Status of mental stress among medical students: Experience from medical colleges in Bihar

Background: Admission in medical colleges exposes students to a new educational environment. Then, they encounter the pressure of huge syllabus, language hurdles, peer stress, stress of hostel life, etc. The coping capability in these stressful conditions varies student to student. Aim and Objectives: In this study, we aimed to ascertain the level of stress assessed by a validated questionnaire among first-year medical students. Materials and Methods: This was an online survey-based study. A validated questionnaire Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) was used to ascertain the level of perceived stress. The questionnaire assesses the perceived stress for the past 1 month period. Questionnaire link was distributed among 200 students. Data were tabulated and presented by descriptive statistical tests such as mean, standard deviation, and percentage. The inferential statistical test – Chi-square test and ANOVA were conducted in Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: A total 103 student submitted completed questionnaire (survey response rate 51.5%). Among the students, 27.18% was in “no stress” category and 72.82% was among different level of “stress” category. Among the stressed students, 39.81% was in “mild stress,” 18.45% was in “moderate stress,” and 14.56% was in “severe stress.” Mean score of these four groups showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) difference when tested by ANOVA. Conclusion: The majority of medical students have mild stress. A significant percent also suffers from moderate-to-severe stress. Teacher and the stakeholders should take necessary steps to help those students in coping up with stress related to studies by counseling and other interventions.

Mental health and related influencing factors among rural elderly in 14 poverty state counties of Chongqing, Southwest China: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND@#China has the largest elderly population in the world; little attention has been paid to the mental health of elderly in areas of extreme poverty. This is the first study to investigate the mental health of the rural elderly in poverty state counties in Chongqing and was part of the Chongqing 2018 health literacy promotion project.@*METHODS@#In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the mental health status of the rural elderly in fourteen poverty state counties of Chongqing, in which a total of 1400 elderly aged ≥ 65 years were interviewed, where mental health status was measured by the ten-item Kessler10 (K10) scale. Ordered multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the influencing factors related to mental health of the elderly in these areas.@*RESULTS@#The average score of K10 in 14 poverty state counties was 17.40 ± 6.31, 47.6% was labeled as good, 30.2% was moderate, 17.0% was poor, and lastly 5.1% was bad, and the mental health status of the elderly in the northeastern wing of Chongqing was better than the one in the southeastern wing of Chongqing. A worse self-rated health was the risk factor for mental health both in the northeastern and southeastern wings of Chongqing (all P < 0.001). Lower education level (OR (95% CI) = 1.45 (1.12-1.87), P = 0.004) was a risk factor in the northeastern wing, whereas older age (OR (95% CI) = 1.33 (1.13-1.56), P = 0.001) was a risk factors in the southeastern wing.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results showed that mental health of the elderly in poverty state counties was poor, especially in the southeastern wing of Chongqing. Particular attention needs to be paid to the males who were less educated, older, and single; female with lower annual per capital income; and especially the elderly with poor self-rated health.

Reliability and Factor Structure of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) among Portuguese adults / Confiabilidade e Estrutura Fatorial da Escala de Distress Psicológico de Kessler de 10 itens (K10) entre adultos Portugueses

Abstract The 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) has been presented as a valid measure to assess psychological distress levels in population surveys but its dimensional structure was not consensual. Our main objective was to provide a Portuguese version of the K10 exploring the reliability and factor structure of this measure. This cross-sectional study included 694 adults collected from a web-based survey and in training entities. Results showed that 37.9% of the individuals reported significant distress symptoms. A good internal consistency of the K10 scale (α=.91) and strong inter-item correlation (ranges from .350 to .659) were found in our study but the original one-dimensional structure was not confirmed. A two-factor model considering anxiety and depression as two latent, independent but correlated factors shows a good fit with the data even across two data collection methods. The K10 tool was sensitive to sociodemographic variables. Participants aged 40 or over and belonging to the general working class presented higher distress levels. Our data indicates the Portuguese version of K10 as a reliable tool with a factor structure to assess psychological distress.

