A Universal Key to Rationally Select Which, Among Nonparametric Species Richness Estimators, Performs Best According to Each Particular Incomplete Sampling

Since most samplings of local species communities are bound to remain substantially incomplete for practical reasons, a wide variety of nonparametric estimators of the number of unrecorded species have been proposed over the past fifty years. Unfortunately, the distinct formulations of each of these estimators naturally lead to substantially divergent estimates. The will to try to select, in each case, the estimator expected to be the more accurate has long been carried out only on a purely empirical, even arbitrary, basis (as is evident from the extensive consultation of much of the past literature on estimating species richness of incompletely sampled communities). So that extrapolating the true species richness of a community from its incomplete survey has long remained quite unsatisfactory. Indeed, the definition of a truly rational procedure for selecting the most accurate (least-biased) estimator actually requires a solidly established theoretical framework, involving to conform, as best as possible, to the general mathematical characteristics of the Species Accumulation Function. Accordingly, unveiling, first of all, these mathematical characteristics of the Species Accumulation Function was a decisive step forward in this perspective. Thereby making it now possible to propose an objective key to rationally select the one, within the series of various estimators, which, depending on each particular sampling, happens to be the least biased in this particular case, thus providing the most accurate estimate of the number of still unrecorded species. And, consequently, making it possible, now, to deliver the best estimate of the true species richness of a local community, despite its being incompletely surveyed.

Prediction of the globally ecological suitability of Panax quinquefolius by the geographic information system for global medicinal plants (GMPGIS) / 中国天然药物

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a well-known Asian traditional herbal medicine with a large market demand. The plant is native to eastern North America, and its main producing areas worldwide are decreasing due to continuous cropping obstacles and environmental changes. Therefore, the identification of maximum similarities of new ecological distribution of P. quinquefolius, and prediction of its response to climate change in the future are necessary for plant introduction and cultivation. In this study, the areas with potential ecological suitability for P. quinquefolius were predicted using the geographic information system for global medicinal plants (GMPGIS) based on 476 occurrence points and 19 bioclimatic variables. The results indicate that the new ecologically suitable areas for P. quinquefolius are East Asia and the mid-eastern Europe, which are mainly distributed in China, Russia, Japan, Ukraine, Belarus, North Korean, South Korea, andRomania. Under global climate change scenarios, the suitable planting areas for P. quinquefolius would be increased by 9.16%-30.97%, and expandingnorth and west over the current ecologically suitable areas by 2070. The potential increased areas that are ecologically suitable include northern Canada, Eastern Europe, and the Lesser Khingan Mountains of China, and reduced regions are mainly in central China, the southern U.S., and southern Europe. Jackknife tests indicate that the precipitation of the warmest quarter was the important climatic factor controlling the distribution of P. quinquefolius. Our findings can be used as auseful guide for P. quinquefolius introduction and cultivation in ecologically suitable areas.

Evaluación del crecimiento de Callinectes sapidus (Decapoda: Portunidae) con métodos basados en talla, Tamaulipas, México / Evaluation of the growth of Callinectes sapidus (Decapoda: Portunidae) by the use of lengthbased methods based on size in Tamaulipas, Mexico

