commonly prescribed FDC. Approximately 20% of these prescribed drugs are currently banned.Conclusions: A significant number of drugs are being prescribed as FDCs which also includes various irrational combinations.

Assessment of rational use of fixed dose combinations in hypertension in a tertiary care teaching hospital in north India

Background: Fixed-dose combination (FDC) agents could be considered as an effective therapy in chronic illnesses like hypertension, which have multifactorial etiology. At present, many FDCs have come into the market without being assessed for their efficacy, safety and rationality by the drug regulatory authorities. The objective of the present study was to assess the rational use of fixed dose drug combinations in hypertension.Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the cardiology outpatient department of ASCOMS and H, Sidhra, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir from February 2016 to July 2016. In the study 92 prescriptions of hypertensive patients who were on anti-hypertensive fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs) were recruited after thoroughly evaluated for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data obtained includes the demographic profile of the patients, pattern of the prescribed FDCs in hypertension, evaluation of the rationality of the FDCs based upon the comprehensive seven-point criteria developed by Panda et al.Results: In the present study, about sixteen different anti-hypertensive FDCs were observed in the prescriptions of 92 patients during six-month period. It was observed that about 93.75% of FDCs were dual drug combinations. Among the dual drug combinations, most commonly used combination was Olmesartan (ARB; Angiotensin receptor blocker) + Amlodipinine (Calcium channel blocker) in 17.4% of patients. It was also observed that among the 16 different anti-hypertensive fixed dose combinations analysed, 12 FDCs (75%) were found to be rational and 4 FDCs (25%) were found to be irrational.Conclusions: In the present study it was found that 75% of the FDCs prescribed were rational and 25% were irrational. Therefore, before marketing the FDCs proper assessment of their efficacy, safety and rationality should be done.

Information on Drugs Used in Management of Lepra Reactions in Commonly used Drug Information Sources in India

Availability of adequate and proper drug information helps in rational prescription of essential drugs. This can be obtained from various sources such as National Formularies; other sources such as Current Index of Medical Specialties, Monthly index of medical specialties and the information available with the regulators and drug package inserts (PI). In this study, we assessed the drug information of the drugs used for treatment of both type of lepra reactions. Five drugs used for treating Lepra reactions were analyzed for any variation (Qualitative) in information on various parameters as mentioned in commonly used drug information sources such as CIMS India, MIMS India, Central Drugs and Standards Control Organization (CDSCO) website and National Formulary of India (NFI). We observed some gross qualitative variation regarding drug information given in different commonly used sources. Variation exists in the quality of information available on indications, contraindications, dosage and completeness of the dosing schedule about drugs available in various sources. As management of Lepra reactions is crucial in achievement desirable outcome of treatment of leprosy, it is important that information regarding drugs used for such indications should be 100% uniform in all commonly used and available sources.

A study of drug utilization pattern and pharmacoeconomic of antidiabetic drugs in patients attending a teaching hospital

Background: Drug utilization research establishes the current trend in the use of antidiabetic drugs including the new drug and to identify irrational prescription.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year (between August 2013 to August 2014) at outpatient department of Medicine, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu.Results: A total of 169 prescriptions were evaluated during the study period. Diabetes mellitus was predominant among the female population in this region. Demographic details of the patient included in the study were mean weight 67.56kg, mean height 155cm and average body mass index 27.82kg/m2. All the patients were diagnosed and were known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Systemic hypertension was the frequently encountered co-morbid conditions associated with this endocrine disorder. Metformin was the drug chosen for managing diabetes as monotherapy and 73% of the patients were on combination of antidiabetic drugs. Glimepiride with metformin was the combination therapy frequently prescribed during the study period. Pharmacoeconomic analysis identified that drugs prescribed by brand name were costlier compared to generic equivalent.Conclusions: Utilization of antidiabetic drug therapy in this region has shown a changing trend compared to the previous studies. There is a gradual increase in the prescription of metformin and dramatic increase in the use of newer drugs like pioglitazone, voglibose and sitagliptin. Pharmaeconomic analysis revealed that glibenclamide was least expensive while sitagliptin was most expensive in this study.