Resumo A Escala de Distress Psicológico de Kessler de 10 itens (K10), é apresentada como uma medida válida para avaliar o distress psicológico em pesquisas populacionais, mas a sua estrutura dimensional não é consensual. O objetivo do presente estudo foi providenciar uma versão Portuguesa do K10 explorando a confiabilidade e a estrutura fatorial desta medida. Este estudo transversal incluiu 694 adultos, recrutados através de uma pesquisa via web e em entidades formadoras. Os resultados mostraram que 37,9% dos indivíduos reportaram sintomas de distress significativos. A escala K10 apresentou uma boa consistência interna (α= 0,91) e fortes correlações inter-item (entre 0,35 e 0,66). No entanto, a estrutura unidimensional original não foi confirmada. Um modelo dois fatores considerando a ansiedade e a depressão como dois fatores latentes independentes, mas correlacionados mostrou um bom ajuste mesmo entre os dois métodos de recolha. A ferramenta K10 foi ainda sensível para variáveis sociodemográficas. Participantes com 40 anos ou mais e que pertenciam à classe trabalhadora geral apresentaram maiores níveis de distress psicológico. Os dados obtidos indicaram que a versão Portuguesa do K10 é uma ferramenta confiável com uma estrutura fatorial para avaliar sintomas não específicos de distress.

Assessment Of The Prevalence Of Stress And Its Levels In Students Of A Medical College In Mumbai - A Cross Sectional Study.

Background: Stress in medical students is increasing nowadays & leading to untoward incidences. It is necessary to identify the stress levels & its causes at earliest so that early interventional measures can be adopted. This study aimed to find out prevalence of stress in medical students & to compare level of stress in males and females. Methodology: Total 338 medical students were evaluated for the presence of stress and its levels (mild/moderate/severe) using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).Gender difference for stress levels was compared using student’s ‘t’ test. Reasons for stress were evaluated by a questionnaire. Results: The total prevalence of stress was 57.9% and the prevalence of severe stress was 10.6%. It was found that level of stress was significantly higher (p<0.05) among females (mean=22.60±7.11) as compared to males (mean=20.86±8.05). The main reason for stress in males was found to be academic problems and in females, problems related to hostel. Conclusion: Overall stress prevalence was 57.9%, which is high and thus needs to be addressed. Females have higher stress than males. The main source of stress in females being hostel problems and in males academic problems. Thus, various programs need to be arranged along with counselling to combat this stress.

Presencia de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en pacientes ambulatorios con patología neurológica / Presence of anxiety and depression symptoms in outpatients with neurological disease

La información referente a la presencia de síntomas psiquiátricos en la práctica no psiquiátrica es escasa, cerca del 25% de los pacientes son reportados con esta sintomatología. Esto se observa más comúnmente en trastornos neurológicos dada la severidad de los síntomas y el grado de discapacidad que ocasionan. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar factores asociados a la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad y/o depresión en pacientes con patología neurológica. Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, tomando 209 pacientes de la consulta externa del servicio de neurología del Hospital General del Estado de Sonora a fin de obtener una prevalencia de periodo de la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión mediante la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler en su versión extendida (K10), así como una encuesta sociodemográfica para determinar su asociación con factores que pudieran influir en la presencia y severidad de dicha sintomatología. Todos los participantes otorgaron su consentimiento informado. Se encontraron puntuaciones superiores a 21 puntos en la escala K10 (altamente sugestiva de la presencia de un trastorno de ansiedad y/o depresión) en 63.2% de los pacientes. Estas puntuaciones fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con enfermedades cerebrovasculares (85.7%), manteniéndose por arriba del 60% para el resto de los trastornos, con una mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino (85%). Los resultados sugieren una mayor asociación, para más de la mitad de los pacientes que acuden a la consulta de neurología, de padecer sintomatología ansiosa y/o depresiva con una severidad suficiente para verse beneficiados por un tratamiento integral. Existe una mayor asociación en relación con padecimientos más severos o discapacitantes, así como con el sexo femenino, por lo que se proponen investigaciones subsecuentes a fin de determinar los componentes de esta asociación e identificar intervenciones eficaces a fin de mejorar no solamente el estado de salud de estos pacientes sino su propia calidad de vida.

