ABSTRACT
Aqueous extract of Kigelia africana leaves have been utilized for the synthesis of silver (AgNPs) and copper-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-CuNPs) that were generally found to be spherical and oval in shape. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against both gram-negative and gram-positive strains of bacteria. The UV-Vis and FTIR techniques revealed the formation of nanoparticles and the active components were adsorbed on the surface of the particles thereby stabilizing the nanoparticles. The SEM reveals uniform microspheres of AgNPs and anisotropic particles for Ag-CuNPs. TEM shows the size of synthesized particles. The nanoparticles inhibited the growth of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of K. africana leaves showed greater inhibition against Escherichia coli as compared to the monometallic nanoparticles. The AgNPs was more effective for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline as compared to Ag-CuNPs. The results of this study confirmed that Kigelia africana leaf and fruit aqueous extract can successfully reduce metallic ions to synthesize metallic nanoparticles that have antimicrobial and biocatalytic properties.
ABSTRACT
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that is involved in the breakdown of some neurotransmitters. Its inhibition is one of the treatment strategies employed in the management Alzheimer diseases. Flavonoids isolated from the leaves of Kigelia africana were investigated for their comparative AChE inhibition. The extract of the leaves was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) to obtain four fractions using n-hexane (n-hex, 100%), n-hexane/dichloromethane (hex/DCM, 1:1), dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (DCM/EtOAc, 1:1) and ethyl acetate/methanol (EtOAc/MeOH, 1:1). The four fractions were subjected to AChE inhibitory study with DCM/EtOAc (1:1) fraction showing the highest inhibitory activity. Three flavonoids were isolated from this fraction and their structures were elucidated and characterised using 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. Their spectroscopic data compared well with literature. The compounds demonstrated considerable inhibition of AChE activity with luteolin (1), rutin (2) and quercetin (3) that showed IC50 of 945.0, 282.1, 254.8 μg/ml respectively as against the IC50 of 38.93 μg/ml for rivastigmine, a well-known cholinesterase inhibitor. Compound 3 showed 17.89 ± 0.57 and 7.70 ± 0.64 μ/l/mg protein at 200 and 400 μg/ml respectively, for AChE activity as against 10.37 ± 0.99 and 6.24 ± 1.24 μ/l/mg protein showed by rivastigmine at 200 and 400 μg/ml respectively. This study showed that the constituents responsible for the AChE inhibition in the crude extract as reported by Falode et al., 2017 resided in the DCM/EtOAc (1:1) fraction. The structure-activity relationship of the flavonoids revolves around substitution in position 3 of the compounds.
ABSTRACT
Chemical investigation of the methanol/dichloromethane(1:1 v/v) extract of the leaves and fruits of Kigelia africana afforded lupeol (1), β-sitosterol (2), β-Sitosteryl β-D-glucoside (3), canophyllol (4), fibrarecisin (5), pomolic acid (6), hydroxy-pomolic acid 7, β-friedelinol (8), sesamin (9), and paulownin (10). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and identified by comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the literature. Among them, compounds 1 and 5-10 were isolated for the first time from this plant.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The plant Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Family: Bignoniaceae is used in traditional medical practices of Africa and India to treat various diseases including renal disorders. The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of K. africana fruit extract (KAFE) for in-vitro anti-urolithic activity on generated calcium-oxalate crystals. Method: The aqueous and alcoholic (ethanolic) extracts of fruits were tested for anti-urolithiatic potential on generated calcium-oxalate crystals by homogenous precipitation method and simultaneously a supporting two step vice-versa reactions were assessed (New method). The activity was assessed by studying the crystal dissolution by microscopy and quantitative alimental ions analysis for calcium and oxalates. Result: They exhibited significant activity when compared to standard drug Cystone- a poly herbal formulation. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased (p < 0.001) crystal size and increased calcium and oxalate concentration in reaction setup of all tested groups as compared to normal control. Simultaneously a supporting two step vice-versa reaction was assessed that have shown significant inhibition of crystal formation. Conclusion: All the interpretations of various result outcomes direct the use of this drug for urolithiasis prophylaxis and treatments.
ABSTRACT
Modulation of the immune responses to alleviate the diseases has been of interest for many years. Thus a real need exists to protect our immune systems and lead healthier lives. Hence the present study is aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Flavanoid of Kigelia africana. The effect of flavanoid of Kigelia africana on the immune system of rats and mice was evaluated by using different experimental models such asmice lethality test, Serum immunoglobulin level, Haemagglutination reaction, hypersensitivity reaction, and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction test. Flavanoid of Kigelia africana was administered orally at low dose and high dose of 100mg/kg/day, poand 200 mg/kg/day, po respectively and Levamisole (2.5 mg/kg/day, po) was used as standard drug. Flavanoid of Kigelia africanain both doses increased the levels of serum immunoglobulin and prevented the mortality induced by bovine Pasteurella multocida in mice. Exhibits a dose related increase in the early hypersensitivity reaction and Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to the SRBC antigen. It also resulted in a significant increase in the antibody titer value, to SRBC, in experimental animals. Hence, it was concluded that flavanoid of Kigelia africana increases both humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity.
ABSTRACT
Aim: Ethanolic extracts of Kigelia africana, Nauclea latifolia and Staudtia stipitata were investigated for their phytochemical constituents and antiulcerogenic potential on aspirin induced ulcer in albino rats at 150mg/kg, 300mg/kg, and 450mg/kg body weights. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria, between June 2009 and August 2010. Methodology: Ulcer was induced by administering aspirin (200mg/kg body weight) orally to albino rats. Phytochemical screening of leaf extracts was done using standard methods after ethanolic extraction had been concluded. Biochemical parameters showing the effects of ethanolic extracts of the different leaves used in treating ulcer were tested using standard methods. Result: The extracts gave positive results to saponin, tannins, phylobatannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. K. africana at a concentration of 450 mg/kg body weight gave the best results with a significant decrease in ulcer index (0.67±0.16) on aspirin-induced ulcerogenic animals compared to 3.0 for the reference drug (Cimetidine at 300mg/kg) and control with 1.67±0.27, while the leaf extracts of S. stipitata showed the least efficacy. Conclusion: This study contributes to the search for potent and locally available plant materials for managing ulcer disease caused by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
ABSTRACT
Phytochemicals presents in plants probably explain the various uses of plants for traditional medicine. In this study Kigelia Africana fruit was selected for assessing the level of various Phytochemicals, enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants & antimicrobial activity. Fruits of the plant taken, dried, grind to powder and then aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Antimicrobial activity of these extracts was then studied using agar well plate method. Results of the study showed that aqueous extract of Kigelia Africana have significant amount of phytochemicals & antioxidant enzymes so useful to prevent chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in human body. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract was more than the ethanolic extract.