Research on the application of "combination of virtuality and reality" practical teaching in Medical Imaging Equipment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of the "combination of virtuality and actuality" practical teaching on Medical Imaging Equipment. Methods:The 2018 medical imaging technology students of Qiqihar Medical University were taken as the observation group, and the study adopted teaching method of "combination of virtuality and reality" in the practical teaching of Medical Imaging Equipment, including in-kind visit teaching (8 learning hours), experimental box circuit measurement teaching (20 learning hours) and virtual simulation teaching (16 learning hours). Besides, the 2017 medical imaging major students (control group) did not conduct virtual simulation teaching. The teaching effect and student achievement were compared between the two groups, and SPSS 17.0 was used to conduct t test and chi-square test. Results:There was significantly improvement in the practical performance of the students in the observation group compared with the control group ( t=6.44, P=0.007); the teaching satisfaction of the two groups was significantly improved ( χ2=5.25, P=0.022), and the teaching satisfaction degree was 100%. Conclusion:The teaching method of "combination of virtuality and reality" can effectively improve students' hands-on ability, strengthens their cognition of abstract principles, and solves the problems of equipment failure analysis, disassembly and installation of large-scale equipment that cannot be completed in physical teaching.

¿Qué venden los kioscos escolares al implementar la ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad? / What do school kiosks sell when implemented the law about food nutritional composition and advertisement?

El rápido aumento de la obesidad infantil se ha asociado al elevado consumo de alimentos procesados de alta densidad energética e insuficiente actividad física. Chile el año 2016, implementó la Ley 20.606 sobre Composición Nutricional de los Alimentos y su Publicidad, que prohíbe la publicidad de alimentos altos en calorías, grasas saturadas, azúcares y sodio para los niños menores de 14 años y la venta de estos alimentos al interior de las escuelas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los cambios en la oferta y consumo de alimentos de los kioscos escolares en escuelas públicas de Chile con la implementación de la Ley 20.606 sobre Composición Nutricional de los Alimentos y su Publicidad. Se hizo so de un estudio longitudinal. La muestra provino del estudio "Efectividad de una intervención en alimentación y actividad física orientada a controlar la obesidad en niños pertenecientes a escuelas públicas en escuelas de tres regiones del país" (estudio KIND), alcanzando 351 escolares de 8 a 14 años pertenecientes a tres escuelas municipalizadas. Para analizar la oferta en el kiosco se registraron en una base Excel todos los alimentos junto a su aporte nutricional, para el consumo de alimentos, se aplicó la encuesta utilizada en el estudio KIND y la medición del estado nutricional fue realizada por nutricionistas previamente estandarizadas. Se utilizó de la línea base la información obtenida en el estudio KIND, obtenida el año 2015 y se comparó con el año 2017 a través de Test de Mac Nemar y Test de proporciones para una muestra. Todos los análisis se realizaron con STATA 15 (Copyright 1984-2009 StataCorp). Los alimentos procesados y ultra procesados (84,8%) siguen siendo los más ofertados dentro de los kioscos en donde destacan los snacks dulces y los caramelos, manteniéndose la oferta al interior y exterior de las escuelas. Los grupos de alimentos que los niños prefieren comprar y traer desde la casa en ambos periodos analizados son los snacks dulces y las bebidas y jugos azucarados. Con la implementación de la Ley 20.606, disminuyó la variedad de alimentos ofertados altos en nutrientes críticos, sin embargo, se mantiene la oferta de alimentos ultra procesados y procesados en los kioscos escolares.