Adaptação e evidências de validade da escala de resposta ruminativa no Brasil / Adaptation and validity evidence of the ruminative response scale in Brazil / Adaptación y evidencias de validez de la escala de respuesta ruminal en Brasil

A ruminação é caracterizada por um conjunto de pensamentos repetitivos sobre sintomas, causas e consequências da depressão, sendo que a Escala de Resposta Ruminativa foi desenvolvida para avaliação desse construto. Este estudo objetiva adaptar e apresentar evidências de validade para a escala em português do Brasil. Os participantes foram 565 universitários que responderam à escala, juntamente, com a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse e a Escala de Crenças Irracionais. Análises fatoriais exploratórias indicaram duas dimensões (Brooding e Reflection) que correspondem às originalmente propostas e correlações de Pearson indicaram relações moderadas com construtos associados. A presente pesquisa avança na compreensão da relação existente entre as crenças irracionais e o estilo de resposta ruminativo, evidenciando que a dimensão mais patológica da ruminação (Brooding) apresenta maior correlação com as crenças irracionais do que a dimensão menos disfuncional (Reflection). (AU)

Rumination is characterized by a set of repetitive thoughts about symptoms, causes and consequences of depression, and the Ruminative Response Scale was developed to evaluate this construct. This study aims to adapt and present validity evidence for the scale in Brazilian Portuguese. A total of 565 undergraduate participants responded to the scale, along with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Scale. Exploratory factor analyses indicated two dimensions (Brooding and Reflection) that correspond to those originally proposed, and Pearson's correlations indicated moderate relations with associated constructs. The present research advances the understanding of the relationship between irrational beliefs and ruminative response style, evidencing that the most pathological dimension of rumination (Brooding) has a higher correlation with irrational beliefs than the less dysfunctional dimension (Reflection). (AU)

La rumiación se caracteriza por un conjunto de pensamientos repetitivos sobre síntomas, causas y consecuencias de depresión, y para la evaluación de este constructo se elaboró la Escala de Respuesta Ruminal. Este estudio tiene como objetivo adaptar y presentar evidencias de validez para la escala en portugués de Brasil. Los participantes fueron 565 universitarios que respondieron esta escala junto con la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés y la Escala de Creencias Irracionales. Análisis factoriales exploratorios indicaron dos dimensiones (Brooding y Reflection) que corresponden a las originalmente propuestas y las correlaciones de Pearson indicaron relaciones moderadas con constructos asociados. La presente investigación avanza en la comprensión de la relación existente entre las creencias irracionales y el estilo de respuesta ruminal evidenciando que la dimensión más patológica de la rumiación (Brooding) presenta mayor correlación con las creencias irracionales que la dimensión menos disfuncional (Reflection). (AU)

Pareto Chart Analysis of Unreasonable Factors of Prescription in Outpatient and Emergency Departments of Our Hospital during 2013-2015 / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the current situation of unreasonable prescriptions in outpatient and emergency depart-ments of our hospital,and to provide reference for rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS:The evaluation of outpatient and emergency prescriptions in our hospital during 2013-2015 were summarized and analyzed. Irrational prescriptions were divided into 3 categories,involving 19 items. The main,secondary and general factors of irrational prescriptions were analyzed by Pareto chart. RESULTS:Among 19 types of irrational prescriptions,main factors included unsuitable drug selection,inappropriate usage and dosage,inappropriate drug combination,prescribing not in accordance with the antibiotics management regulations,incomplete di-agnosis. No indications of medication,drug dosage beyond the regulations ofthree urgent seven slowwere treated as the second-ary factors. Other 12 items were general factors. CONCLUSIONS:According to the main and secondary irrational drug use types, clinical pharmacists should carry out effective intervention and pharmaceutical care to improve the level of rational drug use and en-sure the safety of clinical drug use.