Acute necrotic hepatotoxicity caused by Lantana camara L. ingestion in dairy cattle / Hepatotoxicidade necrótica aguda por ingestão de Lantana camara L. em bovinos leiteiros

This study describes an outbreak of acute necrotic hepatopathy associated with spontaneous poisoning by Lantana camara L. in dairy cattle. A herd of 15 cows and heifers was introduced into a native pasture with limited food supply, and, sixteen days later, eight animals had spontaneous nasal hemorrhage, fever, lethargy, jaundice, and dry, dark stools with mucus and blood. The clinical course varied from two to five days. In the pasture where the cattle were kept, abundant adult specimens of L. camara L. with evident signs of consumption were observed. In total, seven cattle died and necropsy was performed in three of them. All animals had moderate jaundice, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and on the surface of different organs. The liver was slightly enlarged, with orange discoloration and enhanced lobular pattern. Histologically, multifocal areas of coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes in the centrilobular area, occasionally extending to the midzonal area, were observed, as well as marked hepatocellular degeneration and prominent cholestasis. The current study suggests that L. camara L. poisoning should be considered a differential diagnosis of acute and necrotic hepatotoxicity in cattle, despite the absence of photosensitization.(AU)

Esse estudo descreve um surto de hepatopatia necrótica aguda associada a intoxicação espontânea por Lantana camara L. em bovinos leiteiros. Um lote de 15 vacas e novilhas foram introduzidas em um piquete com campo nativo, com escassa oferta de alimento. Após dezesseis dias, oito animais manifestaram epistaxe, febre, apatia, icterícia, fezes ressecadas e escuras com muco e sangue. A evolução do quadro clínico variou de dois a cinco dias. No piquete em que os bovinos estavam alojados havia grande quantidade de L. camara L. com sinais evidentes de consumo. No total, sete bovinos morreram, e destes, o exame post mortem foi realizado em três. Os bovinos exibiam moderada icterícia, hemorragias no tecido subcutâneo e na superfície de diferentes órgãos. O fígado estava discretamente aumentado, com coloração alaranjada e padrão lobular evidente. As lesões histológicas consistiam em acentuada necrose de coagulação de hepatócitos em região centrolobular, por vezes se estendendo a região mediozonal, além de acentuada degeneração dos hepatócitos e evidente Colestase. O presente trabalho alerta para que intoxicação por L. camara L. seja levada em consideração nos diagnósticos diferenciais de hepatotoxicidade necrótica aguda em bovinos, mesmo sem indícios de fotossensibilização.(AU)

Acute necrotic hepatotoxicity caused by Lantana camara L. ingestion in dairy cattle

ABSTRACT: This study describes an outbreak of acute necrotic hepatopathy associated with spontaneous poisoning by Lantana camara L. in dairy cattle. A herd of 15 cows and heifers was introduced into a native pasture with limited food supply, and, sixteen days later, eight animals had spontaneous nasal hemorrhage, fever, lethargy, jaundice, and dry, dark stools with mucus and blood. The clinical course varied from two to five days. In the pasture where the cattle were kept, abundant adult specimens of L. camara L. with evident signs of consumption were observed. In total, seven cattle died and necropsy was performed in three of them. All animals had moderate jaundice, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and on the surface of different organs. The liver was slightly enlarged, with orange discoloration and enhanced lobular pattern. Histologically, multifocal areas of coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes in the centrilobular area, occasionally extending to the midzonal area, were observed, as well as marked hepatocellular degeneration and prominent cholestasis. The current study suggests that L. camara L. poisoning should be considered a differential diagnosis of acute and necrotic hepatotoxicity in cattle, despite the absence of photosensitization.