There is little information available describing psychiatric symptoms in non-psychiatric patients, with 25% of the patients being reported with such symptoms. These are most commonly observed with neurological disorders given the severity and degree of disability that they cause. The objective of this research was to identify the factors associated with the presence of anxiety and/or depression symptoms in patients with a neurological disorder. A transversal, descriptive study was carried out, taking 209 outpatients from the neurology service, with the aim of obtaining a period prevalence of the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms using the extended version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and a sociodemographic interview to determine the association with factors that might influence on the presence and severity of such symptoms. All the participants signed an informed consent. We found scores superior to 21 points on the K10 scale (highly suggestive of the presence of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder) on 63.2% of the patients. These scores were more frequently found on patients with cerebrovascular diseases (85.7%), maintaining themselves above the 60% of the rest of the disorders. These results suggest a bigger association for more than half of the neurology outpatients to suffer from an anxiety and/or depressive symptoms severe enough to have benefits from an integral approach, with a bigger association in relation with more severe or incapacitating disorders, also the association was bigger on women. Thus, we need further research to determine the components of this association and identify effective interventions aiming to improve not just the patients' health, but also their quality of life.

Synthesis, characterization, anti-trypanosomal activity and toxicity against Artemia salinaLeach of thiobenzamides and derivatives.

This work aims to synthesize, characterize of thioamides benzaldehyde and 4- (dimethylamino)benzaldehyde and assess their in votrotrypanocidal activity and totoxicity. The Willgerodt-Kindler reaction preferred for the synthesis of thioamides morpholin-4-yl (phenyl) methanethione 1 and [4 - (dimethylamino) phenyl] - (morpholin-4-yl) methanethione 2, is catalyzed with montmorillonite K-10 and in a microwave oven. The structures of the thioamides were characterized and confirmed by IR spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) Their trypanocidal activity was evaluated in the blood stream form of the strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 using the "Lilit, Alamar Blue" (Baltz et al., 1985; Hirumi et al., 1994; Räz et al., 1997) and cytotoxicity on brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina Leach) using the method of Michael et al. (1956) resumed by Vanhaecke et al. (1981) and Sleet and Brendel (1983). The compounds1 (IC50> 483.09 M) and 2 (IC50> 400 M) have weak trypanocidal activities. However the larvae were sensitive to 2 (LD50 = 214 ± 9 M) and therefore it could be used in cancer treatment.

Validación de la escala Kessler 10 (K-10) en la detección de depresión y ansiedad en el primer nivel de atención. Propiedades psicométricas / Validity of the kessler 10 (k-10) scale in detecting depression and anxiety disorders in the primary care services. Psychometric properties

