Mejora de la motivación en estudiantes inmigrantes latinoamericanos mediante un programa de mindfulness: un estudio aleatorizado / Improving motivation in Latin American immigrants through a mindfulness-based program: a randomized study

Resumen En este estudio experimental se presentan los resultados de un programa psicoeducativo de mindfulness sobre la motivación del logro y motivación para el aprendizaje aplicado a una muestra de estudiantes inmigrantes de origen latinoamericano que viven en el sureste español. La muestra se compone de 50 estudiantes, de los cuales 25 forman el grupo experimental y 25 el grupo de control. El programa de intervención se llevó a cabo durante 10 semanas. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en la variable motivación de logro y en tres de las seis dimensiones de la variable motivación para el aprendizaje (autoeficacia, control y ansiedad). El estudio confirma la eficacia del programa de mindfulness para mejorar los niveles de motivación del logro y la motivación para el aprendizaje en los jóvenes latinoamericanos procedentes de la inmigración. Se destaca la conveniencia de la utilización de estos programas dentro del currículum educativo.

Abstract In this experimental study, we present the results of a mindfulness psycho-educational program on achievement motivation and motivation for learning applied to a sample of immigrant students of Latin American origin living in southeastern Spain. The sample consists of 50 students, of which 25 form the experimental group and 25 the control group. The intervention program was carried out for 10 weeks. The results show statistically significant differences between both groups in motivation for achievement and in three of the six dimensions of motivation for learning (self-efficacy, control and anxiety). The study confirms the effectiveness of the mindfulness program to improve the levels of achievement motivation and motivation for learning in Latin American youth immigrants. The convenience of using these programs within the educational curriculum is highlighted.

Efficiency of ODI and APDI of Kim's cephalometric analysis in a Latin American population with skeletal open bite

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this research was to demonstrate the efficiency of the overbite depth indicator (ODI) and the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) from Kim's cephalometric analysis, regarding the determination of the vertical and sagittal patterns of Latin American individuals. Methods: Two hundred lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected and divided into four study groups, with 50 radiographs each, for carrying out a cross-sectional study. The control group included radiographs of balanced individuals, and the other three groups had lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects with Class I, II and III malocclusions and with skeletal open bite. After the pilot test was performed to calibrate the investigator, the ODI and APDI were measured. Descriptive statistics were performed and the one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD, or Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test were used. Also a multiple linear regression was employed. Results: Statistically significant differences were found for the ODI of all groups (p< 0.001), except between Class I group (65.87 ± 4.26) and Class II open bite group (67.19 ± 3.58), both with similar values to each other. For APDI, statistically significant differences were also found for all groups (p< 0.001). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the balanced group (83.18 ± 1.71) and Class I group with skeletal open bite (81.78 ± 2.69). Conclusions: ODI and APDI are reliable indicators to evaluate the sagittal and vertical patterns of an individual, demonstrating their efficiency when a Latin American population was evaluated.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi demonstrar a eficácia do indicador de profundidade da sobremordida (ODI) e do indicador de displasia anteroposterior (APDI) da análise cefalométrica de Kim, no que diz respeito à determinação dos padrões vertical e sagital em indivíduos latino-americanos. Métodos: duzentas telerradiografias em norma lateral foram selecionadas e divididas em quatro grupos, com 50 radiografias cada, para a realização desse estudo transversal. O grupo controle incluiu radiografias de indivíduos com oclusão normal, e os outros três grupos incluíram, respectivamente, radiografias de indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe I, Classe II e Classe III, com mordida aberta esquelética. Após a realização de um estudo piloto para calibração do investigador, fez-se a medição do ODI e do APDI. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas e utilizados os testes ANOVA de uma via com post-hoc HSD de Tukey, ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis e teste U de Mann-Whitney. Também foi realizada uma regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para o ODI entre todos os grupos (p< 0,001), exceto entre os grupos Classe I (65,87 ± 4,26) e Classe II com mordida aberta (67,19 ± 3,58), ambos com valores semelhantes entre si. Para o APDI, também foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre todos os grupos (p< 0,001). Entretanto, não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o grupo controle (83,19 ± 1,71) e o grupo Classe I com mordida aberta esquelética (81,78 ± 2,69). Conclusões: tanto o ODI quanto o APDI são indicadores confiáveis para se avaliar os padrões sagital e vertical de um indivíduo, tendo sua eficácia comprovada para uso na população latino-americana estudada.