RESUMO: Esse estudo descreve um surto de hepatopatia necrótica aguda associada a intoxicação espontânea por Lantana camara L. em bovinos leiteiros. Um lote de 15 vacas e novilhas foram introduzidas em um piquete com campo nativo, com escassa oferta de alimento. Após dezesseis dias, oito animais manifestaram epistaxe, febre, apatia, icterícia, fezes ressecadas e escuras com muco e sangue. A evolução do quadro clínico variou de dois a cinco dias. No piquete em que os bovinos estavam alojados havia grande quantidade de L. camara L. com sinais evidentes de consumo. No total, sete bovinos morreram, e destes, o exame post mortem foi realizado em três. Os bovinos exibiam moderada icterícia, hemorragias no tecido subcutâneo e na superfície de diferentes órgãos. O fígado estava discretamente aumentado, com coloração alaranjada e padrão lobular evidente. As lesões histológicas consistiam em acentuada necrose de coagulação de hepatócitos em região centrolobular, por vezes se estendendo a região mediozonal, além de acentuada degeneração dos hepatócitos e evidente Colestase. O presente trabalho alerta para que intoxicação por L. camara L. seja levada em consideração nos diagnósticos diferenciais de hepatotoxicidade necrótica aguda em bovinos, mesmo sem indícios de fotossensibilização.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Lantana camara L. extract in mice / Efeitos antinociceptivos do extrato de Lantana camara L. em camundongos

ABSTRACT: he Lantana camara L. belongs to the family Verbenaceae, which contains several active compounds in leaves and roots and which are reported to have medicinal and insecticidal properties. Studies of plants within the same family show the existence of anti-inflammatory activity in paw edema induced by carrageenan, serotonin and histamine and analgesic activity in the acetic acid writhing and tail-flick tests. The present study investigated whether the L. camara extract (ACE) also exerts these effects. The ACE toxicity was studied in male mice, and the percentage of mortality recorded 7 days after treatment was assessed. The ACE was evaluated as an antinociceptive agent in the hot plate, tail-flick and acetic acid writhing tests at a nontoxic dose of 1.0 g/Kg. The results showed that 1.5 g/Kg of ACE was not able to cause death, and doses of 3.0 and 4.0 g/Kg caused 50% and 60% death, respectively, in male mice. In all of the antinociceptive tests, 1 g/Kg of ACE markedly reduced responses to pain. Our findings suggest that ACE may have active anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties in much smaller doses than toxic.

RESUMO: Lantana camara L. pertence à família Verbenaceae, a qual contem muitos princípios ativos em suas folhas e raízes com propriedade medicinais e inseticidas. Estudos com plantas da mesma família mostram a existência de propriedades antinflamatórias no modelo de edema de pata induzido pela carragenina, serotonina e histamina, além da atividade analgésica nos testes de contorção induzida pelo ácido acético e da retirada da cauda por estímulo térmico. O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos tóxicos e antinociceptivos do extrato de L. camara (ACE) em camundongos. Para tanto, investigou-se a porcentagem de mortes em 7 dias após a administração de diferentes doses do extrato. Avaliou-se também os efeitos antinociceptivos do ACE pelos testes da placa quente, estimulação térmica da cauda e contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético com a dose não-tóxica [1,0 g/Kg]. Os resultados mostraram que 1,5 g/Kg do ACE não causou mortalidade, enquanto que 3,0 e 4,0 g/Kg promoveram 50 e 60% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Em todos os testes antinociceptivos, a dose de 1,0 g/Kg do ACE reduziu a resposta à dor. Os presentes resultados indicam que o ACE apresenta propriedades antinflamatórias e analgésicas em doses muito menores que a tóxica.

Phytochemical analysis and modulation in aminoglycosides antibiotics activity by Lantana camara L / Análise fitoquímica e modulação sobre a atividade antibiótica de aminoglicosídeos por Lantana camara L

Several plants have been evaluated not only for alone antimicrobial activity, but as resistance-modifying agent. This work is the first on the modulation of antibiotic activity by Lantana camara L. extracts against multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activities of leaf and root ethanol extracts alone or in association with aminoglycosides were determined against bacterial strains by a microdilution test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was compared with of the aminoglycosides. Phytochemical prospection revealed the presence of quinones, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and alkaloids. The results showed antibacterial activities of the extracts and synergistic effects combined with aminoglycosides. The most expressive effects were obtained with root extract but gentamicin or but neomycin against E. coli with MICs decreased (312 to 5 µg mL- 1). The data from this study are indicative of the antibacterial activity of L. camara's extracts and its potential in modifying the resistance of aminoglycosides analyzed.

