Morphological characteristics of European slalom canoe and kayak paddlers / Características morfológicas de los remeros de canoa y kayak de slalom europeos

SUMMARY: The primary aim of this study was to determine the morphology of elite canoe slalom paddlers and to identity if morphology differences existed between kayak and canoe paddlers. The survey included a total of 74 canoe slalom paddlers who competed in the 2018 European Championship. These competitors were assessed using a battery of anthropometric dimensions according to standardized anthropometric techniques and bioimpedance analysis using the multifrequency octopolar device Tanita MC-980. Elite slalom male competitors can be characterized to having average body height (~180 cm), average weight (~75 kg), with ectomorphic mesomorph somatotype (1.3 - 5.5 - 2.7), well developed trunk and arm muscles (biceps girth: 35.4 ± 1.8), low hypertrophy of legs and low body fat (8 ± 3.2 %). In addition, there are no significant differences between canoe (C1) and kayak (K1) paddlers. For female competitors we can conclude, there has been little change in anthropometric values through the decades. However, C1 competitors are younger, more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la morfología de los remeros de canoa de slalom de élite e identificar si existían diferencias morfológicas entre los remeros de kayak y canoa. El análisis incluyó un total de 74 remeros de canoa slalom que compitieron en el Campeonato de Europa de 2018. Los competidores fueron evaluados mediante una batería de dimensiones antropométricas según técnicas antropométricas estandarizadas y análisis de bioimpedancia utilizando el dispositivo octopolar multifrecuencia Tanita MC-980. Los competidores masculinos de slalom de élite se pueden caracterizar por tener una estatura corporal promedio (~ 180 cm), un peso promedio (~ 75 kg), con somatotipo mesomorfo ectomorfo (1,3 - 5,5 - 2,7), músculos del tronco y del brazo bien desarrollados (circunferencia del bíceps: 35,4 ± 1,8), baja hipertrofia de piernas y baja grasa corporal (8 ± 3,2 %). Además, no existen diferencias significativas entre los remeros en canoa (C1) y kayak (K1). Para las competidoras, podemos concluir que se han observado pocos cambios en los valores antropométricos a lo largo de las décadas. Sin embargo, los competidores de C1 son más jóvenes, más mesomórficos y menos ectomórficos.

EPIDEMIOLOGIA E ETIOLOGIA DAS LESÕES EM CANOÍSTAS DE ALTO NÍVEL / EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETILOGY OF INJURIES IN HIGH-LEVEL KAYAKERS

RESUMO Nesta pesquisa descritiva de retrospectiva transversal, analisamos as lesões mais frequentes em atletas canoístas de águas calmas. Contamos com a participação de 362 canoístas,que responderam a um questionário sobre lesões. Obtivemos um índice de lesões nos canoístas homens de 1,43 e nas mulheres de 1,50; 53,9% foram lesões do tipo leve. As lesões nos ombros atingiram 32% nos homense 42,7% nas mulheres. Encontraram-se diferenças significativas (p<0,01) nos homens em relação à duração do treinamento e também às horas dedicadas a dormir. A metade dos homens e das mulheres lesionados pertencia à etapa de14-16 anos, sendo a lesão por uso exagerado a mais frequente. Saber das lesões de canoístas é fundamental para a organização de esquemas preventivos adequados. Este estudo estabelece quais são as lesões mais frequentes em canoístas de águas calmas atualmente, aportando informações sobre os fatores relacionados a elas e sua prevenção.

ABSTRACT In this descriptive and transverse retrospective study, we analyzed the most frequent injuries in flatwater kayakists. 362 kayakists participated, which answered to an adapted questionnaire of injuries.The index of injuries obtained in the men was of 1.43 and in the women of 1.50; that 53.9 % were light. The injuries in the shoulders supposed 32 % in the men and 42.7 % in the women. We found significant differences (p <0,01) in the men in relation to the duration of the training, and to the hours dedicated to sleeping The half of the men and women injured,corresponded to 14-16 years, being the overuse injury the most frequent. To know the flatwater kayakists injuries is fundamental for the organization of suitable preventive schemes. This study stablish which are the most frequent flatwater kayakists injuries actually, contributing information about the factors related to them and to their prevention.