Aculturación, involucramiento parental y autoeficacia materna: Un estudio cualitativo con mujeres latinoamericanas en los Estados Unidos / Acculturation, parental involvement, and maternal self-efficacy: A qualitative study among Latin American women in the United States

La inmigración a los Estados Unidos conlleva para las familias latinoamericanas una serie de desafíos y adversidades así como múltiples oportunidades y beneficios. Desde esta perspectiva, el objetivo de la investigación que se informa fue analizar el impacto que tiene este proceso de adaptación en el involucramiento parental y la autoeficacia materna de las mujeres inmigrantes latinoamericanas que residen en los Estados Unidos. En este estudio participaron 14 mujeres provenientes de cinco países latinoamericanos. Los principales hallazgos muestran que las participantes tuvieron que adaptarse a las tradiciones, leyes y normas de convivencia imperantes en los Estados Unidos. Con respecto a sus expectativas, las participantes describieron el deseo de obtener un trabajo bien remunerado para poder satisfacer las necesidades básicas de su familia así como proveer a sus hijos de una buena educación. Entre las principales adversidades se encuentran el idioma, el estatus migratorio y la separación de sus familiares. En contraste, diversos beneficios tales como la educación de los hijos y la información profesional que recibieron han sido determinantes en su involucramiento parental. De la misma manera, las participantes enfatizaron la importancia de diversos recursos que han encontrado en el país de residencia entre los que se encuentran el apoyo recibido del gobierno norteamericano, los cursos en los que han participado y el apoyo social brindado por otras familias latinoamericanas. Los resultados de la investigación permiten concluir que a pesar de los muchos obstáculos a los que se enfrentan, todas las participantes mencionaron contundentemente que el haber inmigrado a los Estados Unidos ha enriquecido su experiencia como madres.

The process of immigration involves multiple challenges and barriers as well as benefits and opportunities. Each year, innumerable Latin American families immigrate to the United States of America seeking employment, medical care, or education for their children. The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore the effects of the process of acculturation in the parental involvement and maternal self-efficacy among Latin American immigrant mothers living in the United States. In order to achieve this objective, four research questions were formulated: (1) Whatis the description that Latin American immigrant women express about their own process of acculturation? (2) What are the changes these women have experienced during their acculturation process to the United States of America? (3) How Latin American immigrant mothers are involved in the academic, emotional, social, and behavioral development of their children (4) What are the perceptions that Latin American immigrant women have about their abilities and resources as mothers? In the present study, 14 women from five different Latin American countries participated in qualitative interviews. Participants' narratives were analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research method proposed by Hill, Thompson and Williams. After having analyzed all transcripts, five main themes were identified: (1) Adaptation, (2) Expectations, (3) Challenges, (4) Benefits, and (5) Resources. Results shows that participants had to adapt their behavior and ideas to the current American traditions, laws, and norms. Regarding participants' expectations, they talked about how one of their main expectations was to obtain an employment with which they could satisfy their basic needs and provide a good educational level to their children. Immigrants experience multiple obstacles; for instance, lack of employment and health services, legal status, changes in family functioning, separation from family, discrimination, fear of deportation, intergenerational conflicts, and language proficiency. Besides these external barriers and challenges, Latin American immigrants are affected by internal challenges with possible negative consequences, such as intimate partner violence, despondent moods, loneliness, feeling of inadequacy, gender inequality, stress, anxiety, and alcoholism. In this study, the main barriers these participants had to cope were their immigration status, separation from their families, and language proficiency. In contrast, these participants had several benefits as a result of their decision to immigrate to the United States of America such as economic resources, their children's education, and professional information they received that helped them improve their maternal skills. In consequence, they have been able to develop their maternal skills and spend quality time with their children. All participants in this research emphasized that these benefits have been determinant for their parental involvement. The last factor related to their maternal experience was the resources they have found in the United States of American. Participants talked about the support they have received from the American government, formal and informal knowledge about how to become a better mother, and the social support provided by other Latin American families. In general terms, immigrants experience better life conditions when they have a network of relatives and friends previously established in the receiving country. Consequently, they have more opportunities for a successful relocation in the new region. The importance of social support is related to the presence of these networks which provide any kind of support when necessary. In particular, due to this support, these participants have had a better adaptation to their new life. In conclusion, this research reveals that in spite of multiple challenges Latin American immigrants have to cope, all participants concluded that after immigrating to the United States of America their competence and involvement as mothers have increased.

