ABSTRACT
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the most prevalent form of secondary dementia and the second most common of all dementias. The present paper aims to define guidelines on the basic principles for treating patients with suspected VaD (and vascular cognitive impairment - no dementia) using an evidence-based, systematized approach. The knowledge used to define these guidelines was retrieved from searches of several databases (Medline, Scielo, Lilacs) containing scientific articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, largely published within the last 15 years or earlier when pertinent. Information retrieved and selected for relevance was used to analyze diagnostic criteria and to propose a diagnostic system encompassing diagnostic criteria, anamnesis, as well as supplementary and clinical exams (neuroimaging and laboratory). Wherever possible, instruments were selected that had versions previously adapted and validated for use in Brazil that take into account both schooling and age. This task led to proposed protocols for supplementary exams based on degree of priority, for application in clinical practice and research settings.
A demência vascular (DV) é a forma mais prevalente de demência secundária e asegunda forma mais comum. O presente artigo visa definir recomendações dos princípios básicos para tratamento dos pacientes com suspeita de DV (e comprometimento cognitivo leve sem demência) usando uma abordagem sistematizada baseada em evidências. O conhecimento usado para definir estas recomendações foi recuperado de pesquisa de várias bases de dados (Medline, Scielo, Lilacs) contendo artigos científicos, revisões sistemáticas, meta-análises, publicados nos últimos 15 anos, ou antes, se pertinente. As informações recuperadas e selecionadas pela relevância foram usadas para analisar os critérios diagnósticos e propor um sistema diagnóstico incluindo critérios diagnósticos, anamnese, bem como exames complementares (neuroimagem e laboratório). Sempre que possível, os instrumentos foram selecionados com versões previamente adaptadas e validadas para uso no Brasil, segundo escolaridade e idade. Os protocolos propostos para exames complementares basearam-se no grau de prioridade, para aplicação na prática clínica ou em pesquisa.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dementia, Vascular , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , NeuroimagingABSTRACT
A burn is a lesion on an organic tissue resultant from direct or indirect action of heat on the organism. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional, immunological and microbiological status of burn patients at the Bauru State Hospital, São Paulo state, Brazil, in 2007. Eight patients, aged more than 18 years and injured up to 24 hours, were evaluated at the moment of hospitalization and seven days later. All victims were males with a mean age of 38 years. On average, 17.5 percent of their body surfaces were burned and 50 percent of the patients were eutrophic. There were significant alterations in levels of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total protein and albumin due to increased endothelial permeability, direct destruction of proteins in the heat-affected area and blood loss from lesions or debridement. At a second moment, cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α had augmented significantly, with IL-6 presenting elevated levels in relation to controls at the first moment. Microbiological analysis showed that 100 percent of the samples collected at hospital admission were negative and after one week Staphylococcus aureus was found in all cultures. Therefore, a burn patient may be considered immunosuppressed and these results indicate significant nutritional, immunological and microbiological alterations that can interfere in his recovery.