Effects of Loose Housing Designs on Expressions of Milking Parlour Behaviours and Milk Yield of Crossbred Jersey Cows

Milking behaviour of dairy cows has serious impacts on their production efficiency. A number of genetic and environmental factors controls and influences milking behaviour of dairy cow. The aim of present study was to investigate the influence of housing comfort on expressivity of milking behaviours of cows in parlour, milk yield and compositions. Forty Jersey crossbred cows of similar production levels were selected and divided into 2 groups based on age, production and parity. Subsequently, cows were kept in two different types of loose house; each containing 20 animals. Two types of housing patterns were compared - (i) Traditional shed (T0) and (ii) Thermo-comfortable shed (T1). Impact of housing comfort significantly transformed the expressions of dairy cows behaviour even in milking parlour. Milking temperament scores and stepping during milking were significantly lower in cows kept in T1 compared to that of T0. Cows of thermo-comfortable shed showed more docile, calm and less nervous behaviour than those kept in traditional shed. Housing patterns significantly influenced daily milk yield (kg) being 2.86% more in T1 as compared to T0. Similarly milk compositions were better and significantly higher in T1 group of cows than that of T0. It was concluded that staying comfort of living by resignificantly modulated the expression of dairy cows behaviours even in milking parlour, demonstrated favourable milking temperament, reduced nervousness, enhanced milk yield and showed better milk compositions in Jersey crossbred cows

Influence of Alteration of Dry Period Feeding Management on Body Weight and Body Measurements of Jersey Crossbred Cows at Lower Gangetic Region

Alteration during far off dry period feeding management was done to see its effect on body weight and body measurements of Jersey cross bred cows. This study was conducted on 14 healthy dairy animals which were separated into two comparable groups on the basis of almost similar age groups, parity, body weight, and body condition score. Statistically analyzed data revealed that there was significantly higher (p<0.01) tail head thickness in overall dry period and at calving in control group animals than treatment group animals. Significantly higher (p<0.01) overall abdominal girth after 4 months of lactation was found in control group animals as compared to treatment group animals. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body length during overall dry period and at calving was noticed in control group animals. Non significant (p>0.05) difference was reported in body weight and heart girth among control and treatment group animals. The coefficients of correlation indicated high and significant (P<0.01) correlation among body condition score, tail head thickness, body length, heart girth, abdominal girth in this study. It can be concluded that alteration of feeding management practices during far-off dry period does not significantly change body weight during dry period and post partum period but can lead to significant difference in some body measurements of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region. Correlation of parameters suggested that the larger body sized animal of same breed may produce more milk.

Sports Injury-Related Fingers and Thumb Deformity Due to Tendon or Ligament Rupture / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Hand injuries are very common in sports, such as skiing and ball sports. One of the major reasons causing hand and finger deformity is due to ligament and tendon injury. The aim of this study was to investigate if the high-resolution 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can demonstrate the complex anatomy of the fingers and thumb, especially the tendons and ligaments, and provide the accurate diagnosis of clinically important fingers and thumbs deformity due to ligamentous and tendinous injuries during sport activities.</p><p><b>Methods</b>Sixteen fresh un-embalmed cadaveric hands were harvested from eight cadavers. A total of 20 healthy volunteers' hands and 44 patients with fingers or thumb deformity due to sports-related injuries were included in this study. All subjects had MR examination with T1-weighted images and proton density-weighted imaging with fat suppression (PD FS) in axial, coronal, and sagittal plane, respectively. Subsequently, all 16 cadaveric hands were sliced into 2-mm thick slab with a band saw (six in coronal plane, six in sagittal plane, and four in axial plane). The correlation of anatomic sections and the MRI characteristics of tendons of fingers and the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) at the metacarpal phalangeal joint (MCPJ) of thumb between 20 healthy volunteers and 44 patients (confirmed by surgery) were analyzed.</p><p><b>Results</b>The normal ligaments and tendons in 16 cadaveric hands and 20 volunteers' hands showed uniform low-signal intensity on all the sequences of the MRI. Among 44 patients with tendinous and ligamentous injuries in the fingers or thumb, 12 cases with UCL injury at MCPJ of the thumb (Stener lesion = 8 and non-Stener lesion = 4), 6 cases with the central slip injury, 12 cases with terminal tendon injury, and 14 cases with flexor digitorum profundus injury. The ligaments and tendons disruption manifested as increased signal intensity and poor definition, discontinuity, and heterogeneous signal intensity of the involved ligaments and tendons.</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>Sports injury-related fingers and thumb deformity are relatively common. MRI is an accurate method for evaluation of the anatomy and pathologic conditions of the fingers and thumb. It is a useful tool for accurate diagnosis of the sports-related ligaments and tendons injuries in hand.</p>