Revisión sistemática de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños latinoamericanos con trauma craneoencefálico / Systematic review of health-related quality of life in latin american children with traumatic brain injury

RESUMEN La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es una medida que permite cuantificar las consecuencias del traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE). En países angloparlantes la CVRS después del TCE infantil es un área importante de estudio, sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre el estado actual de la investigación en este tema en la población hispana. OBJETIVO: El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la CVRS después de un TCE en niños y adolescentes latinos con el fin de conocer el estado actual de la investigación al respecto e identificar áreas de futuros estudios. MÉTODO: Se revisaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Redalyc y Scielo; solo tres de 209 registros cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: La CVRS después del TCE infantil es un campo de estudio que ha sido poco explorado, la calidad de la evidencia científica disponible es regular en 2 de los 3 estudios identificados. En los trabajos revisados se pone de manifiesto que pacientes que han presentado TCE moderado-severo se ven afectados en su CVRS durante los años que le siguen al daño cerebral. Se sugiere que la esfera psicosocial suele verse más afectada, lo que tiene implicaciones importantes en el funcionamiento escolar y en el bienestar psicológico del niño, ya que el desempeño académico puede verse comprometido debido a las secuelas cognitivas y a la aparición de conductas agresivas e irritabilidad. Es necesario desarrollar investigaciones en este campo con diseños metodológicos rigurosos que evalúen el curso de la CVRS después de un TCE, los predictores potenciales, estrategias de intervención y su impacto en el bienestar de la niñez latinoamericana.

SUMMARY The health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a measure to quantify the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In English-speaking countries HRQOL after childhood TBI is an important field of study, however, little is known about the current state of research on this subject in the Hispanic population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to conduct a review of the literature on HRQOL after acquired brain injury associated to TBI in Latin American children in order to identify the current state of research on this subject and areas for future studies. METHOD . MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Redalyc and Scielo databases were reviewed; only three of 209 records met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: HRQoL after childhood TBI is a field of study that has been little explored, the quality of available scientific evidence is regular in two of the three studies identified. In the reviewed papers it is shown that patients who have presented moderate-severe TBI are affected in their HRQL during the years following brain damage. It is suggested that the psychosocial sphere is more affected, which has important implications for the school functioning and psychological well-being of the child, since academic performance can be compromised due to cognitive sequelae and the appearance of aggressive behaviors and irritability. It is necessary to develop research in this field with rigorous methodological designs that evaluate the course of HRQoL after TBI, potential predictors, intervention strategies and their impact on the well-being of Latin American children.

Emotional Intelligence in Latin American Managers: An exploratory study / Inteligencia Emocional in Gerentes Latinoamericanos: Un estudio exploratorio

Abstract By means of an exploratory study with a sample of 614 managers, we established the characterization of emotional intelligence (EI) in Latin American managers from Guatemala, Chile, and Colombia. We analyzed the ability to perceive, appraise, and express emotion, both their own and those of others, as reflected in the concept of EI and its impact on the personal and professional achievements of Latin American managers. The results show that respondents have high capacity to assess and recognize their own emotions, low capacity to assess and understand the emotions of their team members, high capacity for self-control of their emotions in extreme moods, and high capacity to direct their emotions toward achieving competence.