ResumenLa captura de la jaiba azul (Callinectes sapidus) es una de las principales del Estado de Tamaulipas, México, tanto por su volumen y precio de venta, como por la generación de empleo, pero se cuenta con escasa información de sus características biológicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento de la jaiba azul, estableciendo el método más adecuado para realizarlo. Se estimó la frecuencia de tallas de 17 814 jaibas de muestreos realizados de enero a junio 2009, provenientes de la captura comercial de trece localidades, comprendidas en cuatro lagunas costeras: Laguna El Barril, Laguna Madre, Laguna de Morales y Laguna de San Andrés. Los parámetros de crecimiento se estimaron usando los métodos indirectos ELEFAN, PROJMAT y SLCA en combinación con la técnica jackknife para establecer la incertidumbre de las estimaciones inherentes a cada método. Los parámetros de crecimiento L∞ y k se unificaron para efectos comparativos mediante el índice de crecimiento phi prima (Φ’). Con una moda de 110 mm, el intervalo de longitud de caparazón varió entre 60 y 205 mm. Los valores de los parámetros de crecimiento variaron de acuerdo al método utilizado. Utilizando SLCA, L∞ varió entre 259 y 260 mm y k osciló entre 0.749 y 0.750/año; con PROJMAT, L∞ registró valores entre 205 y 260 mm y k fluctuó entre 0.550 y 0.740/año, y con ELEFAN, L∞ osciló entre 156 y 215 mm y k varió entre 0.479 y 0.848/año. Las estimaciones mediante jackknife detectaron nula variabilidad en Φ’ entre localidades y diferencias significativas entre métodos. Los rangos de valores de Φ’ estimados por SLCA y PROJMAT (4.70 a 4.71 y 4.66 a 4.70, respectivamente) se ubicaron en el rango reportado por la literatura (4.201-4.798), mientras que ELEFAN aportó valores significativamente menores (3.87 a 4.27). Los métodos SLCA y PROJMAT en combinación con la técnica jackknife, resultaron ser los más adecuados para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento de C. sapidus.

AbstractThe capture blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the major fisheries of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico; both in volume and selling price, as well as employment generation, but there is little information on its biological characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth parameters of the blue crab, establishing the most appropriate method. We estimated the length frequency of 17 814 crabs from commercial catch of thirteen locations, including four coastal lagoons. The lagoons were El Barril, Madre, Morales and San Andrés from Tamaulipas, State. Growth parameters were evaluated using indirect methods ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA in combination with the jackknife technique to establish the uncertainty of estimates inherent in each method. The growth parameters L∞ and k were consolidated for purposes of comparison with the growth index phi prime (Φ’). With a mode of 110 mm, the interval carapace length varied between 60 and 205 mm. The values of the growth parameters varied according to the method used. Using SLCA, L∞ varied between 259 and 260 mm and k ranged between 0.749 and 0.750 /year; with PROJMAT, L∞ recorded values between 205 and 260 mm, k fluctuated between 0.550 and 0.740/year, and with ELEFAN, L∞ ranged between 156 and 215 mm and k varied between 0.479 and 0.848/year. Estimates by jackknife detected no variability in Φ’ between locations and significant differences between methods. The ranges of values of Φ’ and PROJMAT estimated SLCA (4.70 to 4.71 and 4.66 to 4.70, respectively) were in the range reported in the literature (4.201-4.798), while lower values ELEFAN contributed significantly (3.87 to 4.27). The SLCA and PROJMAT methods in combination with the jackknife technique, proved to be the most suitable to estimate the growth parameters of C. sapidus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 821-836. Epub 2016 June 01.

The comparative analysis between single-port access laparoscopic Miles surgery with jackknife position and laparoscopic Miles surgery with lithotomy position for low rectal cancer / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the comparative analysis between single-port access laparoscopic Miles surgery with jackknife position and laparoscopic Miles surgery with lithotomy position for low rectal cancer.Methods Retrospectively analyzed 36 patients with low rectal cancer (TNM stage:Ⅱ-Ⅲ) undergoing laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision.Patients were divided into two groups.Lithotomy position group:laparoscopic Miles surgery with lithotomy position.Jackknife position group:single-port access laparoscopic Miles surgery with jackknife position.The operation time,blood loss,postoperative recovery,postoperative complication,postoperative recurrence and survival rate were observed.Results Blood loss of perineal position in jackknife position group was less than that in lithotomy position group [(31.5 ± 22.4) ml vs.(53.5 ± 25.6) ml] (P =0.01),and removal of drainage tube in jackknife position group was earlier than that in lithotomy position group [(6.7 ± 1.9) d vs.(9.8 ± 1.7) d] (P ＜ 0.01).However,the operation time,blood loss in abdomen,blood loss,postoperative out-of-bed activity time,recovery of gastrointestinal function time,dermal sutures out time,postoperative hospital stay,complication,postoperative recurrence in 2 years and survival rate between two groups had no significant difference (P ＞0.05).Conclusions Single-port access laparoscopic Miles surgery is safe and feasible with better surgical outcome and cosmetic benefits.Furthermore,the blood loss and postoperative exudation at perineal region is less than that in traditional lithotomy position.