Perfil metabólico de vacas Jersey clinicamente saudáveis / Metabolic profile of clinically healthy Jersey cows

O conhecimento do metabolismo dos animais é de suma importância para se obter sucesso em qualquer atividade que envolva rebanhos. Objetivou-se determinar o perfil bioquímico sérico de vacas Jersey clinicamente saudáveis no pré e pós-parto, mantidas em sistema de criação semi-intensivo na região de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Realizou-se o exame clínico e coleta de sangue de 40 vacas da raça Jersey multíparas e lactantes em 15 momentos, entre -150 dias pré-parto até 60 dias pós-parto (DPP). No laboratório, foram analisadas as concentrações séricas de proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas, ureia, creatinina, ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), triglicerídeos, colesterol, lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL), lipoproteínas de muita baixa densidade (VLDL), lipoproteínas de baixa densi­dade (LDL), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama-glutamil transferase (GGT), creatina quinase (CK), cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. Dos 40 animais, apenas 21 vacas atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e seus dados foram utilizados. Procedeu-se o teste de Tukey para os dados paramétricos e para os dados não paramétricos realizou-se o teste de Kruskal Wallis na comparação entre os momentos avaliados. Não houve interferência do balanço energético negativo e da hipocalcemia subclínica na ocorrência de doenças uterinas e no desempenho reprodutivo. Concluiu-se que vacas da raça Jersey apresentam perfil bioquímico caracterizado por hiperglobulinemia durante o periparto, além de níveis elevados de triglicérides, entretanto, sem comprometimento da função hepática e desempenho reprodutivo.(AU)

The understanding of animal metabolism is important for the success of livestock activity. The aim of this study was to determine the serum biochemical profile of clinically healthy Jersey cows in pre and postpartum, housed in semi-intensive production system in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Clinical examination and blood collection from 40 multiparous lactating dairy cows, between -150 days prepartum up to 60 days postpartum (DPP) were performed. At the laboratory, serum parameters of total proteins, albumin, globulins, urea, creatinine, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were analyzed. To the total of cows (n=40) enrolled, only 21 cows were complied with the inclusion criterias. It was proceeded the Tukey test for parametric data, and to the nonparametric data it was held the Kruskal Wallis test for the comparison between days evaluated. There was no interference of negative energy balance and subclinical hypocalcemia in the occurrence of uterine diseases and reproductive performance. In conclusion, Jersey cows have biochemical profile characterized by hyperglobulinemia during peripartum, and high levels of triglycerides, but without impaired liver function and reproductive performance.(AU)

Breed and season influence on milk quality parameters and in mastitis occurrence / Influência da raça e estação em aspectos de qualidade do leite e na ocorrência de mastites