The fast growth in childhood obesity has been linked to the increased intake of high energy density processed food and poor physical activity. In 2016 in Chile the law 20.606 about Food Nutritional Composition and Advertisement, forbids the advertising of food with high calories, saturated fats, sugars, and sodium for children younger than 14 years and the sale of these food products inside schools. This work aimed to identify changes in the food supply and consumption in public school kiosks from Chile with the addition of the law 20.606 about Food Nutritional Composition and Advertisement. A longitudinal study was performed. The sample came from the study "Effectiveness of a food and physical activity intervention oriented to control obesity in children belonging to public schools from three regions of the country" (KIND study), reaching 351 students from 8 to 14 years belonging to three municipal schools. To analyze the supply at the kiosk, every food product along with its nutritional content was registered in an Excel base, for the intake of food it was used the survey from the KIND study and the nutritional state measurement was made by nutritionist standardized in advance. We used the baseline of the data obtained from the KIND study, this data was gathered in 2015 and we compared it to the one from 2017 using the Mac Nemar Test and the Test for proportions of a sample. Every analysis was made with STATA 15 (Copyright 1984-2009 StataCorp). Processed and ultra-processed food (84.8%) still is the most offered in the kiosks where the sweet snacks and candy are featured, keeping the supply at the inside and outside of schools. The foods that children prefer to buy and bring from home in both analyzed periods are the sweet snacks and sugary drinks and juices. With the addition of the law 20.606, the variety of the high critical nutrient food decreased, however, the supply of processed and ultra-processed food in school kiosks still remains.

Stickers versus wafers: the value of resource in a public goods game with children / Adesivos versus wafers: o valor do recurso em um jogo de bens públicos com crianças / Pegatinas versus obleas: el valor del recurso en un juego de bienes públicos con niños

We investigated how the type of resource, food (wafer) or non-food (sticker), age and sex influence cooperation in children. 251 children were tested in a public goods game during eight rounds in two experimental conditions: wafer or sticker condition. Wafers were all of the same kind but stickers were varied. The results indicated that 1) older children donated more stickers than younger children, but they did not differ in relation to wafer donations; and 2) sticker donations remained high along the rounds, while wafer donations decreased. We propose that different strategies may be adopted according to the quality, particularly to the diversity of the resource used, and the cost of cooperation may be overcome when it is more advantageous to wait for a future reward.

Investigamos como o tipo de recurso, alimentar (wafer) ou não-alimentar (adesivo), a idade e o sexo influenciam a cooperação em crianças. Foram testadas 251 crianças em um jogo de bens públicos durante oito rodadas, em duas condições experimentais: condições wafer ou adesivo. Os wafers eram todos iguais, mas os adesivos eram variados. Os resultados indicaram que 1) as crianças mais velhas doaram mais adesivos do que as crianças mais jovens, mas elas não diferiram em relação às doações de wafers; e 2) as doações de adesivos mantiveram-se elevadas ao longo das rodadas, enquanto as doações de wafers diminuíram. Propomos que diferentes estratégias podem ser adotadas de acordo com a qualidade, particularmente quanto à diversidade do recurso utilizado, e o custo de cooperar pode ser superado quando é mais vantajoso esperar por uma recompensa.

Investigamos como el tipo de recurso, alimentar (oblea) o no alimentar (pegatina), la edad y el género influyen en la cooperación de los niños. 251 niños fueron investigados en ocho partidos de un juego de bienes públicos, en dos condiciones experimentales: oblea o pegatina. Las obleas eran todas iguales, pero las pegatinas eran variadas. Los resultados indicaron que 1) los niños mayores donaron más pegatinas que los niños más pequeños, pero no difieren con respecto a las donaciones de obleas; y 2) las donaciones de pegatinas se mantuvieron altas durante las rondas, mientras que las donaciones de obleas disminuyeron. Proponemos que diferentes estrategias pueden ser adoptadas de acuerdo con la calidad, particularmente con respecto a la diversidad de los recursos utilizados, y el costo de la cooperación puede ser superado cuando es más ventajoso esperar por una recompensa futura mejor.