Este trabalho relata a modulação da atividade antibiótica por extratos de Lantana camara L. frente a linhagens multirresistentes de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Diversas plantas têm sido avaliadas não somente para a atividade antimicrobiana, mas também para a capacidade de modificar a resistência antibiotica. Atividades antibacterianas dos extratos etanólicos das folhas e raízes isoladamente ou em associação com aminoglicosídeos foram determinadas contra linhagens bacterianas por teste de microdiluição. As concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) dos extratos foram comparadas com a dos aminoglicosídeos. A prospecção fitoquímica revelou a presença de quinonas, esteroides, flavonoides, saponinas, taninos, triterpenoides e alcaloides. Os resultados mostraram atividade antibacteriana dos extratos e efeitos sinérgicos combinados com aminoglicosídeos. Os efeitos mais expressivos foram obtidos pelo extrato das raízes em associação com a gentamicina ou neomicina, contra E. coli Ec27 com diminuições das CIMs (312-5 µg mL- 1). Os dados deste estudo são indicativos da atividade antibacteriana dos extratos de L. camara e seu potencial para modificar a resistência aos aminoglicosídeos analisados.

Lantana camara berry for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Objective: To synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by reduction of silver ions into nano silver, using ripened berry extract of Lantana camara and evaluate its antioxidant activity against 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl. Methods: The prepared AgNPs were characterized by visual, UV-visible spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction. Results: Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed the AgNPs are spherical and 75.2 nm average sized. Selected area electron diffraction analysis supports that the obtained nanoparticles were in crystalline form. In addition, the antioxidant efficacy of prepared AgNPs was found to be higher than berry extract against 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl. Conclusions: From the results obtained it is suggested that surface modified AgNPs at lower concentration, showed higher antioxidant activity than berry extract against 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl and could be used effectively in future ethno pharmacological concerns.

Management of Root-Knot Disease on Tomato with Bioformulated Paecilomyces lilacinus and Leaf Extract of Lantana camara

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of application frequency of a bioformulated Paecilomyces lilacinus in combination with five concentration of Lantana camara crude aqueous leaf extract against Meloidogyne incognita race I on tomato. The experiment was a 3x5 factorial laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Each seedling was inoculated with 5000 eggs of M. incognita. Application of the bionematicide and L. camara leaf extract alone significantly (P≤ 0.05) inhibited root galling and egg production compared with their respective control. However, the severity of root galling and egg mass production was more significantly (P< 0.05) suppressed with the application of P. lilacinus than L. camara leaf extract. Double inoculation with P. lilacinus in combination with 0.80 g mL-1 of the L. camara leaf extract changed the susceptibility of the tomato cultivar with gall index (GI=4.00) to GI=1.50. Application of P. lilacinus twice (at transplanting and two weeks after transplanting) in combination with 0.80g mL-1 of L. camara leaf extract was the most effective treatment in gall and egg mass inhibition, growth enhancement and dry matter accumulation. This environment-friendly approach could be incorporated into integrated root-knot disease management in tomato.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects and Phytochemical Analysis of Lantana camara linn Leaf and Berry Extracts.

In order to assess the antibacterial activities of methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts (MLE and ALE) as well as that of methanolic berry extract (MBE) of Lantana camara Linn, we screened each for antibacterial effects against 14 bacterial isolates using agar-well diffusion method at concentration of 25mg/ml with streptomycin as control antibacterial. Data obtained were analyzed with ANOVA and t-test using SPSS 15.0 for Windows. The MLE is comparable to streptomycin in antibacterial activity as they both showed antibacterial activity against 13 (92.86%) bacterial isolates with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 12mm-20mm. The ALE and MBE however, showed inhibitory activities against 3 (21.43%, IZD 10mm- 11mm) and 7 (42.86%, IZD 11mm-17mm) bacterial isolates respectively. Flavonoids, saponin and alkaloids were present in the three extracts while phlobatannin, cardiac glycoside and steroid were absent. Terpenoids and tannin were only present in the MBE and MLE respectively. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc were observed in the leaf and berry of Lantana camara. Iron, copper and manganese were present in trace amount with lead (Pb) totally absent. Though the three extracts showed antibacterial effects against the isolates, the MLE was the most effective. The phytochemical analysis revealed that Lantana camara has compounds with antibacterial activities and can possibly be used as alternative therapy to infections caused by the sensitive study bacteria.

