Acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients. surgical, radiological, or endoscopic treatment? brazilian college of digestive surgery position paper / Colecistite aguda em pacientes de alto risco. tratamento cirúrgico, radiológico ou endoscópico? posicionamento do colégio brasileiro de cirurgia digestiva

ABSTRACT Acute cholecystitis (AC) is an acute inflammatory process of the gallbladder that may be associated with potentially severe complications, such as empyema, gangrene, perforation of the gallbladder, and sepsis. The gold standard treatment for AC is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, for a small group of AC patients, the risk of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be very high, mainly in the elderly with associated severe diseases. In these critically ill patients, percutaneous cholecystostomy or endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage may be a temporary therapeutic option, a bridge to cholecystectomy. The objective of this Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery Position Paper is to present new advances in AC treatment in high-risk surgical patients to help surgeons, endoscopists, and physicians select the best treatment for their patients. The effectiveness, safety, advantages, disadvantages, and outcomes of each procedure are discussed. The main conclusions are: a) AC patients with elevated surgical risk must be preferably treated in tertiary hospitals where surgical, radiological, and endoscopic expertise and resources are available; b) The optimal treatment modality for high-surgical-risk patients should be individualized based on clinical conditions and available expertise; c) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains an excellent option of treatment, mainly in hospitals in which percutaneous or endoscopic gallbladder drainage is not available; d) Percutaneous cholecystostomy and endoscopic gallbladder drainage should be performed only in well-equipped hospitals with experienced interventional radiologist and/or endoscopist; e) Cholecystostomy catheter should be removed after resolution of AC. However, in patients who have no clinical condition to undergo cholecystectomy, the catheter may be maintained for a prolonged period or even definitively; f) If the cholecystostomy catheter is maintained for a long period of time several complications may occur, such as bleeding, bile leakage, obstruction, pain at the insertion site, accidental removal of the catheter, and recurrent AC; g) The ideal waiting time between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy has not yet been established and ranges from immediately after clinical improvement to months. h) Long waiting periods between cholecystostomy and cholecystectomy may be associated with new episodes of acute cholecystitis, multiple hospital readmissions, and increased costs. Finally, when selecting the best treatment option other aspects should also be considered, such as costs, procedures available at the medical center, and the patient's desire. The patient and his family should be fully informed about all treatment options, so they can help making the final decision.

RESUMO A colecistite aguda (CA) é um processo inflamatório agudo da vesícula biliar que pode estar associado a complicações potencialmente graves, como empiema, gangrena, perfuração da vesícula biliar e sepse. O tratamento padrão para a CA é a colecistectomia laparoscópica. No entanto, para um pequeno grupo de pacientes com CA, o risco de colecistectomia laparoscópica pode ser muito alto, principalmente em idosos com doenças graves associadas. Nestes pacientes críticos, a colecistectomia percutânea ou a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar guiada por ultrassom podem ser uma opção terapêutica temporária, como ponte para a colecistectomia. O objetivo deste artigo de posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva é apresentar novos avanços no tratamento da CA em pacientes cirúrgicos de alto risco, para auxiliar cirurgiões, endoscopistas e clínicos a selecionar o melhor tratamento para os seus pacientes. A eficácia, segurança, vantagens, desvantagens e resultados de cada procedimento são discutidos. As principais conclusões são: a) Pacientes com CA e risco cirúrgico elevado devem ser tratados preferencialmente em hospitais terciários onde a experiência e os recursos cirúrgicos, radiológicos e endoscópicos estão disponíveis. b) A modalidade de tratamento ideal para pacientes com elevado risco cirúrgico, deve ser individualizada, com base nas condições clínicas e na experiência disponível. c) A colecistectomia laparoscópica continua sendo uma excelente opção de tratamento, principalmente em hospitais em que a drenagem da vesícula biliar percutânea ou endoscópica não está disponível. d) A colecistostomia percutânea e a drenagem endoscópica da vesícula biliar devem ser realizadas apenas em hospitais bem equipados e com radiologista intervencionista e/ou endoscopista experientes. e) O cateter de colecistostomia deve ser removido após a resolução da CA. No entanto, em pacientes que não têm condição clínica para realizar colecistectomia, o cateter pode ser mantido por um período prolongado ou mesmo definitivamente. f) Se o cateter de colecistostomia for mantido por longo período de tempo podem ocorrer várias complicações, como sangramento, fístula biliar, obstrução, dor no local de inserção, remoção acidental do cateter e CA recorrente. g) O tempo de espera ideal entre a colecistostomia e a colecistectomia ainda não foi estabelecido, e vai desde imediatamente após a melhoria clínica, até meses após. h) Longos períodos de espera entre colecistostomia e colecistectomia podem estar associados a novos episódios de CA, múltiplas readmissões hospitalares e aumento dos custos. Finalmente, ao selecionar a melhor opção de tratamento, outros aspectos também devem ser considerados, como custos, disponibilidade dos procedimentos no centro médico e o desejo do paciente. O paciente e sua família devem ser completamente informados sobre todas as opções de tratamento, para que possam ajudar a tomar a decisão final.