O exercício da função materna em mães de filhos obesos na perspectiva da psicanálise / The exercise of the maternal function in mothers of obese children from a psychoanalytical perspective / L’exercice de la fonction maternelle chez les mères d’enfants obèses dans la perspective de la psychanalyse / El ejercicio de la función materna en madres de niños obesos en la perspectiva del psicoanálisis

A pesquisa analisou as implicações da relação mãe bebê na obesidade, sob a perspectiva da teoria psicanalítica, com cinco mães de adolescentes obesos, em Recife PE, entre setembro e novembro/2013. Realizadas entrevistas individuais, semi estruturadas. Apontam-se impasses no exercício da função materna, criando obstáculos à resolução do processo de alienação separação, vivência da alternância presença ausência e reserva do lugar do pai na promoção da lei. Destaca-se a relevância de se considerar a complexa etiologia da obesidade e do seu caráter multifatorial, o que inclui a relação mãe bebê e suas implicações na obesidade dos filhos.

The implications of the mother-baby relationship on obesity were investigated from the point of view of the psychoanalytic theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five mothers of obese adolescents in Recife-PE from September to November 2013. Deficiencies were observed in the exercise of the maternal function, creating obstacles regarding the resolution of the alienation-separation process, the experience of the presence-absence interchange, and the preservation of the father’s role in promoting the law. Results highlight the importance of taking into account the complex etiology of obesity and its multifactorial nature, which includes understanding the mother-infant relationship and its implications regarding obesity.

Notre recherche a analysé les effets de la relation mère-enfant sur l’obésité du point-de-vue de la théorie psychanalytique. Des entretiens individuels et semi-structurés ont été menés avec cinq mères d’adolescents obèses à Recife-PE de septembre à novembre 2013. Ils ont révélés des impasses dans l’exercice de la fonction maternelle et par conséquence des obstacles à la résolution du processus d’aliénation séparation, à l’expérience de l’alternance de la présence-absence et à la réservation du rôle du père en vue de la promotion de la loi. Nous soulignons l’importance de prendre en considération l’étiologie complexe de l’obésité et de son caractère multifactoriel, y compris le rapport mère-bébé et ses effets sur l’obésité des enfants.

La investigación analizó las implicaciones de la relación madre-hijo en la obesidad bajo la perspectiva de la teoría psicoanalítica, con cinco madres de adolescentes obesos, en Recife, Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil), entre septiembre y noviembre del 2013. Se llevaron a cabo encuestas individuales y semiestructuradas. Observados impases en el ejercicio de la función materna, se crearon obstáculos a la resolución del proceso de alienación-separación, a la vivencia de alternancia presencia-ausencia y a la reserva del lugar del padre en la promoción de la ley. Se destaca la importancia de considerar la compleja etiología de la obesidad y su multifactorial, incluyendo la relación madre-bebé y sus implicaciones en la obesidad de los hijos.

Prise en charge des dyades mère traumatisée-bébé: une contrainte à la pensée et à la pratique / Tratando mães traumatizadas e seus bebês: os desafios da teoria e a prática / Treating traumatized mothers and their children: the need for improvement / Tratando a madres traumatizadas y a sus bebés: los desafíos de la teoría a la práctica

Dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance, la prise en charge de certaines dyades mère-bébé met en difficultés les professionnels et on constate une mise en échec des suivis. L’objectif est de montrer qu’il faut penser un soin plus adapté pour ces dyades. Au travers de la présentation d’une situation clinique et de son suivi, les auteurs montrent l’impact des traumas vécus par une mère dans son pays d’origine sur le développement de son bébé né en France, et de quelles façons ces traumas contaminent également les professionnels prenant en charge la dyade. Les contre-transferts négatifs peuvent créer parfois des divergences de points de vue dans les prises en charge et mettre en échec le soin proposé aux dyades mère-bébé. Ces contre-transferts témoignent d’un “partage du traumatisme”. Ce suivi est mis en lien avec une recherche qui est menée actuellement sur les modalités de transmission du trauma mère-bébé. Cette recherche implique de nombreux chercheurs-cliniciens qui travaillent à l’analyse des interactions mère-bébé et de la dynamique triadique: mère-bébé-chercheur. L’analyse du contre-transfert du chercheur permettrait d’accéder au vécu du bébé. Le but de cette recherche est d’améliorer le soin, et d’aider au mieux les professionnels accompagnant les dyades mère-bébé.