According to studies conducted in different countries, it is estimated that approximately 30% to 50% of people with mental health problems are not recognized by the general practitioner. Given this situation, it has been proposed that the practitioner at the primary care services must play a decisive role in the early detection of cases by establishing a definitive diagnostic and a timely treatment. Several organizations have pointed out that one of the first actions that need to be implemented to fulfill the aims in the care of people with mental disorders is to prepare the first-contact doctors and to have a brief, low cost, self-applied, valid and reliable scale. The studies mention that using screening tests at the primary care level is crucial for the success of the programs. The detection and recognition of psychiatric symptomatology rates vary depending on the type of scale applied. The tools that have been widely used are the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, the Depression Symptom Checklist (DS 20), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL), the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the self-administered computerized assessment (PROQSY), the criteria of the 3rd revised edition of the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), and the criteria of the Symptom Driven Diagnostic System for Primary Care (SDDS-PC), among others. The preliminary results confirm the existence of a high percentage of possible psychiatric cases (46.9%), but only 4% of cases are referral. The low capability of the general practitioner at the primary care level in detecting these pathologies has been confirmed as well. These scales have been applied in different scenarios and to different types of population. Although the dominating criteria for choosing the tool are sensitivity and specificity, some authors mention that strategies for adequately handling cases, such as the confirmation of the diagnosis and follow-up of the patients, are required once the treatment has started. In this paper, we present the psychometric characteristics of the Kessler (K-10) scale in detecting depression and anxiety disorders in the primary care. Material and methods The study is a methodological process that aims to validate the Kessler Psychological Distress scale (K-10). It was conducted in two health care centers of primary care level in Mexico City. The subjects were 280 individuals who requested attention at the mentioned centers and to whom the K-10 test was applied after giving their informed consent. Later on, the computerized version of the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), which uses the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV, was applied to the subjects in order to confirm the diagnostics for depression and anxiety. The MINI is a version adapted to Latin American Spanish by the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz. The diagnostic accuracy was processed following the MINI diagnoses for depression and anxiety closely, and the scores on the scale K-10 as a predictor. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for all possible cut points in order to establish the optimal cut off point. The efficiency and maximum likelihood ratios were also calculated. The area under the ROC curve as well as the probability quotients, positive and negative (LR+ and LR-), were also calculated. The K-10 is a brief screening tool that can be easily applied by the primary care personnel which measures the psychological distress of a person during the four weeks prior to the application. It consists of ten questions with Likert-like answers that range from 1 to 5 and are categorized in a five level ordinal scale: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never; where «Never¼ has an assigned value of 1, and «Always¼ has assigned value of 5. It has a minimum score of 10 and a maximum of 50. The ranges of the instrument are four levels: low (10-15), moderate (16-21), high (22-29) and very high (30-50). The instrument showed an internal consistency of 0.90 and it has been used in various population studies promoted by the World Health Organization as well as government organizations in Australia, Spain, Colombia and Peru. Results Out of 280 individuals to whom the tool was applied, 78.9% (221) were female and 21.1% (59) male. These values represent the proportion of patients attending the primary care services (95% confidence interval=±5.4%). The mean age of women was 39 years, and the mean age of men was 41. The 70.6% of the women manifested more psychological distress than men (52.5%)[χ2(1)=6.05,p=0.014. No other socio-demographic variable showed significant differences. The instrument is highly precise, it can detect up to 87% of depression cases, and 82.4% of anxiety cases. The scale was compared with the MINI and it presented a prevalence of 26.8% and 10.6%, respectively. Of the total of depression cases, 26.4% also presented anxiety; these represent a co-morbidity of 5.4%. The construct validity presented one factor alone that explains the 53.4% of the total variance, this is why the scale is considered as one-dimensional. In other words, the scale only measures the construct of the psychological distress. The internal consistency was α=0.901. Once the sensitivity and specificity for all cut off points had been determined using the MINI as a golden rule, it was observed that the cut off point for maximum sensitivity and specificity corresponded to 21 for the diagnosis of depression, and 22 for anxiety. Conclusions The K-10 is a good instrument for the detection of depression and anxiety cases at the primary care level which meets the criteria of validity and reliability. However, given that only one diagnosis was considered for all the range of anxiety disorders, the scale must be chosen carefully for all the other disorders that are not included in this paper. The use of the instrument is recommended for the general practitioners at the primary care level, mainly for diagnosing depression. Various studies in which other screening instruments have been used for the detection of depressive disorder at primary care point out that any screening method are useful in making the diagnosis. By using these instruments, the depression diagnosis at primary care level increases from 10% to 47%. The latter supports the fact that the selection of a good instrument turns out to be effective in detection, treatment and clinical outcomes of the entity. Since this recommendation is only one of the activities required in primary care level for good handling of detected cases, it is noteworthy to mention that a comprehensive care model that encompasses both the detection as well as the pharmacological and psychosocial treatments is required.

