Epidemiological characteristics of sexually transmitted diseases in Dehong Prefecture， Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological characteristics and trends of sexually transmitted diseases （STDs） in Dehong Prefecture， Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2022， so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of STDs in Dehong Prefecture. MethodsThe 2010‒2022 epidemic cards of STD cases in Dehong Prefecture were downloaded from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System， and descriptive analysis of the incidence rate and demographic characteristics by disease type was conducted. The syphilis screening data of various populations in Dehong Prefecture between 2014 and 2022 were obtained from the National STD Control and Management Information System， and the syphilis positivity rates of key populations were calculated. ResultsA total of 18 225 STD cases were reported in Dehong Prefecture from 2010 to 2022， and the reported incidence rate increased from 17.1/105 in 2010 to 172.0/105 in 2022， showing an increasing trend （χ2trend=42.9， P<0.001）. The number of reported cases of gonorrhea， syphilis， condyloma acuminatum， genital chlamydia infection， and genital herpes were 7 801 （42.8%）， 4 563 （25.0%）， 3 462 （18.8%）， 1 660 （9.1%）， and 775 （4.3%）， respectively. The majority of the reported STD cases were males （12 336 cases， 67.7%）， young adults aged 15 to <45 years （15 839 cases， 87.2%）， and farmers （9 230 cases， 50.7%）. The elderly group aged 65 years and over accounted for 10.5% of syphilis cases. Among different types of key populations， the highest syphilis positivity rate was found among men who have sex with men （10.1%）， followed by STD clinic attendees （8.1%）， and the syphilis positivity rates among clandestine prostitutes， voluntary counseling and testing population， drug addicts， and drug rehabilitation center/re-education through labor center population were 2.2%， 1.6%， 1.4%， and 1.3%， respectively. ConclusionFrom 2010 to 2022， the STD epidemic in Dehong Prefecture showed a rapidly increasing trend， with a higher incidence of gonorrhea and syphilis， and a higher syphilis positivity rate among men who have sex with men， drug addicts， clandestine prostitutes， and STD clinic patients. In the future， publicity， education and behavioral interventions for these groups should be strengthened to reduce the prevalence and transmission of STDs.

Factors associated with poor access to HIV and sexual and reproductive health services in Nigeria for women and girls living with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aim: To determine the proportion of women and girls living with HIV (WGLHIV) who had poor access to HIV, tuberculosis and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that recruited WGLHIV with six categories of vulnerability (sex work, transactional sex, injecting or using illegal drugs, people on the move, transgender women and people with a disability) through an online survey conducted in ten Nigerian states between June and October 2021. The associations between the limited access to HIV, tuberculosis and SRH services due to COVID-19, the categories of vulnerability and the financial and non-financial barriers to these services were determined using multivariable logistics regression analysis. Results: Over 6 in 10, almost 2 in 10, and almost 4 in 10 WGLHIV had limited access to HIV, tuberculosis and SRH services respectively during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transgender women had 3.59 (95% CI 2.19­5.91) higher odds, women who engaged in sex work had 4.51 (95% CI 2.28­8.42) higher odds, and women who inject or use illegal drugs had 2.39 (95% CI 1.47­32.90) higher odds of facing limited access to sexual and reproductive health services when it was needed. In addition, the direct consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, such as the closure of HIV services and SRH service points, exacerbated pre-existing barriers significantly. Having no money, having to pay additional unofficial fees and the lack of security on the road to the health facility were the barriers with the greatest impact on access to health services. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the access of WGLHIV to essential health services. This impact was disproportionately higher for marginalised groups. WGLHIV need non-discriminatory and affordable access to essential health services during the pandemic.