No campo da proteção da infância, o atendimento de algumas díades mãe-bebê coloca em dificuldade os professionais de saúde, e podemos constatar o fracasso de parte desses acompanhamentos. O objetivo deste artigo é trazer contribuições para o atendimento mãe-bebê. A partir da apresentação de um caso clínico, os autores buscam evidenciar o impacto dos traumas vivenciados por mães em seu país de origem sobre o desenvolvimento do seu bebê nascido na França, país de acolhida. Mas, não apenas, pois diremos que o trauma contamina igualmente os professionais de saúde que atendem à díade mãe-bebê. A força dos laços contratransferenciais negativos podem levar a uma divergência de abordagem e contribuem para o fracasso dos atendimentos centrados na díade mãe-bebê. Esses efeitos de contratransferência dão testemunho de um “compartilhamento do trauma”. Esses atendimentos fazem parte de uma pesquisa sobre as modalidades de transmissão do trauma mãe-bebê. Nesta pesquisa, em que estão envolvidos inúmeros pesquisadores clínicos, buscamos pensar as interações mãe-bebê, a transmissão do trauma e a dinâmica mãe-bebê-pesquisador. A análise da contratransferência do pesquisador permite o acesso à instância do vivido do bebê. Nosso objetivo é de facilitar o atendimento clínico e de contribuir para a prática dos professionais que acompanham a díade mãe-bebê.

Regarding child welfare, health care professionals sometimes face difficulties when they take care of certain mother-child dyads, which may result in partial care failure. A clinical picture is used to illustrate the impacts of traumas experienced by mothers in their home countries on the development of their babies, who were born in France. However, those traumas also seem to contaminate health care professionals in charge of those dyads. The impact of negative counter transferential bonds may result in conflicts regarding approaches and result in mother-child dyad care failure. Those effects of counter-transference reveal a kind of “trauma sharing”. That type of care is part of a research that involves a large number of clinical researchers and analyzes the modes of transmission of traumas between mother and child. We focused on the mother-child interaction, trauma transmission, and the mother-baby-researcher relationship. Analyzing the researcher’s countertransference helps accessing the instance of the child’s experience. We aim to facilitate clinical care and to support professional care of those mother-child dyads.

En el campo de la protección de la infancia, la atención de ciertos dúos madre-bebé, pone en aprietos a los profesionales de la salud, y podemos constatar el fracaso en el seguimiento de parte de estos casos. El objetivo de este artículo es traer contribuciones en lo relacionado con la atención madre-bebé. Desde la presentación de una situación clínica y de su seguimiento, los autores muestran el impacto que tienen los traumas vividos por una madre en su país de origen en el desarrollo de su bebé nacido en Francia, país de acogida. Sin embargo, no solamente, una vez que diremos que estos traumas contaminan también a los profesionales de la salud que le hacen el seguimiento a estos casos. La fuerza de los lazos contratransferenciales negativos, puede inducir a una divergencia en el abordaje y contribuyen en el fracaso de la atención a los dúos madre-bebé. Estas contratransferencias dan testimonio de una “trauma compartido”. Estos seguimientos hacen parte de una investigación relacionada a la transmisión del trauma madre-bebé. Esta investigación implica a numerosos investigadores clínicos, que trabajan en el análisis de las interacciones madre-bebé y en la dinámica del trío: madre-bebé-investigador. El análisis de la contratransferencia del investigador permitiría acceder a lo vivido por el bebé. Nuestro objetivo es facilitar la atención clínica y contribuir a la práctica de los profesionales que acompañan a los dúos madre-bebé.

Application of kind removal silicone adhesive tape on fixing eyepatch with phototherapy for neonates / 现代临床护理

Objective To observe the effect of kind removal silicone adhesive tape on fixing eyepatch with phototherapy for neonates. Methods One hundred and thirty newborn undergoing phototherapy were randomly divided into control group(n=62)and experiment group (n=68). The routine adhesive tape was used to fix the eyepatches in the control group and in the experiment group 3 M kind removal silicone adhesive tape was used. The two groups were compared in terms of eyepatch falloff,skin complications and times of crying.Result The times of eyepatch falloff,rate of skin complications and times of crying in the experiment group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion The application of 3 M kind removal silicone adhesive tape can significantly reduce skin injuries of newborns and improve the effect of fixation.