Comparación de tres métodos indirectos para estimar el crecimiento de la tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) en un lago tropical de México / A comparative analysis of three length based methods for estimating growth of the tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in a tropical lake of Mexico

Several methods are now avail- able to estimate fish individual growth based upon the distribution of body lengths in a population. Comparative analyses of length-based methods have been undertaken mainly for marine species; nevertheless, limited information is available for inland species. Tilapia is one of the most important freshwater fisheries and its growth parameters have been estimated by several authors, usually using one length-based method. Thus, the main objectives of this study were: a) to estimate growth parameters of O. aureus from Chapala lake, Mexico, using three length-based methods ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA; b) to quantify the effect of input data variations in growth parameters estimates by the jackknife technique; and c) to compare the new estimates with those previously reported, through the standard growth index f’. We collected and analyzed a total of 1 973 specimens from commercial landings from January to December 2010. The three length-base methods used in the present study resulted in parameter estimates within the range of those reported in other studies. Results derived from jackknife analysis revealed lowest values in the error percentage and coefficient of variation for L∞ when applying ELEFAN, while PROJMAT showed lowest values in the precision estimators for K, which was very similar to ELEFAN. Estimates of the comparative growth index f’ were also very similar to those reported for the same species when studied in different reservoirs. Considering our results, we suggest the use of ELEFAN rather than SLCA due to its accuracy to estimate growth parameters for O. aureus.

Una de las pesquerías de aguas continentales más importantes en México es la pesca de la tilapia Oreochromis aureus. Con base en el análisis de frecuencia de tallas mediante ELEFAN, SLCA y PROJMAT se estimó el crecimiento en la tilapia en el lago de Chapala, Jalisco, para lo cual se utilizaron 1 973 individuos que fueron recolectados de la captura comercial de enero a diciembre 2010. Se cuantificó la variabilidad de los estimadores y el efecto de las muestras mensuales a través de la técnica de remuestreo jackknife. Los parámetros de crecimiento de L∞ y K se unificaron para efectos comparativos mediante el índice de crecimiento estándar (f’). Con los tres métodos utilizados se estimaron valores de los parámetros de crecimiento que se encuentran dentro del rango reportado en la literatura. La aplicación de jackknife mostró que ELEFAN estimó los mejores resultados, con los valores más bajos en el error porcentual y coeficiente de variación para L∞, en tanto PROJMAT presentó los valores más bajos en los estimadores de precisión para K, la cual fue muy similar a la de ELEFAN. Los intervalos del índice comparativo de crecimiento f’ fueron muy similares a los reportados para la especie en diferentes embalses. Se sugiere el uso de ELEFAN en lugar de SLCA, debido a su precisión para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento de Oreochromis aureus.

Catch-per-unit-effort: which estimator is best? / Captura por unidade de esforço: qual estimador é melhor?

In this paper we examine the accuracy and precision of three indices of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE). We carried out simulations, generating catch data according to six probability distributions (normal, Poisson, lognormal, gamma, delta and negative binomial), three variance structures (constant, proportional to effort and proportional to the squared effort) and their magnitudes (tail weight). The Jackknife approach of the index is recommended, whenever catch is proportional to effort or even under small deviations from proportionality assumption, when a ratio estimator is to be applied and little is known about the underlying behaviour of variables, as is the case for most fishery studies.