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the performance of Jersey and Holstein cows under different rainfall conditions (dry and rainy seasons) by monitoring aspects related to subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count, microbiological isolation, type of isolated pathogen), milk quality (lactose, protein, fat, total solids) and production (mean milk production) of both breeds. The study was carried out in a dairy farm located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eight visitations were done to the farm, four in a period of high rainfall and four in a period of low rainfall. Milk samples were collected from 79 Holstein cows and 37 Jersey cows for electronic somatic cell count and determination of the main milk components (protein, fat, total solids, lactose). Milk fat, protein, total solids and production were influenced by breed and the season, with similar tendencies for both breeds in both seasons. Somatic cell count (SCC) showed similar results for both breeds. Holstein cows with intramammary infections (IMI) presented a higher increase in SCC when compared to Jersey cows (P<0.001). In the dry season, 53 animals had IMI in at least one month during the study, which 32 were Holstein and 21 were Jersey cows. In the rainy season, 65 animals had intramammary infection, being 43 Holstein and 22 Jersey cows. The frequency of IMI cases was larger in the rainy season than in the dry season. Jersey cows had a lower chance of showing IMI signs and symptoms than Holstein cows in the rainy season (odds ratio=0.52). The larger number of IMI cases in the rainy season may have led to a lower milk lactose rate for both breeds, thus milk lactose rate can be considered an indicator of IMI status. There was prevalence of contagious pathogens overall in the study. The applied model showed that environmental pathogens were more frequently isolated from the breed Jersey, regardless of the study season. There seems to be differences in the immune response of Jersey and Holstein breeds.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a performance das raças Jersey e Holandesa em diferentes condições de pluviosidade (estações seca e chuvosa) através do monitoramento de aspectos relacionados com a mastite subclínica (contagem de células somáticas, isolamento microbiológico, tipo de patógeno isolado), qualidade do leite (lactose, proteína, gordura e sólidos totais) e produção (media da produção de leite) de ambas as raças. O estudo foi conduzido em propriedade leiteira localizada no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Oito visitas foram realizadas a propriedade, quatro em período de alta pluviosidade e outro em período de baixa pluviosidade. Amostras de leite foram colhidas de todos os animais para contagem eletrônica de células somáticas e determinação dos principais componentes do leite (proteína, gordura, sólidos totais, lactose). Gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e produção leiteira foram influenciadas tanto pela raça como pela estação, apresentando tendências similares para ambas raças em ambas estações. A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) apresentou resultados similares para ambas as raças. Vacas holandesas com infecção intramamária (IIM) apresentaram um maior aumento na CCS quando comparadas as vacas Jersey (P<0.001). Na estação seca, 53 animais tiveram IIM em pelo menos um mês do estudo. Destes, 32 eram da raça Holandesa e 21 da raça Jersey. Na estação chuvosa, 65 animais possuíram infecção intramamária, dos quais 43 eram da raça Holandesa e 22 da raça Jersey. A frequência de casos de IIM foi maior na estação chuvosa em comparação à estação seca. Vacas Jersey apresentaram uma menor chance de desenvolver sinais e sintomas de IIM em relação às vacas holandesas na estação chuvosa (razão de chances=0.52). O maior numero de casos de IIM na estação chuvosa pode ter contribuído para uma menor taxa de lactose no leite para ambas as raças, sendo que esta pode ser considerada como um indicador do status de IIM. Existiu uma prevalência de patógenos contagiosos durante todo o experimento. O modelo estatístico aplicado mostrou que patógenos ambientais foram mais frequentemente isolados da raça Jersey, independentemente do período do estudo. Aparentemente existem diferenças na resposta imune das raças Jersey e Holandesa.

Teores de cloretos, lactose e índice cloretos/lactose na secreção láctea de bovinos da raça Jersey no primeiro mês da lactação / Chloride and lactose contents and chloride/lactose ratio in milk from Jersey cows in the first month of lactation

Avaliou-se a influência do período colostral nos teores lácteos de cloretos, lactose e do índice cloretos/lactose. Foram colhidas 418 amostras de leite provenientes de glândulas mamárias sadias, e que não apresentavam crescimento bacteriano ao exame microbiológico, de 127 vacas da raça Jersey. As amostras foram distribuídas em oito grupos: 0 ┤1/2 dia; 1/2 ┤1 dia; 1 ┤2 dias; 2 ┤3 dias; 3 ┤5 dias; 5 ┤7 dias; 7 ┤15 dias; 15 ┤30 dias em lactação. Nas amostras, colhidas antes da ordenha, foram determinados os valores de cloretos, por titulação colorimétrica, e de lactose, por radiação infravermelho, e calculou-se o índice cloretos/lactose. Nas primeiras 24 horas da lactação, observou-se abrupta diminuição no teor lácteo de cloretos e do índice cloretos/lactose, associada com o aumento no teor lácteo de lactose. A transição da secreção de colostro para leite em relação ao teor de cloretos e lactose e ao índice cloretos/lactose na secreção láctea ocorreu na primeira semana da lactação, a partir do terceiro dia da lactação para o valor de cloretos e para a relação cloretos/lactose e a partir do quarto dia da lactação para o teor de lactose. Recomenda-se, nas primeiras 24 horas da lactação, a adoção dos seguintes limites de normalidade: cloretos, <173,4mg/dL; lactose >3,94g/dL e índice cloretos/lactose, <6,11 por cento. Entre o segundo e o sétimo dia da lactação (transição de colostro para leite), indicamse os seguintes limites: cloretos <125,9mg/dL; lactose, >4,03g/dL e índice cloretos/lactose <3,54.