Dermatitis herpetiforme. Presentación de un caso / Herpes-kind dermatitis. Presentation of a case

Se describe la dermatitis herpetiforme como una dermatosis ampollar de evolución crónica que puede aparecer en cualquier edad. Se presenta con una frecuencia de 10 a 39 por cada 100.000 personas, siendo menos frecuente su aparición en niños. La dermatitis herpetiforme se caracteriza por una erupción papulovesicular acompañada de prurito intenso. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 2 años de edad con un brote de lesiones vesicoampollares de aspecto herpetiforme, de un mes de evolución. Se indica dapsona a una dosis de 2 mg/kg/día, obteniéndose una excelente respuesta al tratamiento. El interés científico del caso radica en la edad del paciente, por su escasa incidencia en edades infantiles, en el diagnóstico clínico realizado y en la respuesta inmediata al tratamiento impuesto.

We describe the herpes-kind dermatitis like a chronic blistery dermatosis that can appear at any age. Its frequency ranges from 10 to 39 per 100 000 persons, being less frequent in children. The herpes-kind dermatitis is characterized by a bullous blistery rash accompanied by an intense pruritus. We present the case of a male patient aged 2 years with an outbreak of herpes-kind vesical blistery lesions, and evolution of a month. We indicated a treatment of 2mg/kg a day dapsone, obtaining an excellent answer to the treatment. The scientific importance of the case is in the patient´s age, because of the disease´s scarce incidence in infantile ages, in the clinical diagnosis and the fast answer to the indicated treatment.

Malaria infection and the anthropological evolution / Infecção por Malária e evolução antropológica

During the evolution of the genus Homo, with regard to species habilis, erectus and sapiens, malaria infection played a key biological role, influencing the anthropological development too. Plasmodia causing malaria developed two kinds of evolution, according to a biological and philogenetical point of view. In particular, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale, would have either coevolved with human mankind (coevolution), or reached human species during the most ancient phases of genus Homo evolution. On the other hand, Plasmodium falciparum has been transmitted to humans by monkeys in a more recent period, probably between the end of Mesolithic and the beginning of Neolithic age. The authors show both direct and indirect biomolecular evidences of malaria infection, detected in buried subjects, dating to the Ancient World, and brought to light in the course of archeological excavations in some relevant Mediterranean sites. In this literature review the Authors organize present scientific evidences: these confirm the malarial role in affecting the evolution of populations in Mediterranean countries. The people living in several different regions on the Mediterranean Sea sides, the cradle of western civilization, have been progressively influenced by malaria, in the course of the spread of this endemic disease during the last millennia. In addition, populations affected by endemic malaria developed cultural, dietary and behaviour adaptations, contributing to decrease the risk of disease. These habits were not probably fully conscious. Nevertheless it may be thought that both these customs and biological modifications, caused by malarial plasmodia, favoured the emergence of groups of people with a greater resistance against malaria. All these considered factors decreased demographical impact, influencing in a favourable way the general development and growth of civilization.