Neste trabalho, examinamos a acurácia e precisão de três índices de captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE). Foram feitas simulações, nas quais foram gerados dados de captura de acordo com seis distribuições de probabilidade (normal, Poisson, lognormal, gama, delta e binomial negativa), três estruturas de variância (constante, proporcional ao esforço e proporcional ao quadrado do esforço), e magnitudes (tail weight). É recomendado o uso do método Jackknife para os índices, sempre que a captura for proporcional ao esforço ou até em casos de pequenos desvios do pressuposto de proporcionalidade, quando se deseja utilizar um estimador de razão e pouco é conhecido sobre o real comportamento das variáveis, como é o caso da maioria dos estudos de pesca.

Catch-per-unit-effort: which estimator is best?

In this paper we examine the accuracy and precision of three indices of catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE). We carried out simulations, generating catch data according to six probability distributions (normal, Poisson, lognormal, gamma, delta and negative binomial), three variance structures (constant, proportional to effort and proportional to the squared effort) and their magnitudes (tail weight). The Jackknife approach of the index is recommended, whenever catch is proportional to effort or even under small deviations from proportionality assumption, when a ratio estimator is to be applied and little is known about the underlying behaviour of variables, as is the case for most fishery studies.

Neste trabalho, examinamos a acurácia e precisão de três índices de captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE). Foram feitas simulações, nas quais foram gerados dados de captura de acordo com seis distribuições de probabilidade (normal, Poisson, lognormal, gama, delta e binomial negativa), três estruturas de variância (constante, proporcional ao esforço e proporcional ao quadrado do esforço), e magnitudes (tail weight). É recomendado o uso do método Jackknife para os índices, sempre que a captura for proporcional ao esforço ou até em casos de pequenos desvios do pressuposto de proporcionalidade, quando se deseja utilizar um estimador de razão e pouco é conhecido sobre o real comportamento das variáveis, como é o caso da maioria dos estudos de pesca.

Produtividade de quatro espécies arbóreas de Terra Firme da Amazônia Central / Productivity of four Terra Firme tree species of Central Amazonia

A análise da produtividade individual de espécies permite descrever o comportamento das mesmas em ecossistemas florestais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a produtividade de quatro espécies arbóreas em um período de seis anos (2000-2006) em uma área de terra firme na região de Manaus, AM. A produtividade foi estimada indiretamente por meio da utilização de equações alométricas individuais geradas e dados de inventários florestais. Foram selecionadas Pouteria reticulata Eyma (Sapotaceae), Micrandra siphonioides Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), Protium hebetatum Daly (Burseraceae) e Eschweilera wachenheimii Sand (Lecythidaceae) por apresentarem alto índice de valor de importância na área. As equações foram geradas a partir de um arquivo de dados; devido ao reduzido número de indivíduos por espécie foi necessária a utilização de um método não paramétrico, sendo escolhido o "Jackknife". As equações foram aplicadas às árvores das espécies selecionadas localizadas em duas parcelas permanentes com as informações dos inventários florestais dos anos de 2000, 2002, 2004 e 2006. Os resultados mostram indícios de confiabilidade do método, as equações geradas apresentaram altos valores de coeficiente de determinação (R² > 0,93) e baixos valores de erro padrão da estimativa (s y.x < 0,692), evidenciando sua consistência e precisão. As taxas de produtividade foram específicas para cada espécie, entretanto, o padrão de produtividade das espécies E. wachenheimii, P. reticulata e P. hebetatum foram semelhantes, diferindo da M. siphonioides. A maior produtividade se refere à espécie M. siphonioides e a menor à P. hebetatum. A variação da produtividade intra-específica foi superior à variação inter-específica, com P. reticulata apresentando o maior coeficiente de variação.