Triterpenoids constituents of whole plant of Lantana camara Linn / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of triterpenoids from Lantana camara Linn. METHODS: The compounds were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and ODS. Their structures were i-dentified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS: Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as lantadene A (1), lantadene B (2), oleanonic acid (3), lupeol acetate (4), 3β-acetyloleanolic acid (5), oleanolic acid (6), 3-O-acetyl pomolic acid(7), 3β, 25-epoxy-3α, 21α-dihydroxy-22β-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (8), betulinic acid (9), 2α, 3α, 19-trihy-droxy-12-en-28-ursolic acid(10), 22-oxo-3β, 24-dihydroxyolean-12-ene(11). CONCLUSION: Compounds 4, 5, 7-11 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Actividad biológica de extractos de tres plantas sobre bacterias patógenas para el humano / Biological activity of extracts from three plants over bacteria pathogenic for human beings

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la actividad biológica de extractos de tres plantas sobre bacterias patógenas para el humano. Se determinó la citotoxicidad de extractos y fracciones de Parinari sprucei, Couepia paraensis y Lantana camara L. y se evaluó su actividad antibacteriana mediante el ensayo colorimétrico del 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2,4-difenilbromuro de tetrazolio (MTT), utilizando sólo concentraciones inocuas en todos los ensayos realizados. La CMI se determinó con el ensayo de micro dilución MTT y se evaluó la actividad de los posibles agentes antimicrobianos por el método de difusión en agar de Kirby-Bauer. La CMI de los extractos metanólico de C. paraensis y diclorometano/etanol de P. sprucei sobre Staphylococcus aureus fue 25 µg/mL, mientras que la CMI con el extracto etanólico de P. sprucei fue 50 µg/mL. La CMI de la fracción 19 de L. camara L. sobre Acinetobacter haemolyticus y S. aureus fue 50 µg/mL. Los halos de inhibición obtenidos con los extractos metanólico de C. paraensis, y diclorometano/etanol y etanólico de P. sprucei sobre S. aureus fueron de 8, 9 y 7 mm, respectivamente. Los extractos de la familia Verbenaceae no presentaron actividad antibacteriana, mientras que los de la familia Chrysobalanaceae inhibieron la replicación de bacterias grampositivas.

The citotoxicity of extracts and fractions obtained from three plants was determined, and their antibacterial activity was evaluated through a colorimetric assay with tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethilthiazol-2yl)-2,4-diphenilbromide (MTT)), using only innocuous concentrations in all the assays carried out. The MIC was determined by the MTT micro dilution assay, and the activity of the possible antimicrobial agents by the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion test. The MIC of a methanol extract from Couepia paraensis, and a dichloromethanol/ethanol from Parinari sprucei over S. aureus was 25 µg/mL, while the MIC with the ethanol extract from P. sprucei was 50 µg/mL. The MIC of fraction 19 of Lantana camara L. over A. haemolyticus and S. aureus was 50 µg/mL. The inhibition halos obtained with the C. paraensis methanol extracts, and the P. sprucei over S. aureus dichloromethanol/methanol and ethanol extract, were 8, 9 and 7 mm respectively. The Verbenaceae family extracts did not present any antibacterial activity, while those of the Chrysobalanaceae family inhibited replication of gram positive bacteria.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of plant extract of Lantana camara.

Natural products continue to play an important role in the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals. Several chemical compounds have been extracted and identified from its species known as Lantana camara (L .camara). The present study was designed for phytochemical analysis of L. camara and extraction of bioactive compound by HPLC. This also included the antimicrobial activity of the bio active compound obtained by crude extract and the column extract. The study showed the presence of the bioactive component parthenin extracted from the HPLC analysis at a peak height of 10.3807 and it was showing antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and E. fecalis, crude (6.8 to 8.1 mm ) and column (4.0 to 6.2 mm) zone of inhibition.

Borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) de um parque urbano em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) from an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Fragmentos urbanos de mata, como parques e praças, oferecem recursos alimentares, sobretudo abrigo e condições favoráveis para a permanência de borboletas. Este estudo fornece um inventário de borboletas e também a observação das plantas visitadas por indivíduos adultos em um pequeno parque urbano, Parque Municipal Américo Renê Giannetti, Belo Horizonte, estado de Minas Gerais. Amostrou-se uma área de 18,2 ha no período de dezembro/2006 à dezembro/2007, com o auxilio de rede entomológica e armadilhas com frutos fermentados. Foram registrados 165 indivíduos de 78 espécies, distribuídos nas seguintes famílias: Nymphalidae - 46 spp., Hesperiidae - 10 spp., Lycaenidae - sete spp., Pieridae - sete spp., Riodinidae - cinco spp. e Papilionidae - três spp. Entre as plantas visitadas observou-se que a com maior atratividade foi Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), um arbusto com flores de cores vibrantes, destacada como fonte usual de néctar e pólen. As borboletas encontradas indicaram a importância da manutenção de áreas verdes urbanas, proporcionando condições favoráveis para a permanência de borboletas, mesmo em ambientes antrópicos.