In order to assess the influence of the colostral period on chloride and lactose levels and on the chloride/lactose ratio, 419 milk samples from 127 Jersey cows were analyzed. The samples were collected from healthy udders that did not present any bacterial growth in the microbiological examination. Cows were distributed into eight groups as follows: 0 ┤1/2 day; 1/2 ┤1 day; 1 ┤2 days; 2 ┤3 days; 3 ┤5 days; 5 ┤7 days; 7 ┤15 days; 15 ┤30 days of lactation. The samples were collected before milking to analyze the levels of chloride by colorimetric titration, lactose by infrared radiation, and to determine the chloride/lactose ratio. In the first 24 hours after partition, there was an abrupt reduction in chloride levels as well in chloride/ lactose ratio, associated with an increase in lactose levels. It was observed that the transition of the secretion from colostrum to milk, regarding chloride and lactose levels and chloride/lactose ratio occurred during the first week of lactation: from the 3rd day of lactation for chloride and chloride/lactose ratio and from 4th for the lactose levels. It is recommended the use the following thresholds as normal ranges for the first 24 hours of lactation: chloride <173.4mg/dL; lactose >3.94g/dL, and chloride/lactose ratio <6.11 percent; and between 2nd and 7th days of lactation (transition from colostrum to milk), it was suggested the use of the following values: chloride <125.9mg/dL; lactose >4.03g/dL and chloride/lactose ratio <3.54.

Teores de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais no leite de vacas da raça Jersey criadas no Estado de São Paulo durante o primeiro mês de lactação / Proteins, fats and total solids content in milk from Jersey cows raised in Paulo State during the first month of lactation

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência dos teores de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey,criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação,bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, examinaram-se 418 amostras de leite, provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e os valores de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais foram determinados por radiação infra vermelho. Os teores de proteína na secreção láctea diminuíram abruptamente do 1º para o 2º dia de lactação,enquanto os teores de sólidos totais diminuíram abruptamente nas primeiras 24 horas após o parto. Após oscilaram muito nos primeiros três dias de lactação, observou-se que os valores de gordura diminuíam atingindo os valores mínimos entre o 15º e 30º dia de lactação. Sugere-se nas primeiras 24 horas de lactação (período colostral) a adoção dos seguintes valores de referência: proteína - entre 7,35 e 11,45 g/dL;gordura – 0,98 e 2,00 g/dL; e sólidos totais - entre 12,39 e 19,45 g/dL

With the aim to establish reference values of the protein, fat and total solids of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, 418 milk samples, obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth, were analized. Milk samples were aseptically collected before milking and protein, fat and total solids determined by infrared radiation. The milk protein level decrease from first to second day of lactation, while milk total solids level decreased during the first 24 hours after parturition. Milk fat level oscillated in the first 3 days of lactation and then decreased to the minimum values between 15-30 days of lactation. We suggest, forthe first 24 hours of lactation (colostral phase) the use of the following reference values: protein- between 7,35 and 11,45 g/dl; fat- between 0,98 and 2,00 g/dl ; total solids – between 12,39 and 19,45 g/dl

Mejoramiento de la producción de una vacuna oleosa contra estomatitis vesicular bivalente / Improvement of oil vesicular stomatitis bivalent vaccine production

El presente estudio calculó diferentes MI (Multiplicidad de Infección) para la producción de cultivos industriales de virus de Estomatitis Vesicular (EV) y evaluó el efecto de la cantidad de glicoproteína G en la inducción de respuesta de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus de EV en cobayos inmunizados con una vacuna oleosa bivalente (Indiana (I) y New Jersey (NJ)). Al establecer el MI más eficiente se logró mejorar la cinética de infección de los cultivos industriales disminuyendo los tiempos de cultivo y mejorando los títulos infectantes. Adicionalmente se encontró que títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes de cobayos inmunizados con vacuna de EV conteniendo aproximadamente 5 microgramos de glicoproteína G de cada serotipo fueron de 3.66 log10 para I y 4.06 log10 para NJ, los cuales se correlacionan con títulos de protección en bovinos. De este estudio se puede concluir que al seleccionar un mejor MI se puede hacer más eficiente el proceso de producción de cultivos virales industriales de EV y que la formulación de una vacuna contra estomatitis vesicular a partir de la cuantificación de la glicoproteína G puede ser una metodología de gran utilidad en la producción industrial de vacunas de buena calidad.