Individual productivity analysis of species helps describe their comportment in forest ecosystems. The objective of this work was to analyze the productivity of four tree species during a period of six years (2000-2006) in a "terra firme" area near Manaus, Amazonas. The productivity was indirectly estimated by using individual allometric equations along with data from a continuous forest inventory. The following species were selected for this study: Pouteria reticulata Eyma (Sapotaceae), Micrandra siphonioides Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), Protium hebetatum Daly (Burseraceae) and Eschweilera wachenheimii Sand (Lecythidaceae). These were selected because they presented a very high importance value index in the area. The raw data used to developed specific equations were taken from an existing set of data. Samples for each species numbered less than 30 individuals; for this reason, "Jackknife" was used. The "jackknifed" equations were used to estimate aboveground biomass of individuals which occurred in two permanent sample plots measured in 2000, and re-measured in 2002, 2004 and 2006. The "jackknife" method was consistent and reliable, with high and significant determination coefficients (r² > 0,93) and low values of standard error of estimates (sy.x < 0,692). The productivity rates of E. wachenheimii, P. reticulata e P. hebetatum were similar, different from M. siphonioides. The highest productivity was reported for M. siphonioides, and the lowest for P. hebetatum. The intra-specific productivity variability was superior to the inter-specific, with P. reticulata showing the highest variability coefficient.

Parameters estimation in the model for in situ degradability of mertens and loften / Estimação dos parâmetros no modelo para degradabilidade in situ de Mertens e Loften

The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of the parameters of the degradation model proposed by Mertens & Loften (1980) fitted to the results of a rehearsal of degradability in situ. In the experiment, we evaluate the potentially degradable residue of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of coastcross grass (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon nlemfunensis) cut at 60 days, with three replications. The potentially degradable residue of NDF is studied using fifteen incubation times (0; 0.5; 1; 3; 6; 9; 12; 18; 24; 36; 48; 56; 72; 96 and 120 hours). The experimental plot is comprised of a non-lactating cow with a permanent ruminal fistula. It is obtained mean and individual fits for the animals. Variances of parameter estimators is also obtained through both the covariance matrix of the parameters and the jackknife method, then resulting expressions for the estimate of the confidence interval for the parameters of the model. The results shows that the jackknife method presents larger variance estimate for the parameters of the model of Mertens & Loften (1980), resulting in confidence intervals of greater amplitude and less precise parameter estimates for both the individual and mean fits.

Objetiva-se avaliar o comportamento dos parâmetros do modelo de degradação proposto por Mertens & Loften (1980) ajustado aos resultados de um ensaio de degradabilidade in situ. No experimento é avaliado o resíduo potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da gramínea coastcross (Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon nlemfunensis) cortada aos 60 dias, com três repetições. O resíduo potencialmente degradável da FDN é estudado utilizando quinze tempos de incubação (0; 0,5; 1; 3; 6; 9; 12; 18; 24; 36; 48; 56; 72; 96 e 120 horas). A parcela experimental é constituída por uma vaca não lactante, com fístula ruminal permanente. São obtidos ajustes médios e individuais para os animais. Obtem-se também as variâncias dos estimadores dos parâmetros por meio da matriz de variância e covariância dos parâmetros e pelo método jackknife, propondo-se expressões para a estimação do intervalo de confiança para os parâmetros do modelo. Os resultados mostram que o método de jackknife apresenta maior estimativa de variância para os parâmetros do modelo de Mertens & Loften (1980), resultando em intervalos de confiança de maior amplitude e estimativas dos parâmetros menos precisas, nos ajustes individuais e médios.