Urban forest fragments, such as parks and squares provide food resources, shelter, and favorable conditions for the maintenance of butterflies. This study provides an inventory of butterflies and observations of plants visited by adults in a small urban park, the Américo Renê Giannetti Municipal city park, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State. We sampled an area of 18.2 ha from December 2006 to December 2007 with entomological net and traps baited with fermented fruits. We recorded 165 individuals belonging to 78 species, as follows: 46 spp. of Nymphalidae; 10 spp. of Hesperiidae, seven spp. of Lycaenidae, seven spp. of Pieridae, five spp. of Riodinidae; and three species of Papilionidae. Between the plants visited the more attractive was Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), a shrub with flowers of vibrant colors and common source of nectar and pollen. The butterflies recorded show the importance of maintenance of urban green areas, providing favorable conditions for the permanence of butterflies, even in anthropic environments.

Chemical constituents and evaluation of cytotoxic and antifungal activity of Lantana camara essential oils

The essential oil (EO) of aerial parts of Lantana camara L., Verbenaceae, from Simões, Piaui, Northeast of Brazil, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. In total, 68 compounds were identified. The most representative compounds of the oil were mono and sesquiterpenes. The main compounds found in the oil of the leaves in different months were β-caryophyllene (10.5%, in June of 2009), sabinene (7.98%, in September of 2008), limonene (7.68%, in September of 2008), spathulenol (11.64%, in September of 2008). The oil from stems of L. camara was characterized by a largest amount of sesquiterpenoids, with spatulenol (15.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (17.1% in June of 2009), as main components. β-Gurjunene (32.7%, in September of 2008) was the most prominent compound in the stems oils, which was absent or at very low relative abundance in leaves. L. camara essential oils from leaves were cytotoxic to V79 mammalian cells and also to Artemia salina, showing 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values from 0.23 µg/mL. The in vitro data obtained in this study suggested that EO may also be effective treating yeast infection in patients infected with fluconazole and terbinafine resistant isolates, but its toxicity must be monitored carefully.

Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the essential oil and extracts of Lantana camara Linn. from Uttarakhand (India)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the essential oil composition as well as antibacterial activities of essential oil and leaves extracts of Lantana camara against five bacterial strains. Methods: Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation from the leaves and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antibacterial activities of essential oil and the leaves extracts were tested by using disk diffusion method against five bacterial strains. Results: Thirty seven compounds were identified representing 98.11% of the total oil, of which trans-caryophyllene (13.95%), bicyclogermacrene (9.77%), α-curcumene (8.57%), sabinene (8.28%), (E)-citral (6.90%), 1,8 cineole (5.06%), α-pinene (4.03%), γ-terpinene (3.83%) and germacrene D (3.13%) were detected as major components. In respect to the antibacterial activities, essential oil showed the high degree of sensitivity against Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus except Pseudomonas aeruginosa while extracts of leaves obtained through petroleum ether, benzene, methanol and water exhibited good to moderate antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. Conclusions: The present study suggested that M. luteus showed best zone of inhibition for the essential oil as well as aqueous extract among all the tested bacterial strains. The most active extract can be subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials to carry out further pharmacological evaluation.

Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of different parts of Lantana camara

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (L. camara) various parts and the determination of their total phenolics content.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The extract was screened for possible antioxidant activities by free radical scavenging activity(DPPH), xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and Griess-Ilosvay method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that all the plant parts possessed antioxidant properties including radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition and nitrites scavenging activities. The antioxidative activities were correlated with the total phenol. The leaves extract of L. camara was more effective than that of other parts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study suggests that L. camara extracts exhibit great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for their nutritional and medicinal functions.</p>

Determinación de la actividad antifúngica de extractos de Lantana camara frente a Candida spp / Determination of antifungal activity of extracts of Lantana camara against Candida spp