Durante a evolução do gênero Homo a infecção por malária exerceu papel biológico chave, influenciando até o desenvolvimento antropológico. Os Plasmódios causadores da malária desenvolveram dois tipos de evolução, segundo um ponto de vista biológico, e filogenético. Em particular, os Plasmódios vivax, malariae, e ovale poderiam ter coevoluído com a espécie humana ou ter atingido esta durante as fases mais antigas da evolução do gênero HOMO. Por outro lado, o Plasmódio falciparum teria sido transmitido aos humanos por macacos num período mais recente, provavelmente entre o fim da Idade Mesolítica e o início da Neolítica. Os Autores mostram evidências biomoleculares, tanto diretas como indiretas, de infecção por malária, observada em indivíduos enterrados, reportando ao Mundo Antigo, e trazidas à luz no decorrer de escavações arqueológicas em alguns sítios relevantes Mediterrâneos. Nesta revisão da literatura, os autores organizam evidências modernas. Confirmam o papel da malária ao afetar a evolução das populações no Mediterrâneo. As pessoas que moram nas várias regiões do Mediterrâneo foram progressivamente influenciadas pela malária, ao longo do avanço desta doença. Além disso, as populações afetadas desenvolveram adaptações culturais, alimentares, e de comportamento, contribuindo para uma redução no risco da doença. Entretanto, pode ser que ambas modificações (as biológicas e as dos hábitos) usadas pelos Plasmódios da malária, favoreceram a emergência de grupos de pessoas com maior resistência contra a malária. Todos estes fatores considerados reduziram o impacto demográfico, influenciando de uma maneira favorável o desenvolvimento em geral, e o crescimento da civilização.

Arterias Renales Múltiples / Multiple Renal Arteries

El conocimiento de las variaciones de la irrigación renal es de mucha importancia debido al incremento de transplantes renales y cirugías de reconstrucción vascular. La literatura muestra que generalmente hay una arteria renal para cada riñon, sin embargo pueden observarse variaciones de origen y de número. Presentamos dos casos de arterias renales triples izquierdas, en muestras pertenecientes a la Unidad de Anatomía de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca. En uno de los casos, el origen de la arteria renal R1 (superior) se efectuó a nivel de la parte inferior del origen de la arteria mesentérica superior, la que después de un trayecto de 30 mm se dividió en dos ramas menores de calibre similar, que ingresaron en el hilio renal por delante de la vena renal. La rama R2 (media) se originó 4 mm distal a la anterior, correspondiendo a una rama posterior que también ingresó en el hilio; la rama R3 (inferior) lo hizo 23 mm distal a la R2. Esta última penetró en el riñon inmediatamente por debajo de la incisura del seno renal. En el segundo caso, hay diferencias con respecto al anterior, ya que la rama R1 y la R3 penetraron en el hilio renal, en cambio la R2 tiene un trayecto descendente y penetra de forma similar al R3 del caso anterior. El conocimiento de estas arterias múltiples es necesario y es de importancia consideraR1as durante la intervenciones quirúrgicas que involucren a este órgano.

Due to increase of renal transplants and vascular reconstructions, the knowledge of variations of renal arteries is very important. The literature indicates that each kind have one artery, however sometimes there are origin and number variations. We describe in this article two cases with three arteries in the left side, found in the Anatomy Unit from Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile. In one case, the origin of renal artery R1 (superior) from abdominal aorta, was to level of superior mesenteric artery origin. This R1 following a 30 mm trajectory divided in two minor branches of similar diameter and entered in the hilus passing in front of the renal vein. The origin of R2 (middle) was distal 4 mm to the R1, corresponding to a posterior branch that entered in the renal hilus and the R3 (inferior) originates distal 23 mm to the R2. This last artery entered in renal cortex, inferior to the renal sinus notch. In the second case, there were diferences with respect to the first case because R1 and R3 entered in the hilus, and, R2, with descendent course entered in renal cortex, similar to R3 of first case. The knowledge of these multiple arteries is necessary and should be kept in mind before and during surgery involving the renal region.

The hypocholesterolemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum in rats

Background: According to traditional medicine, Ganodermataceae has many good effects on such as anti-oxidant, liver protection, sedation, anti-tumor, treatment of dyslipidemia,... Hong chi DaLat \ufffd?[Ganoderma lucidum (HC)] is a species of Ganodermataceae. This species has two strains DL1 and DL2, was grown and used mainly in Da Lat but they had not been fully studied. Objectives: To evaluate the cholesterol lowering effect of HC in cholesterol induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Subjects and method: Rats were given orally the cholesterol 10% with 0.5g/kg body weight/day during 6 consecutive weeks in order to induce hypercholesterolemic rats. The hypocholesterolemic effect of extract of (HC) was investigated at the dose of 4g/kg administered orally in hyperlipidaemic rats after 6 weeks. Results: HC with the dose of 4g/kg significantly decreased plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL \ufffd?C levels by 24.82%, 27.41% and 54.32% respectively, but increased HDL \ufffd?C by 53.34%. The effect of HC on plasma cholesterol levels with the oral dose of 4g/kg, 12g/kg was equal to each other and to that of cholestyramin at the dose of 1.6g/kg. Conclusion: HC has hypocholesterolemic effect in rats.