Determinação do limiar anaeróbio por dois ajustes matemáticos em teste específico para canoagem Slalom / Determination of anaerobic threshold by two mathematical methods in specific test on Slalom kayak / Determinación del umbral anaeróbico por dos métodos matemáticos en test específico en canotaje Slalom

O estudo objetivou propor um teste específico para identificar o limiar anaeróbio (Lan) em atletas de canoagem slalom. O Lan foi determinado por teste progressivo até a exaustão nas velocidades de 5,6,7,8,9 e 9,5km/h, realizado em lagoa onde comumente eram realizados os treinos. O Lan foi obtido por dois métodos matemáticos: inspeção visual e bissegmentação da curva lactacidêmica (LanBI), e utilização das concentrações fixas de lactato 4mM e 2,5mM (LanOBLA). O LanBI e LanOBLA foram analisados por Anova One-Way e correlação de Pearson (p<0,05). O LanBI foi obtido em 6,98 ± 0,16 km/h, a 2,53±0,25mM, e o Lan OBLA 4,0 ocorreu em 7,80±0,21km/h, superestimando em 11,5% o LanBI.. Desse modo, é possível determinar o Lan por teste específico para canoístas e, se adotado o OBLA, a concentração 2,5mM parece ser mais adequada à modalidade.

The study aimed to suggest a specific anaerobic threshold test (AT) to slalom kayak athletes. The AT was determined by progressive kayak exercise (5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 e 9.5km/h) until exhaustion. Two mathematical methods were used: visual inspection and the bi-segmental lactate kinetics (ATi) and by fixed lactate concentration at 4mM (ATobla) and 2.5mM. The ATi and AToblawere compared by ANOVA One-Way and Pearson correlation (p<0.05). The ATi was obtained in 6.98±0.16Km/h, at 2.53±0.25mM and the ATobla 4.0 was 6.95±0.28Km/h, at intensity 11,5% higher than ATi. In this way, it is possible to determine the AT using a specific test to slalom kayak and, if adopted the OBLA, the 2.5mM blood concentration seems to be applicable to slalom kayak athletes.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo sugerir un test específico para determinar el umbral anaeróbico (UA) en atletas de canotaje slalom. El UA se determinó mediante un test progresivo hasta el agotamiento (5.0; 6.0; 7.0; 8.0; 9.0 y 9.5 km/h). Dos métodos matemáticos se utilizaron para identificar el UA: Inspección visual y bissegmentação de las curvas de lactato (UABI) y concentración fija de lactato em 4mM y 2.5mM (UAOBLA). El UAOBLA y UABI se analizaron por La Anova One-Wayt y por correlación de Pearson (p <0.05). El UABI se obtuvieron 6.98 ± 0.16 km/h, a 2.53 ± 0.25 mMy La UAOBLAfue 7.80 ± 0.21km/h, 11,5% mayor que UABI. Así, és posible determinar el UA en test especifico para canotaje y, si la opción for por el metodo OBLA, la concentración 2.5mM parece ser mas aplicable a atletas de canotaje slalom.

Configuración de la pala de kayak, las medidas antropométricas y variables cinemáticas / Configuração dos remos de caiaquistas, suas medidas antropométricas e as variáveis cinemáticas / Configuration of the kayak paddle, anthropometric measurements and kinematc parameters

Se analizaron las correlaciones entre la configuración de la pala en kayakistas, sus medidas antropométricas (talla, talla sentado y envergadura) y las variables cinemáticas frecuencia de ciclo media (FCM), longitud de ciclo medio (LCM) y rendimiento en la distancia, sobre un test máximo de 500m. realizado por las componentes del equipo nacional español dama juvenil. Los datos cinemáticos se obtuvieron tras digitalizar las filmaciones de cada uno de los test. Este estudio sugiere que existe correlación entre la longitud de la pala (LP) y la talla de los palistas, y no entre la LP y la talla sentado o la envergadura. No existe correlación entre la LP y la FCM, pero sí se entre LP y LCM. La dureza de la pala (DP) no muestra correlación con ninguna de las variables cinemáticas estudiadas.