Objetivo. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar si los extractos de la planta Lantana camara presentan actividad antifúngica frente a seis especies de Candida spp y un aislamiento humano de origen primario. Materiales. Se obtuvieron los extractos etanólicos totales por el método de percolación y se hizo fraccionamiento cromatográfico con eluyentes de diferente polaridad. Se caracterizaron los grupos funcionales mediante espectroscopía infrarroja. La actividad antifúngica se evaluó frente a seis especies de Cándida spp. (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis y un aislamiento primario de C. albicans). La prueba de inhibición del crecimiento se hizo con un ensayo en suero humano, observando con absorbancia a 600 nm las curvas de crecimiento relacionadas. Resultados. El análisis por espectroscopía infrarroja demostró la presencia de flavonoides en los tallos y en las hojas de L. camara. Se encontró una fracción de tallo que inhibió el crecimiento de C. dublinensis y C. albicans, tanto para la cepa de referencia como para el aislamiento primario, y otra que inhibió C. guillermondii. Una fracción de hojas inhibió C. krusei. Conclusiones. Se encontraron fracciones con presencia de flavonoides y con efecto antifúngico en el tallo y en las hojas de L. camara.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if Lantana camara extracts show antifungal activity against six Candida spp. species and one human isolate from primary origin. Methods: We extracted the total ethanol extracts by the percolation method and a chromatographic fractionation was carried out using solvents of different polarities. Functional groups were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The antifungal activity was evaluated against six species of Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. dublinienses, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and a primary isolate of C. albicans). The growth inhibition test was performed in human serum and by observing growth curves at an absorbance of 600 nm. Results: Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of flavonoids in the leaves and the stem of L. camara. A fraction from the stem inhibited C. dublinensis growth and another inhibited C. albicans and C. guillermondii growth. One fraction from the leaf inhibited C. krusei. Conclusions: Chromatographic fractions obtained from the stem and leaves of L. camara contained flavonoids with antifungal effect.

Anatomía microscópica y metabolitos secundarios volátiles en tres estadios del desarrollo de las inflorescencias de Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)

Microscopic anatomy and volatile secondary metabolites at three stages of development of the inflorescences of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). Plants of the Verbenaceae family, like L. camara, have called the attention of researchers, not only because of its high diversity and its distribution around the world, but also for its variable use as popular medicine to treat diseases like tetanus, rheumatism and malaria, and as bactericide and insecticide. To assess this, the morphology and ontogeny of the inflorescences of Lantana camara and the chemical composition of volatile secondary metabolites were analyzed at three different ontogeny stages. Plants were collected from the experimental crop area in CENIVAM, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Fresh inflorescence stages were established and analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope, fixed in FAA and included in parafine. Transversal and longitudinal 10μm thick sections were prepared using a rotative microtome, safranine-fastgreen stained and were observed and photographed using a light microscope. The chemical composition of volatile secondary metabolites were analyzed for each stage. The analytes, obtained from 0.7g of plant, were isolated by solid phase micro-extraction in the headspace mode (HS-SPME) and were placed in 20ml vials. The components were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Stage I was microscopically characterized by an immature development in which the meristematic differentiation begins with a mass of cells. In Stage II, the morphogenetic movement gives way to the formation of the respective floral sexual structures, calyx and corolla. In Stage III, the different organs are conspicuous: four stamens epipetals and didynamous, monocarpelar, biloculate and globose gynoecium, upper ovary and lateral stigma; the flowers are hermaphroditic. The main secondary metabolites detected by GC-MS were bicyclosesquiphellandrene, E-β-farnesene, E-β-caryophyllene, Υ-muurolene + Υ- curcumene and α-zingiberene. Nevertheless, this study reports for the first time in plant species α-gurjunene, Υ-amorphene, α-muurolene, sesquithujene, α-trans-bergamotene and transcadina-1,4-diene. The diversity of compounds found can be only explained by the extraction methods employed, the developmental stages and section of the plant, the geographic conditions, collection time and the genetic constitution of the evaluated species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 473-486. Epub 2011 March 01.