Os gêneros de Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) de quatro áreas de Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo / The genera of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) in four areas of Atlantic Rain Forest from Espírito Santo, Brazil

Estudou-se a riqueza e abundância de gêneros de Bethylidae coletados em quatro áreas de mata de encosta da Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo, com estados de preservação diferentes: Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ), Domingos Martins (DM), Pancas (P) e Atílio Vivácqua (AV). Foram coletados 2.840 espécimes alocados em 12 gêneros, sendo Lepidosternopsis Ogloblin e Bakeriella Kieffer citados pela primeira vez para esse estado. A riqueza dos táxons foi obtida através do procedimento Jackknife com auxílio do programa EstimateS. Curvas de acumulação de gêneros foram construídas para avaliar o esforço amostral. Os dados se ajustaram à distribuição geométrica e calculou-se o parâmetro k para comparar as localidades. O perfil genérico não foi equivalente em todas as localidades, e todas foram consideradas perturbadas. SMJ e DM apresentaram riqueza de gêneros maior em comparação com P e AV. As diferenças relatadas neste estudo para as áreas amostradas refletem o grau diferente de preservação das matas. Pseudisobrachium Kieffer e Dissomphalus Ashmead foram os gêneros mais abundantes em SMJ, DM e P e Anisepyris Kieffer em AV. Este estudo reforça o fato de Dissomphalus ser mais abundante em florestas tropicais úmidas e que o perfil genérico encontrado em AV assemelha-se a dados publicados para o cerrado.

The generic richness and abundance of Bethylidae collected in four different hillside areas of Atlantic rain forest from Espírito Santo, Brazil were studied. The sites are Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ), Domingos Martins (DM), Pancas (P) and Atílio Vivacqua (AV). A total of 2,840 specimens of 12 genera were collected. Lepidosternopsis Ogloblin and Bakeriella Kieffer are first recorded from the State. Richness of taxa was calculated using first-order Jackknife richness with EstimateS program. Genera accumulation curves were ran to evaluate the samples. Abundance data were adjusted to the geometric distribution. Parameter k was used to compare areas. The generic profile was not equal for the sites we studied. The areas were considered disturbed. SMJ and DM presented genera richness bigger than in P and AV. The differences in the sites reflect the different preservation of each environment. Pseudisobrachium Kieffer and Dissomphalus Ashmead are most dominant genera in SMJ, DM and P, and Anisepyris Kieffer in AV. This study emphasizes the fact of Dissomphalus as the most abundant genus in rain forests. The generic profile found in AV is similar to that of some areas of Brazilian savannah.

Effect of Patient Position with Spinal Anesthesia on the Heart Rate, Arterial Blood Pressure and Arterial Blood Gas Change / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Anorectal procedures are performed in the prone jack-knife or lithotomy position. The effect of lithotomy and prone jack-knife position on the heart rate, arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gas has not been compaired. METHODS: 39 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for anorectal disease were performed saddle block. They were randomly classified into two groups: prone jack-knife position(J; n=19) and lithotomy position(L; n=20); patients with cardiovascular disease were excluded. The two groups were well matched for age, gender, weight and height. After spinal anesthesia, heart rate(HR), blood pressure(BP), and arterial blood gases(ABG) including pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3- were measured in the supine position to establish a base line. After position change to either jack-knife or lithotomy, HR, BP(systolic, mean and diastolic) at 10, 20, and 30 minutes and ABG at 20minutes were measured again in each group. The two groups were then compared and any changes were recorded. Premedication was not perfomed in both group. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney U test; significance was set at P <0.05. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two groups in terms of baseline HR, BP and ABG. However, HR at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after position change in the L group were increased compared with those of J group(deltaHR (number/minute) at 10 minutes: +3.2+/-7.0(L) versus - 2.8+/-4.9(J), P <0.05, 20 minutes: +5.6+/-7.4(L) versus - 1.8+/-5.2(J), P <0.05, 30 minutes: +6.4+/-8.4(L) versus - 1.2+/-6.0(J), p <0.05), and systolic BP at 30 minutes was increased in the J group(deltaBP: +4.0+/-9.0 mmHg(L) versus +10.1+/-9.9 mmHg(J), p <0.05). 3 patients in the J, and 2 in the L group had complaint of headache and/or upper arm discomfort. CONCLUSION: HR was increased in the lithotomy position, systolic BP at 30 minutes after position change was increased in the J group. But the differences were not so significant clinically. Another parameters were no differences between the two groups. Therefore there is no supiriority in lithotomy or jack-knife position on HR, BP and ABG when anorectal procedure is undergone under spinal anesthesia.