Clinical Study of Adjunctive Therapy with Mucosolvan Oxygen Atomization on Bronchitis / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the adjunctive therapy with mucosolvan oxygen atomization on bronchitis. Methods All of the 83 cases were bronchitis patients in the hospital, and divided into 2 groups, we observed it`s curative effect compared with normal therapy. HZ Results Therapy in hospital mucosolvan group was 8.4 and thutinegroup was 11.2. Time of chirping and disappearing of lung phlegm.It is 5.1 to bathe Mucosolvan group. But routine group was 8.4.The two groups had remarkable differences and have statistics meanings. Conclusion Mucosolvan Oxgyen urge atomization is a kind of safe and high-efficcient way to heal the bronchitis.

Investigation and analysis of the kinds of diseases afflicting outpatients / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To find out about the distribution both of the kinds of diseases afflicting outpatients and of the volume of outpatient service in the hospital so as to control the quality of outpatient sen'ice in a scientific way. Methods Using the method of whole group sampling survey, an investigation was made into all the outpatients to the hospital during the five working days of a certain week in April, 2002. Results The departments ranking in the first five places with regard to the volume of outpatient service were respectively the Departments of Orthopedics, Dermatology, Endocrinology, Otorhinolaryngology and Gastrointestinal Diseases. The kinds of diseases ranking in the first five places were respectively upper respiratory tract infection, diabetes, hypertension, gastritis and pregnancy. First-visit patients accounted for 54.6% while return-visit patients accounted for 45.4% . Conclusion It is imperative for the hospital to enhance its discipline development, define the orientation of its discipline development in line with the disease spectrum, take active steps to meet various challenges and improve the o, uality of its medical service.

Antibacterials in Patients Accepted Operation in Grass-roots Hospitals:Their Application and Cost Analysis / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the application of antibacterials in patients accepted operation in grass-roots(hospitals),so to standardize the application of antibacterials and cut down the medical cost.METHODS Full-time administrators for nosocomial infection investigated the application of antibacterials in patients who accepted(operation) in Sep 2004,and filled in the questionnaires.RESULTS In 1 383 cases of 11 hospitals the application rate of antibacterials was 98.63%;in which 86.50% were for prophylactic usage and 13.50% for therapeutic usage;(29.90%) for single antibiotics treatment and 50.15% for bigeminy,18.70% were for trigeminy.Time of(application) differentiated(6.90,7.00,6.60d) fromⅠto Ⅲ kinds of operation.Per capita cost of antibacterials was $956.50(47.60%).CONCLUSIONS High cost of antibacterials results from such factors as multiple kinds,long time and(combined) application.

Establishment and Implementation of Management Method of Second Kind Psychotropic Drugs in Outpatient Pharmacy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish scientific and rational management of second kind psychotropic drugs.METHODS:The account book of second kind psychotropic drugs was set up according to specification of narcotic drugs and first kind psychotropic drugs.Daily radix management was carried out by exclusive person,account book and counter,as compared with traditional management.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:In this management method,checking time was decreased to 20 min from 50 min.The rate of consistency between account and drug was up to 98% from 95%.The method is superior to traditional one.

Survey and Analysis of the Use of Eye Drops in 47 Hospital in Shanghai / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To get a clear idea about current situation and trend of the application of eye drops in hospital of Shanghai so as to provide the information for rational clinical application and development of new preparations.METHODS:The kinds and amount of commercial eye drops,used in 47 hospital in Shanghai for the years 1997～2001,were analysed and evaluated.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The amount of consumption of eye drops was increased year by year.The new type with good quality was received by clinical physicians.