Las plantas de la familia Verbenaceae, entre ellas la especie Lantana camara L., poseen una alta diversidad botánica además de su variable uso. Se describe el avance morfoanatómico de tres etapas de desarrollo de las inflorescencias de L. camara L. (Verbenaceae), recolectadas en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Para esto se tincionaron las estructuras vegetales mediante la técnica fast-green, previo a los análisis con microscopía óptica convencional. El aislamiento de los analitos de cada estadio se realizó mediante la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida en el modo headspace (HS-SPME) y su posterior análisis de componentes, mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). En el Estadio I se apreció un grupo de células en donde se inicia la diferenciación meristemática. En el Estadio II, los movimientos morfogenéticos dan paso a la formación de las respectivas estructuras sexuales florales, el cáliz y la corola. Al llegar al Estadio III, se observaron claramente los diferentes órganos. Los metabolitos detectados en este estudio y que no fueron encontrados en la bibliografía revisada fueron, el α- gurjuneno, el Υ-amorfeno, el α-muuroleno, el sesquitujeno, el α-trans- bergamoteno y el trans-cadina-1,4-dieno. Los principales metabolitos secundarios detectados fueron: biciclosesquifelandreno, E-β-farneseno, E-β-cariofileno, Υ- muuroleno+Υ-curcumeno y α-zingibereno. Una función importante de éstas y otras esencias florales es la defensa y la protección durante el estrés abiótico de la planta.

In vivo toxicity study of Lantana camara

Objective: To investigate the toxicity of methanol extract of various parts (Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower and Fruit) of Lantana camara(L. Camara) in Artemia salina. Methods: The methanol extracts of L. camara were tested for in vivo brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: All the tested extract exhibited very low toxicity on brine shrimp larva. The results showed that the root extract was the most toxic part of L. camara and may have potential as anticancer agent. Conclusions:Methanolic extract of L. camara is relatively safe on short-term exposure.

In vivo toxicity study of Lantana camara

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the toxicity of methanol extract of various parts (Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower and Fruit) of Lantana camara (L. Camara) in Artemia salina.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The methanol extracts of L. camara were tested for in vivo brine shrimp lethality assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the tested extract exhibited very low toxicity on brine shrimp larva. The results showed that the root extract was the most toxic part of L. camara and may have potential as anticancer agent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Methanolic extract of L. camara is relatively safe on short-term exposure.</p>

A study on investigation of the chemical constituents & milled wood lignin analysis of lantana camara & prosopis chinnsis.

Investigation was carried out on Lantana Camara & Prosopis Chinensis, the plants of verbenacea ( vervain) & leguminosae (Mimosaceae) family for studying their chemical constituents by isolation of milled wood lignin of Lantana Camara & Prosopis Chinensis through different isolation techniques such as hydrolysis & solvent extractions.This has indicated that the lignin prepared from wood species Lantana Camara contains carbon 56. 2%, hydrogen 5.80% ,oxygen 36.00% and methoxy groups 19.70%. Prosopis Chinensis contains carbon 60.70%, hydrogen 6.30%, oxygen 33.00% and methoxy groups 19.78%. The C9 formula weight for Prosopis Chinensis & Lantana Camara is 204.82 & 212.99 respectively. The other reactive groups of lignin of Lantana Camara & Prosopis Chinensis investigated were also comparable with the other non wood species.

Osmotic and morphological effects on red blood cell membrane: action of an aqueous extract of Lantana camara / Efeitos osmótico e morfológico na membrana de hemácias: ação de um extrato aquoso de Lantana camara

The Lantana camara ("cambara de espinho") leaves infusions are used popularly in some countries to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Osmotic fragility assay and morphometric analysis have been used to verify the interaction of drugs with the membrane of red blood cells (RBC). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Lantana camara on the osmotic fragility and on the morphology of RBC. Blood samples were treated with extract of Lantana camara (10 mg/mL), osmotic fragility assay and morphological analysis were carried out. In the presence of the extract, the data obtained indicated (i) a significant (p < 0.05) increase of hemolysis and (ii) modifications on the morphology of RBC. These effects of the Lantana camara may be associated with some pharmacological properties of the chemical compounds of this studied extract.

As infusões de folhas de Lantana camara (cambara-de-espinho) são usadas popularmente em alguns países para tratar doenças gastrointestinais. O experimento de fragilidade osmótica e a análise morfométrica têm sido usados para verificar a interação de drogas com a membrana de hemácias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de um extrato aquoso de Lantana camara na fragilidade osmótica e na morfologia de hemácias. Amostras de sangue foram tratadas com extrato de Lantana camara (10 mg/mL), o ensaio de fragilidade osmótica e a análise morfológica foram realizadas. Na presença do extrato, os dados obtidos indicaram (i) um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) da hemólise e (ii) modificações na morfologia das hemácias. Estes efeitos da Lantana camara poderiam estar associados com algumas propriedades farmacológicas de compostos químicos do extrato estudado.