Effect of Supine or Jack-knife Position on the Arterial O2, CO2 Tension, Respiratory Rate and Oxygen Saturation Following Midazolam Sedation for Spinal Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Anorectal procedures are performed in the jack-knife position. The combined use of midazolam and spinal anesthesia is common in clinical practice. Despite the known potential for each to alter ventilation, the effect of their interaction under jack-knife position has not been examined. METHODS: In a prospective, double-blind, and randomized study, forty patients (four groups, n=10 each, saline-supine position group, saline-jack-knife position group, midazolam-supine position group and midazolam-jack-knife position group) were examined. The effect of intravenous midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) for sedation, spinal anesthesia (hyperbaric tetracaine, below T8), position (jack-knife position or supine position during operation), and their combination on mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), PaO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate were evaluated. Incidence of hypoxemia was measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2 less than 90% for 30 seconds or longer). RESULTS: The incidence of hypoxemia in the midazolam-supine position group was 20%. There was no patient showing hypoxemia in other groups. After spinal anesthesia, there were no significant differences of mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, PaO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate between supine and jack-knife position. The combination of jack-knife position and midazolam caused a significant increase of PaCO2 (9% of baseline value). Cardiovascular side effects such as hypotension or other reactions such as vomiting, nausea, or confusion were not observed after midazolam. At the end of the operation, all patients were fully awake and cooperative. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) may produce hypoxemia (SpO2<90%) during spinal anesthesia in supine position. In the jack-knife position, intravenous midazolam caused increase of the arterial CO2 tension. Monitoring of arterial blood oxygen saturation is mandatory in patients with spinal anesthesia and midazolam sedation during supine position.

Effect of Injection Speed on the Anesthetic Level and Duration of Hypobaric Spinal Anesthesia with 0.1% Tetracaine in Jack-Knife Position at 15o Head-down Tilting / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The speed of injection of local anesthetic solutions into the subarachnoid space may influence the spread of these agents in the cerebrospinal fluid by the amount of turbulence generated, especially with large volume. To determine the proper injection speed of anesthetics in hypobaric spinal anesthesia on jack-knife position, the anesthetic level and duration were measured with the fast or slow injection speed. METHODS: Twenty patients for perianal surgery in jack-knife position under hypobaric spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Tetracaine (0.1%) in distilled water 5 ml was administered to all the patients. Group I patients received the drug with the speed of injection as 5 ml/20 sec (15 ml/min) and the others (Group II) as 5 ml/4 min (1.25 ml/min). The mean arterial pressures and heart rates at the preanesthetic period, and 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after the end of injection were measured. The anesthetic levels at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after the injection and anesthesia duration were measured. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in mean arterial pressures, heart rates and anesthetic duration between two groups. The anesthetic level 20 min after the injection was higher in Group I than Group II, and not different at the other time sequences. CONCLUSION: At the injection speed within 1.25-15 ml/min in hypobaric spinal anesthesia on jack-knife position at 15o head-down, we acquired appropriate anesthetic level and duration for perianal surgery without any undesirable effects.

Vesicovaginal fistula: 20years of experience / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A clinical observation on the vesicovaginal fistula repair was done on 46 cases admitted to the Department of Urology, Keimyung University Hospital, during the period from 1971 through 1990. The incidence rare of recent 10 years has decreased in comparison with that of the previous 10 years without change of age distribution, size and location of vesicovaginal fistula. Success rate of vesivocaginal Fistula repair was 60%. 89% and 100% with suprapubic transvesical. transperitoneal transvesical and trensvaginal repair, respectively. Although the management of vesicovaginal fistula still remains controversial in regard to the timing of repair and type of approach, transvaginal approach has the distinct advantages of simplicity, ease and less morbidity. Transvaginal repair with jackknife position can be performed successfully by better exposure and easier access.