ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Self-operated land and operated by tenure may affect the sustainability of farming in a region. This study planned to analyze how rural households switch away from tea farming even they have parental land, and how landless access the land for tea farming. For this a total of 138 tea growers were interviewed including 27 farmers who had just ownership of land and had left the tea farming. Logistic regression was applied to assess the determinants of rural household's decision to exit and enter the land market. Farmers were compared over their farm management practices and personal characteristics. The owned farmers were good in management and adoption of good practice in tea farming than those who accessed land as a shareholder and not had their own land. Rural households head as getting older, having high education and also having an off-farm occupation, having more university graduated family members, and family members having off-farm occupations are more likely to exit from farming and supply their land to rental markets. On the other side, an older and highly educated head of landless family is less likely to become a shareholder. Here also off-farm occupation has a negative and insignificant effect on the probability of landless household working as a shareholder. If the head of the landless family has a wish to become a successful farmer, then he is more likely to work as an owner. It implies that a person is less likely to work as a shareholder and more likely to get land with ownership rights not only land-using rights.
RESUMO: Propriedades auto-operados e operados pela posse podem afetar a sustentabilidade da agricultura em uma região. Este estudo planejou analisar como as famílias rurais se afastam da produção de chá, mesmo as que possuam terras parentais, e como os sem-terra acessam a terra para a produção de chá. Nesse total, 138 produtores de chá foram entrevistados, incluindo 27 agricultores que possuíam apenas a propriedade da terra e deixaram a lavoura. A regressão logística foi aplicada para avaliar os determinantes da decisão da família rural de sair e entrar no mercado de terras. Os agricultores foram comparados com suas práticas de gerenciamento agrícola e características pessoais. Os agricultores proprietários foram considerados bons em gestão e adoção de boas práticas na agricultura de chá do que aqueles que acessaram a terra como acionista e não possuíam terras próprias. Os agregados familiares rurais envelhecem, têm ensino superior e também uma ocupação fora da fazenda, tendo mais membros da família graduados na universidade e com ocupações fora da fazenda têm mais probabilidade de sair da agricultura e fornecer suas terras para os mercados de arrendamento. Por outro lado, um chefe de família sem terra, mais velho e altamente educado, tem menos chances de se tornar um acionista. Aqui também a ocupação fora da fazenda tem um efeito negativo e insignificante na probabilidade de famílias sem terra trabalharem como acionistas. Se o chefe da família sem terra deseja se tornar um agricultor bem-sucedido, é mais provável que ele trabalhe como proprietário. Isso implica que é menos provável que uma pessoa trabalhe como acionista e obtenha terras com direitos de propriedade e não apenas direitos de uso da terra.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción. La rápida urbanización y la intensa actividad humana han hecho de las ciudades un foco de emisiones contaminantes; esta situación genera una variedad de problemas ambientales y de salud pública que involucran metales pesados. Objetivos. Identificar y analizar los factores físicos (FF) que intervienen en la acumulación de metales pesados en sedimentos viales con el fin de facilitar la toma de decisiones en el control de la contaminación metálica desde la salud pública urbana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática internacional de la literatura científica asociada entre el 1 de enero de 1970 y el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron Springer, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar. Se desarrolló un índice de frecuencia de citación (Q) para establecer un orden de importancia de FF detectados y se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de análisis clúster, t-Student, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal para estudiar la relación entre las variables identificadas. Resultados. Los estudios citaron la precipitación (Q1), el uso del suelo (Q2) y el tráfico (Q2) como FF dominantes, por lo que una visión integral para la gestión de la salud pública debe considerar dos escenarios con sus correspondientes FF dominantes: el meteorológico (FF: precipitación) y el antropogénico (FF: uso del suelo y tráfico). Conclusión. Se sugiere un orden de intervención diferenciado para las instituciones encargadas del control de la contaminación metálica y la gestión de la salud pública en áreas urbanas.
Abstract Introduction: Rapid urbanization and intense human activity have turned cities into a focus of pollutants emissions, thus generating all sorts of environmental and public health problems involving heavy metals. Objectives: To identify and analyze the physical factors (PF) involved in the accumulation of heavy metals in road sediments to enable decision-making processes directed to control heavy metal pollution from a urban public health perspective. Materials and methods: An international systematic review was conducted in related scientific literature published between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 2015. Springer, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were the consulted databases. A citation frequency index (Q) was developed to establish an order of relevance of the detected PF, while cluster analysis, Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression tests were used to study the correlation between the variables identified. Finally, 79 documents were selected for the construction of the manuscript. Results: The studies cited precipitation (Q1), land use (Q2) and traffic (Q2) as dominant PF. Therefore, a comprehensive view for public health management should consider two scenarios and their corresponding dominant PFs: meteorological (PF: precipitation) and anthropogenic (PF: land use and traffic). Conclusion: A different intervention order is suggested for the institutions in charge of controlling heavy metal pollution and public health management in urban areas.
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted in Wenchi Municipality in the forest/savanna transitional agroecological zone of Ghana to analyze the past and present cropping systems and to identify the key drivers responsible for the shift. We used key informant and semistructured interviews, focus group discussions and field observations for data collection. Historical analyses of the present and past cropping systems indicated that over the past forty years, there has been a shift from cocoa based to maize based cropping system. The shift in the cropping system was prompted by decline in the yield of cocoa and the difficulty in establishing new cocoa farms as a result of changing rainfall pattern, frequent bushfires and increase in the dry season. Other factors attributed to the shift by farmers included land tenure, soil fertility decline and vegetation change. Strategies being used by farmers to adapt to the changing climate and variability include planting of drought tolerant crops such as cassava, yam and maize and adjusting planting dates of crops to coincide with the onset of the rains. The study indicates that future shift in cropping system from maize to cocoa-based system is unlikely due to deforestation activities and the prevailing climatic conditions.