Gallbladder perforation with concomitant liver abscess: a case report with a review of treatment options

Gallbladder perforation (GBP) management is still controversial in regards to time (early vs. interval), first procedure (surgical vs. drainage) and technique (laparoscopic vs. open). This is the case report of an adult patient with GBP Niemeier type II, complicated with a concomitant hepatic abscess. The patient was treated medically and with laparoscopic drainage of abscess and pyocholecistolithiasis. She was scheduled shortly after for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and posteriorly for definitive treatment with laparoscopic cholecystectomy 1 month later. Satisfactory postsurgical outcome, with uneventful 1-month follow-up.

Liver abscess - Different modalities of treatment and its outcome

Background: Liver abscesses, both amoebic and pyogenic, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in our country. It is a common condition in tropical countries. The primary mode of treatment of amoebic liver abscess is medical ; however many cases may need different type of surgical management. In the present study of liver abscess of different etiology, the following treatment modalities such as aspiration, percutaneous catheter drainage, laparoscopic drainage and open surgical procedure have been studied. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from September 2007 to October 2008 on 50 liver abscess patients at Rajendra Institute of Medical sciences, Ranchi. Medical records were analysed for different modalities of treatment for amoebic liver abscess. Results: The mean age of patients was 39 years. Most of them were male alcoholics. Solitary abscess was found in right lobe of liver in 80% of cases. Most common presentation was right upper quadrant pain and fever. Abscesses were mainly amoebic. Percutaneous needle aspiration was done in 30%, 41% underwent USG guided pig tail catheter drainage and 5% of patients underwent for surgical interventions for peritonitis following ruptured liver abscess. The overall mortality rate seen in amoebic liver abscess was 7% in our series. Conclusions: Liver abscess is a very common condition in India and Amoebic liver abscess is more common than pyogenic liver abscess. More commonly occurs in young alcoholic males and most common presenting feature is right hypochondrial pain followed by fever. Most common sign include tender hepatomegaly. Ultrasound abdomen is the best method for diagnosis and intervention and in a few cases laparoscopic drainage or open surgical intervention required.

Hemi-hepatectomia esquerda laparoscópica para o abscesso hepático piogênico: relato de caso / Lapaoscopic leftt hemi-hepatectomy for pyogenic hepatic abscess: a case report

Introdução. O tratamento padrão do abscesso hepático piogênico tem sido drenagem percutânea. Quando ocorre a falha desse método, a drenagem cirúrgica, ou mesmo a ressecção hepática, deve ser realizada. Atualmente, a via laparoscópica tem sido eleita como preferencial para as afecções hepáticas benignas devido à baixa morbidade e bom resultado estético. Relato do caso. Os autores relatam um caso de abscesso hepático piogênico tratado por hemi-hepatectomia esquerda laparoscópica. O doente apresentou evolução pós-operatória sem complicações. Não houve recidiva do abscesso no período de um ano de seguimento. Conclusão. O tratamento do abscesso hepático piogênico por hemi-hepatectomia esquerda laparoscópica representa um método seguro com baixa morbidade e bom resultado estético.

Introduction. Percutaneous drainage has been standard treatment for pyogenic liver abscess. When this approach fails surgical drainage or even hepatic resection should be performed. Nowadays, laparoscopic access has been chosen as preferential treatment for benign hepatic diseases due to both low morbidity and good cosmetic result.Case. The authors present a case of pyogenic hepatic abscess treated by means of laparoscopic left hemi-hepatectomy. The patient presented good postoperative evolution without complication. There was no abscess recurrence (one year follow-up period). Conclusion. Pyogenic hepatic abscess treatment by means of laparoscopic left hemi-hepatectomy represents a safe technique with both low morbidity and good cosmetic result.