De acuerdo con estudios realizados en diferentes países se estima que aproximadamente hay entre 30% a 50% de personas que presentan algún problema de salud mental que no es reconocido por el médico general. En virtud de esta situación se ha propuesto como estrategia a la atención primaria como base del sistema de salud, lo que permitiría la detección temprana de pacientes con algún trastorno psiquiátrico. Diferentes organismos señalan que una de las primeras acciones para cumplir con los objetivos en la atención de personas con algún trastorno mental, consiste en contar con una escala breve, autoaplicable, válida y confiable y de bajo costo. En este trabajo se presentan las características psicométricas de la escala Kessler (K-10) para detectar trastornos depresivos y ansiosos. La K-10 es un instrumento de tamizaje breve y de fácil aplicación por el personal del primer nivel de atención y ha sido utilizada en diferentes estudios a nivel poblacional. En Australia, en 1997, se aplicó la K-10 en una encuesta de salud, por medio del Consejo Nacional de Encuestas de Salud Mental. Material y métodos Se trata de un estudio de proceso metodológico, cuyo objetivo fue la validación de la escala de malestar psicológico K-10 de Kessler. El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos Centros de Salud del primer nivel de atención en la Ciudad de México. Los participantes fueron 280 personas que acudieron a la consulta externa de dichos centros. Se utilizaron los criterios del DSM-IV para la confirmación del diagnóstico de depresión y de ansiedad, por medio de la Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), en su versión computarizada, adaptada al español latinoamericano en el Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. La validez diagnóstica se procesó utilizando los diagnósticos de la MINI para depresión y ansiedad como regla de oro y las puntuaciones obtenidas en la escala K-10 como predictor. Se calculó la sensibilidad y especificidad para todos los posibles puntos de corte con el fin de establecer el óptimo. Se calculó adicionalmente la eficiencia y las razones de máxima verosimilitud, así como el área bajo la curva ROC y los cocientes de probabilidad, positivo y negativo (LR+ y LR-). Resultados Del total de personas a quiénes se les aplicó la escala, el 78.9% (221) fueron mujeres y 21.1% (59) hombres. Estos valores representan la proporción en que los pacientes acuden a los servicios de primer nivel (IC 95%=±5.4%). El 70.6% de las mujeres presentaron mayor malestar psicológico en comparación con los hombres que representaron el 52.5% [χ²(1)=6.05,p=0.014]. En ninguna otra variable socio-demográfica se presentaron diferencias significativas. El instrumento tiene una alta precisión, ya que puede detectar hasta el 87% de los casos de depresión y un 82.4% de los casos de ansiedad. La escala se comparó con el MINI en español y presentó una prevalencia de 26.8% y 26.4%, respectivamente. Conclusiones El instrumento cumple con los criterios de validez y confiabilidad, por lo que se recomienda su uso por los médicos generales en el primer nivel de atención. Dado que esta recomendación sólo es una de las actividades que se requieren en la atención primaria para un buen manejo de los casos que se detecten, es necesario señalar que se requiere de un modelo de atención integral que incorpore tanto la detección como el tratamiento farmacológico y psicosocial.

Effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) on the Expression of Keratin in HaCaT Cells / 대한해부학회지

In human skin, specific keratin markers reflect on normal differentiation and pathologic conditions. This experiment focused on the expressional pattern of keratin 10 (K10: normal differentiation marker), and keratin 8 & 13 (K8 & K13: pathologic differentiation marker) together with their cellular localization after treating HaCaT cells with 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The cells were treated with TPA at 0, 0.1, 1 microgram/ml for 2 hours or 6 hours. Morphologic studies revealed that TPA treatment changed the shape of cells into the fibroblast-like cells with highly folded nuclear membrane and reduced number of the desmosome. The results of indirect immunofluorescent staining and Northern blotting analysis showed that TPA considerably down-regulated the expression of K10, while markedly up-regulating the expression of K8 and K13 both at protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, by simultaneous staining for keratins and DNA content in flow cytometry, it was found that TPA increased the expression of K8 and K13 dramatically at the S-G2-M phase of the cells. In conclusion, these changes induced by TPA in HaCaT cells may indicate a close relationship between the morphologic change and the altered expression of keratin subfamilies. It also suggests that TPA known as a tumor promotor may directly induce the potentially malignant cells even without the support of tumor initiator.

