ABSTRACT
Propomos neste trabalho avaliar o que ocorre aos indivíduos em relação ao aprender no ambiente escolar/acadêmico e profissional, que não conseguem se dispor às demandas do pensar/conhecer. Observamos os possíveis fatores emocionais que impedem/interferem nesse processo e que trazem repercussões relacionais significativas na vida do indivíduo. Os conceitos fundamentados neste estudo são, principalmente, os relativos aos aspectos primitivos do desenvolvimento e também os presentes em uma teoria sobre o pensar (Bion, 1962/1994b). Por meio deles, procuramos demonstrar de que forma o trabalho psicanalítico pode favorecer ao indivíduo a obtenção de um desenvolvimento mais saudável.
We propose in this paper to evaluate what happens to individuals in relation to learning in the school/academic and professional environment, who are unable to meet the demands of thinking/knowing. We observe the possible emotional factors that hinder/interfere in this process and that bring significant relational repercussions in the individual's life. The concepts grounded in this study are mainly those relating to the primitive aspects of development and also those present in a theory of thinking (Bion, 1962/1994b). Through them, we seek to demonstrate how psychoanalytic work can favor the individual to achieve a healthier development.
En este documento, proponemos evaluar lo que les sucede a las personas en relación con el aprendizaje en el entorno escolar/académico y profesional, que no pueden satisfacer las demandas de pensar/saber. Observamos los posibles factores emocionales que dificultan/interfieren en este proceso y que traen importantes repercusiones relacionales en la vida del individuo. Los conceptos basados en este estudio son principalmente los relacionados con los aspectos primitivos del desarrollo y también los presentes en una teoría del pensamiento (Bion, 1962/1994b). A través de ellos, buscamos demostrar cómo el trabajo psicoanalítico puede favorecer al individuo para lograr un desarrollo más saludable.
Nous proposons dans cet article d'évaluer ce qui arrive aux individus en relation avec l'apprentissage dans l'environnement scolaire/académique et professionnel, qui sont incapables de répondre aux exigences de la pensée/connaissance. Nous observons les facteurs émotionnels possibles qui entravent/interfèrent dans ce processus et apportent des répercussions relationnelles importantes dans la vie de l'individu. Les concepts fondés dans cette étude sont principalement ceux relatifs aux aspects primitifs du développement et également à ceux présents dans une théorie de la pensée (Bion, 1962/1994b). À travers eux, nous cherchons à démontrer comment le travail psychanalytique peut favoriser l'individu pour parvenir à un développement plus sain.
Subject(s)
PsychoanalysisABSTRACT
Abstract The present work investigates the role of different treatments of the lower boundary condition on the numerical prediction of bubbly flows. Two different wall function formulations are tested against experimental data obtained for bubbly boundary layers: (i) a new analytical solution derived through asymptotic techniques and (ii) the previous formulation of Troshko and Hassan (IJHMT, 44, 871-875, 2001a). A modified k-e model is used to close the averaged Navier-Stokes equations together with the hypothesis that turbulence can be modelled by a linear superposition of bubble and shear induced eddy viscosities. The work shows, in particular, how four corrections must the implemented in the standard single-phase k-e model to account for the effects of bubbles. The numerical implementation of the near wall functions is made through a finite elements code.
ABSTRACT
Objective To determine the clinical indications and detection efficiency of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in Jiangsu Province, China. Methods A total of 13 041 pregnant women from nine hospitals in Jiangsu Province who voluntarily accepted NIPT for chromosome 13, 18, 21 and sex chromosome from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. All cases were singleton pregnancies and spontaneously conceived. Invasive prenatal diagnosis followed by fetal chromosome karyotype analysis was recommended in high-risk women following NIPT. The clinical indications and positive predictive value of NIPT were conducted. Results NIPT detected 88, 19, 9 and 64 cases at high risk for trisomy 21, trisomy 18, trisomy 13 and X chromosome aneuploidy, and the positive rate was 0.67%, 0.15%, 0.07% and 0.49%, respectively. Among the 74, 13, 8 and 44 high-risk cases who accepted chromosome karyotype analysis, respectively, 67 cases were diagnosed with trisomy 21, 12 cases with trisomy 18, one case with trisomy 13, and 18 cases with numerical X chromosome abnormality. The positive predictive value was 90.5% (67/74), 12/13, 1/8 and 40.9% (18/44), respectively. One pregnant woman who was reported as high-risk trisomy 21 following NIPT, but high-risk trisomy 18 at prior serum screening, was eventually diagnosed with fetal trisomy 18 by chromosome karyotype analysis, whose placenta was a mosaic of trisomy 21 and trisomy 18. High-risk following serum screening was the most common indication for NIPT accounting for 46.4% (6 056/13 041), followed by low-risk but asking for testing (28.9%, 3 773/13 041) and advanced age (20.5%, 2 673/13 041). Conclusions High-risk, low-risk but asking for testing and advanced maternal age are common indications for NIPT in Jiangsu Province. The positive predictive value of NIPT for trisomy 21 or trisomy 18 is relatively high, but is much lower for trisomy 13 or X chromosome aneuploidy.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The plasma effect-site equilibrium rate constant (k(e0)) of propofol has been reported in various pharmacodynamic studies; however, it is not desirable to apply k(e0) for the link with pharmacokinetic models that were separately investigated. Thus, we titrated k(e0) for the pharmacokinetic model, which is known as the multiple covariates adjusted model of propofol. METHODS: Ninety female patients scheduled for gynecologic surgery were randomly assigned to three groups targeting different plasma concentrations of 5.4, 8.1, and 10.8 microgram/ml. Target-controlled infusions (TCI) were provided by a computer-assisted continuous infusion system. Time to loss of responsiveness (LOR) was measured by a blind investigator; effect-site concentrations (C(e)) for LOR were then calculated with simulation of TCI using different k(e0)s. We determined the k(e0) minimizing total discrepancy (TD) between the inputted and calculated k(e0) from the t(1/2)k(e0)s for a given probability of LOR of the C(e), and also obtained the k(e0) for the minimal TD between the median Ce, which were compared to the known k(e0). RESULTS: k(e0)s from these two methods were 0.3692 and 0.3788/min. C(e)s for LOR with these k(e0)s were significantly different from those with Schnider's k(e0). CONCLUSIONS: We proposed a method for titration of the k(e0) of propofol. The k(e0)s of propofol was lower than Schnider's k(e0). An adequate k(e0) for the specific pharmacokinetic model and a certain population would be useful for prediction of an accurate C(e), and could be used for calculation of accurate dosing during targeting of the effect site.