Vantagens e desvantagens percebidas pelas populações chaves no uso da profilaxia pré-exposição / Advantages and disadvantages perceived by key populations in the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis

Para entender o impacto da Profilaxia Pré-Exposição - PrEP na prevenção do HIV, além dos dados de eficácia clínica, precisamos compreender as crenças que subjazem a aceitabilidade da PrEP, uma vez que, para ser segura e eficaz é importante, que esteja em sintonia com as necessidades e preocupações dos usuários. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar as crenças comportamentais quanto às vantagens e desvantagens do uso de PrEP. A amostra foi composta por 31 participantes de quatro populações-chaves que já utilizam a PrEP, sendo contactados de forma online. Como instrumento de coleta utilizou-se um questionário tendo por base a Teoria da ação racional, composto por quatro perguntas abertas, além dos dados sociodemográficos. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por estatísticas descritivas, enquanto os qualitativos por meio de análise categorial temática. No tocante as vantagens de usar a PrEP obtiveram-se 84 crenças, sendo as principais: 1) Dupla proteção, 2) Não uso do preservativo, 3) Diminuir a contaminação, 4) Diminuir as ISTs, 5) Autonomia na prevenção. Já em relação às desvantagens, obtiveram-se 95 crenças: 1) Efeitos colaterais, 2) Não eficácia, 3) Não uso do preservativo, 4) Foco no HIV, 5) Tomar diariamente a PrEP. A análise das crenças possibilitou a identificação dos fatores que podem influenciar positivamente ou negativamente a adoção do comportamento preventivo, apontando que embora a PrEP encoraje estratégias de cuidado, ainda há um desconhecimento sobre sua real eficácia.

To understand the impact of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis - PrEP on HIV prevention, in addition to clinical efficacy data, we need to understand the beliefs that underlie the acceptability of PrEP, since it is important to be in tune to be safe and effective. users' needs and concerns. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze behavioral beliefs regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using PrEP. The sample consisted of 31 participants from four key populations that already use PrEP, being contacted online. As a collection instrument, a questionnaire was used based on the Theory of Rational Action, composed of four open questions, in addition to sociodemographic data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic categorical analysis. Regarding the advantages of using PrEP, 84 beliefs were obtained, the main ones being: 1) Double protection, 2) Not using condoms, 3) Decreasing contamination, 4) Decreasing STIs, 5) Autonomy in prevention. Regarding the disadvantages, 95 beliefs were obtained: 1) Side effects, 2) Ineffectiveness, 3) Not using a condom, 4) Focus on HIV, 5) Taking PrEP daily. The analysis of beliefs enabled the identification of factors that can positively or negatively influence the adoption of preventive behavior, pointing out that although PrEP encourages care strategies, there is still a lack of knowledge about its real effectiveness.

Brucellosis awareness of the key population in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To assess the status of knowledge,attitude and behaviors on brucellosis among key population of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,so as to provide a basis for specially carrying out health education and behavioral intervention.Methods According to the geographical distribution in Xinjiang,using the method of multistage stratified sampling to select farm households,herdsman,veterinary,and meat processing personnel over 9 years old from eight divisions (South Xinjiang:1,2 division and Northern Xinjiang 6,7,8,9,10 division) and so on as the research object from March 2013 to December 2015.Adopt self-designed questionnaire to carry out a face to face and household investigation.Results Totally 11 098 brucellosis key persons of eight divisions were investigated,and the total awareness rate was 83.61％ (92 794/110 980),with the First Division (75.78％,10 769/14 210) and the Sixth Division (66.45％,10 154/15 280) lower than the total awareness rate (x2 =52.8,288.1,all P＜ 0.01).The knowledge of brucellosis increased with the education level of the participants (x2 linear =6 245.3,P ＜ 0.01).There were significant differences in the knowledge of brucellosis among different nationalities (x2 =6 912.8,P＜ 0.01),and the Uygur (56.73％,3 909/6 890) and Hui (57.93％,2 850/4 920) were obviously lower than that in the Han (87.27％,78 932/90450).The awareness of different age groups was different (x2 =407.1,P ＜ 0.01),the ＞ 60 age group (74.63％,3 515/4 710) was the lowest.Different occupations were also different (x2 =675.5,P ＜ 0.01),and the farm households (81227％,4 4228/54 420) were lower,the veterinary was the highest (94.86％,2 438/2 570).Conclusions The brucellosis awareness rate of Xinjiang Corps region has reached the level of the epidemic areas,but ethnic minorities,the elderly and occupational population are still relatively low.We should take further measures to strengthen health education so as to improve the protection consciousness of local residents.