The Relation between Mental Factors and Outpatient Service Utility / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To find out the relationship between mental factors and outpatient service utility. Method: Stratum-based random sampling method was used to select samples. The sample was interviewed with both self-made questionnaire and Kessler 10 rating scale.Results:The survey covered 11652 persons aged 15 and above. The incidence within two weeks was 10.38% (10.87% in rural areas and 7.73% in urban areas), the average rate of outpatient service seeking within two weeks was 4.83% (4.97% in rural areas and 4.11% in urban areas), 63.59% of the patients selected mainly the basic health service institution when they sought outpatient service; the primary mental factor affecting utility of outpatients was the mental state (K10 score), and the OR value of the high K10 group (scored 30-50) was 2.258 (95% CI: 1.265-4.032).Conclusions:Poor mental health is associated with higher utility of out-clinic service.

The Measurement of Double Staining for Senescence Associated-beta-Galactosidase Activity and Keratin 10 or Involucrin in Monolayer and Organotypic Cultured Keratinocytes / 대한해부학회지

This experiment developed the methodology of double staining for senescence associated-beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) activity and keratin 10 (K10) or involucrin. To prove the usefulness of the double staining, the author investigated the relationship between senescence and differentiation in monolayer and organotypic cultured keratinocytes. The results were as follows: K10 and involcrin together with SA-beta-gal were doubly stained in most of monolayer cultured keratinocyte. This fact indicated that the senescence and differentiation had simultaneously occurred in the same keratinocyte. In spite of the advantages to preserving structures, the paraffin specimen was not suitable for double staining because of the limitation of SA-beta-gal reactivity. Although the cryosectioned specimen did not have the morphology as good as the paraffin specimen, it was suitable for double staining due to the goodness of SA-beta-gal reactivity. Double staining well reflected the disturbances of senescence and differentiation which could be caused by deranged organizations of the organotypic cultured skin. The organotypic cultured skin which showed deranged organizations such as stratified basal layer, no typical cell features in each epdermal layer, and wide intercellular spaces had SA-beta-gal activity in epidermis and K10 or involucrin reaction in basal cell. But the skin which showed well arranged organizations resembling in vivo skin had no SA-beta-gal activity and no K10 or involucrin reaction in basal cells. In conclusion, it might be suggested that the double staining for SA-beta-gal activity and K10 or involucrin could be used for detecting the extent of senescence and differentiation in the same cell.

Change in Expression of Keratin and Proto-oncogene Induced by Beta-propiolactone in HaCaT Cell / 대한해부학회지

To investigate the relationship between the morphologic changes and the expression of keratin and proto-oncogene induced by Beta-propiolactone (BPL), we assessed on the expression of keratins (K8, K10, K13) and proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun, c-myc) in human HaCaT cell line. The cells were treated with 0, 0.1, 1 microgram/ml BPL for 2 or 6 hours. Morphologic studies revealed that BPL changed the cells into fibrocyte-shaped, caused highly lobulated nuclei and reduced desmosomes in their number. Findings of immunofluorescence and Northern blotting indicated that BPL consistently decrease expression of K10 representing a normal differentiation marker of keratinocytes, while increasing expression of K8 and K13 associated with a pathologic differentiation. This reagent also up-regulated expression of c-fos and c-jun, and down-regulated expression of c-myc. Together with staining for each keratin or proto-oncogene and DNA content in flow cytometry, BPL increased K8 expression dramatically at S-G2-M phase. The induction of c-Fos at S-G2-M phase appeared within 2 hours, and c-Jun gradually occurred. However, c-Myc was inhibited regardless of phases of cell cycle. In conclusion, these changes caused by BPL demonstrate a close relationship between the morphologic evidence and the altered expression of each keratin and proto-oncogene.

Mental Health Status and Its Affecting Factors among Residents of Weihai City / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To well understand the mental health status and its affecting factors of the residents aged 15 and above of Weihai city. Methods:The sample was randomly chosen by using cluster-based sampling method and was interviewed by using both self-made questionnaire and Kessler 10 rating scale. SPSS was used to analyze the field data.Results:11652 individuals were interviewed, the score distribution in total was 13.3?5.6 and about 22% of them were likely to have a mild or medium or high mental disorder. The factors affecting mental health status were various, not only including general factors such as age, sex, but also other factors such as physical condition.Conclusion:The factors affecting mental health are multiple, about one in five residents are in poor mental status.