Foram analisadas as correlações entre a configuração dos remos de caiaquistas, suas medidas antropométricas (altura, altura sentado e envergadura) e as variáveis cinemáticas, frequência de ciclo média (FCM), comprimento do ciclo médio (LCM) e rendimento em distância, a partir de um teste máximo de 500m, realizado pelas componentes da equipe nacional espanhola juvenil feminina. Os dados cinemáticos foram obtidos pela digitalização das filmagens de cada um dos testes. Do estudo se depreende que existe correlação entre o comprimento do remo (LP) e o tamanho dos remadores, e não entre a LP, porém entre o tamanho sentado e a envergadura. Não existe correlação entre a LP e a FCM, mas sim entre a LP e a LCM. A exigência física requerida do caiaquista (DP) não mostra correlação com nenhuma das variáveis cinemáticas estudadas.

We examined the correlations between the configuration of the kayak paddle, anthropometric measurements of the kayakers (height, sitting height and arm span) and the kinematic variables average frequency cycle (FCM), average length of cycle (LCM) and performance in the distance, about 500 m. test in the components of the female Spanish Junior National Team. Kinematic variables were obtained after digitizing the video test. The study shows that there is correlation between the length of the paddle (LP) and the height of paddlers, and not between the LP and other anthropometric variables such as sitting height and wingspan. There is no correlation between the LP and FCM, but there are between LP and LCM. The hardness of the paddle (DP) shows no correlation with any of the kinematic variables studied.

Cinemática da canoagem: revisão / Canoe kinematics: a review

A canoagem é um esporte equipado praticado em ambientes abertos que utiliza caiaques e canoas. O praticante se desloca com a utilização de remos. As competições são disputadas em diferentes distâncias e a classificação ocorre pelo menor tempo. Na modalidade, a remada para frente é o gesto básico. O objetivo deste estudo é a investigação especifica dos parâmetros cinemáticos da remada de canoagem, realizando uma revisão dos aspectos biomecânicos da modalidade e identificar os parâmetros, sua aplicação e desenvolvimento. As palavras-chave utilizadas para procura dos estudos foram: paddle, kayak, flatwater, piragüismo, canotaje e sports kinematics nas bases Scopus, Google Acadêmico e Capes. Uma melhor técnica de remada proporciona melhores desempenhos, a análise cinemática do movimento de remada, com os parâmetros freqüência média de remada (FR) e comprimento médio de remada (CR), fornecem importantes informações para a melhoria da remada e do rendimento na canoagem. O conhecimento dos parâmetros cinemáticos pode contribuir para melhores escolhas de regulagens e modelos de equipamentos, assim como selecionar atletas para compor embarcações. A avaliação das variáveis cinemáticas ao longo da temporada e carreira de atletas demonstra o desenvolvimento da remada do atleta de forma objetiva.

Canoeing is an equipped sport, whose practice is in open areas and utilizes canoes and cayaks. Athlete moves itself by means of paddles. Competitions are developed in different distances and final classification is by the time. In this modality, paddling is the basic task. The purpose of this review is the specific investigation of the kinematics parameters of the canoeing paddling, by means of a systematic review of the modality biomechanics aspects, and to identify parameters and its application and development. Key-words used to search articles in Scopus, Google Schoolar and CAPES data-base were: paddle, kayak, flat-water, piragüismo, canotaje and sports kinematics. Better paddling technique can improve performance and kinematics analysis made about paddling rate and length can supply important information to technique improvements and paddling performance. Knowledge about kinematics parameters can contribute for better choices in equipments and adjusts, as to select athletes to the boats teams. Assessment of the kinematics variables, along the season shows de individual paddling development in an objective way.

THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEMS DURING FLAT-WATER KAYAK PADDLING / 体力科学

The purposes of this study were to investigate the characteristics of physiological responses during flat-water kayaking events, and to quantify the contribution of aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Eight male kayak paddlers participated in the study. The subjects performed an incremental test and five all-out tests (20, 40, 120, 240 and 600 sec) on a kayak ergometer. Peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak ; 3790 ml · min^-1) in the incremental test was significantly lower than maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max ; 3944 ml · min^-1) in the all-out test. In contrast, power at VO₂peak (154.0 W) was significantly higher than power at VO₂max (144.1 W). The contributions of energy systems were calculated by measurements of the accumulated oxygen uptake and accumulated oxygen deficit. The relative anaerobic energy system contributions for 200 m(40 sec), 500 m (120 sec), and1000 m (240 sec) averaged 71%, 43%, and 26%, respectively. These higher relative anaerobic energy system contributions, due to higher anaerobic capacity in kayak athletes, and the smaller muscle mass involved in kayak paddling limit oxygen uptake when exercise intensity is high. Furthermore, slower exercise cadence in kayak paddling leads to higher muscular tension, and thus may enhance the limiting of oxygen uptake.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLAT-WATER KAYAK PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY SUPPLY CAPACITY / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2-min kayak ergometer performance (KEP) and energy supply capacity. Seventeen (male : 9, female : 8) kayak paddlers completed a maximal incremental test to determine aerobic capacity{maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and lactate threshold (LT)}, and a 2-min all-out test to measure performance and anaerobic capacity{maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD)}. In addition, total energy supply capacity was estimated by these variables [{(T-score of VO_2max+T-score of LT)/2+T-score of MAOD}/2]. Oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentrations were continuously measured during the incremental test and at the completion of both tests. These tests were conducted on an air-braked kayak ergometer. Unlike the previous research, no significant relationships were found between KEP and VO_2max and LT in either male or female. MAOD correlated with KEP in female (r=0.75, p<0.05), but not in male. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between KEP and total energy supply capacity (r=0.89, p<0.05, both male and female). In conclusion, total energy supply capacity accounted for a large part of KEP. These results indicate that flat-water kayak paddlers need to develop both aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

Aerobic and anaerobic power and muscle thickness of varsity kayak paddlers / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the ability of aerobic and anaerobic power output and the muscle thickness at each site of varsity kayak paddlers. Twenty-three male kayak paddlers who divided into skilled and unskilled group by their career participated in this study. Maximal oxygen uptake as a measure of aerobic power was determined with a progressive arm cranking exercise. Four all-out ergometer work tests lasting 7 and 40 seconds were used to estimate anaerobic alactic power and anaerobic lactic power with leg (pedaling) and arm (cranking) exercises. Anaerobic alactic power (AAP) was computed as the highest power output during 7 seconds and anaerobic lactic power (ALP) was obtained as the mean power output during 40 seconds. Muscle thickness were measured by B-mode ultrasonography at 11 sites on the body. Maximal oxygen uptake of skilled paddlers (3.501/min) was significantly higher than that of unskilled ones (2.701/min) . Similarly, there were significant differences between skilled and unskilled paddlers in AAP and ALP, especially as measured by the arm cranking exercise. The results showed that the career of arm-specific training induced the large specificity of aerobic and anaerobic power output with arm cranking mode. Muscle thickness of skilled paddlers were significantly larger than those of unskilled paddlers at sites on the biceps, abdomen, back muscles, quadriceps and hamstrings, and these strongly correlated with aerobic and anaerobic power output. It is suggested that for the improvement in power output it was necessary to train the muscles of trunk and thigh, and have a specific exercise mode.