This experiment assess different MI for Vesicular Stomatitis VS virus industrial culture production and evaluated the effect of glycoprotein G concentration in relation to antibodies induction against VS on guinea pigs vaccinated with oil bivalent vaccine (Indiana I and New Jersey NJ). With efficient MI it was possible to get better kinetic of infection at industrial cultures, reducing time of culture and improving viral titers. In addition, it was found that neutralizing titers of guinea pigs immunized with an EV vaccine containing 5 micrograms of glycoprotein G, were 3.66 log10 for I and 4.06 log10 for NJ, which are correlated to protection titers in cattle. About this study can be concluded that selecting a superior MI, efficiency of industrial VE virus production can be improved; on the other hand, glycoprotein G quantification methodology can be useful for a good quality VS Vaccine industrial manufacture.

Avaliação do número de células somáticas do leite de bovinos da raça jersey durante o primeiro mês de lactação / Evaluation of somatic cell number in milk from jersey cows during the first month of lactation

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência da contagem de células somáticas do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, examinaram-se 418 amostras de leite, provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e a contagem de células somáticas foi determinada por citometria de fluxo e pelo Teste do CMT. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre a contagem de células. Verificou-se que a transição da secreção de colostro para leite em relação ao número de células somáticas está finalizado a partir do 15º dia de lactação, sendo recomendado a adoção dos seguintes valores de referência: no colostro, obtidos nas primeiras 24 horas de lactação entre 472.405 e 2.003.921 células/ml, no período compreendido do 2º ao 15º dia de lactação valores entre 103.920 e 1.298.361 células/ml e a partir do 15º dia de lactação entre 37.714 e 205.549 células/ml.

With the aim to establish reference values of the number somatic cell of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, 418 milk samples were examined obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and number somatic cell determined by electronic counting and by California Mastitis Test. was demonstrated the significant influence the somatic cells in the first month of lactation. It was found that the transition of the colostrum secretion for milk in respect to somatic cells count have been finished in the 15º day of lactation, being recommended the adoption of the following reference values: in the colostrum, getting in the first of 24 hours of lactation between 472.405 and 2.003.921cells/ml, in the understood period from 2º until 15º day of lactation values between 103.920 and 1.298.361 cells/ml and starting from 15 day of lactation between 37.714 and 205.549 cells/ml.

Influência da raça sobre a volemia e função renal de bovinos com acidose láctica ruminal aguda, induzida experimentalmente / Influence of the breed on volemia and renal function in cattle with experimentally induced acute rumen lactic acidosis

A volemia e a função renal de bovinos com acidose láctica ruminal (ALR) foram estudadas em cinco garrotes Jersey (J) (Bos taurus) e cinco Gir (G) (Bos indicus). Amostras de sangue, urina e conteúdo ruminal foram coletadas durante 24h após a indução experimental da ALR. Os bovinos G apresentaram maior grau de hipovolemia (p < 0,00001) e volume ruminal (p <0,05) e menor taxa de filtração glomerular (p < 0,003) e volume urinário (p< 0,05), porém excretaram mais eficientemente íons H+ (p < 0,00001); embora apresentassem maior porcentagem média de excreção fracionada urinária de lactato-D (p < 0,032) não existiu diferença racial (p > 0,47) na excreção total diária deste isômero; garrotes G excretaram menor quantidade de lactato-L na urina (p < 0,05). Independente da raça, quanto menor foi o pH urinário maior a porcentagem de excreção fracionada urinária de lactato total e de lactato-D (r = - 0,69)

To study volemia and renal function in cattle with acute rumen lactic acidosis (RLA) five Jersey (J) (Bos taurus) and five Gir (G) (Bos indicus) steers were used. Blood, urine and ruminal fluid samples were collected throughout 24h after RLA induction. Higher levels of hipovolemia (p < 0.00001), and total rumen volume (p < 0.05), lower glomerular filtration (p < 0.003) and urinary volume (p < 0.05) were detected in the G steers. Nevertheless, these steers excreted more efficiently H+(p < 0.0001); although higher urinary D-lactate fractional excretion was seen in the G steers similar amounts of D-lactate were excreted by both breeds throughout the trial. Lower urinary levels of L-lactate were excreted by G steers. The higher the urinary pH, the lower the D-lactate fractional excretion in both breeds