Resumen Mediante un estudio exploratorio aplicado a 614 gerentes de Guatemala, Chile y Colombia, se establece la caracterización de la inteligencia emocional (IE) de gerentes latinoamericanos, capacidad de percibir, valorar y expresar emociones, propias y ajenas, reflejada en el concepto de IE y su impacto en los logros personales y profesionales de los gerentes latinoamericanos. Los resultados muestran que los encuestados tienen una gran capacidad para evaluar y reconocer sus propias emociones, baja capacidad para evaluar y comprender las emociones de los miembros de su equipo de trabajo, alta capacidad de autocontrol de sus emociones en estados de ánimo extremos y alta capacidad para dirigir sus emociones hacia el logro de sus competencias.

Niveles de Optimismo: Diferencias entre adultos de países latinoamericanos / Levels of Optimism: Differences between adults in Latin American countries

Resumen El optimismo disposicional es la variable dentro de la Psicología Positiva que más se ha estudiado en distintos entornos, pues se presenta como relacionada y predictora de otras variables y entornos de salud. El presente estudio se dedicó a conocer si existían diferencias significativas en los niveles de Optimismo medidos a través del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) en función del país de residencia que tenían las personas, en una muestra accidental de 464 personas de Argentina, México y Chile. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la dimensión Optimismo pero sí en la dimensión Pesimismo, en donde Argentina presenta los mayores niveles. Además, se detectaron diferencias significativas en 2 de los ítems de la dimensión Optimismo, en la que los residentes mexicanos presentaban mejores niveles, y en un ítem de la dimensión Pesimismo. Los resultados son limitados al estudio que se realizó, pero destacan la importancia de realizar más estudios en temas que los gobiernos actuales están trabajando para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, que puede estar directamente influenciada por variables positivas como el Optimismo.

Abstract Dispositional optimism is the variable within Positive Psychology that has been studied in different environments, as it is presented as related and predictor of psychological variables and health environments. The present study investigated whether there were significant differences in Optimism levels measured through the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) according to the country of residence of the people, in an accidental sample of 464 people from Argentina, Mexico and Chile. No significant differences were found in the Optimism dimension, but in the Pessimism dimension, where Argentina presents the highest levels. In addition, significant differences were detected in 2 of the items in the Optimism dimension, where Mexican residents presented themselves with better levels, and in an item of the dimension Pessimism. The results are limited to the study that was carried out but they emphasize the importance of carrying out more studies in subjects that the present governments are working to improve the quality of life of the people that can be directly influenced by positive variables like Optimism.

Científicos Sociales Latinoamericanos en Estados Unidos: Cooperación Académica, Movilidad Internacional y Trayectorias Interamericanas alrededor de la Fundación Ford / Latin American Social Scientists in the United States: The Ford Foundation's Role in Academic Cooperation, International Mobility, and Inter-American Trajectories / Sociologues Latino-américains aux États-Unis: Le Rôle de la Fondation Ford dans la Coopération Académique, la Mobilité Internationale et les Trajectoires Interaméricaines / Cientistas Sociais Latino-americanos nos Estados Unidos: Cooperação Acadêmica, Mobilidade Internacional e Trajetórias Interamericanas em torno da Fundação Ford

RESUMEN El objetivo principal de este artículo es examinar las redes de cooperación académica y los canales de movilidad internacional establecidos por la Fundación Ford en América Latina, los cuales actuaron como plataformas de promoción de científicos sociales de la región en Estados Unidos. El interés está puesto en comprender las interacciones y los vínculos entre varios autores latinoamericanos con algunos "diplomáticos" de esta institución filantrópica para desarrollar en ese país actividades institucionales e intelectuales. De forma específica, se estudiarán los orígenes del Programa Latinoamericano del Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, establecido en Washington en 1977 por las gestiones y mediaciones personales de Abraham F. Lowenthal. Además, y siguiendo un enfoque histórico, se hará un seguimiento temporal y espacial a la trayectoria de este autor y a sus nexos intelectuales y personales mantenidos con Fernando H. Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell y Kalman Silvert.

RESUMO O principal objetivo deste artigo consiste em examinar as redes de cooperação acadêmica e os canais de mobilidade internacional estabelecidos pela Fundação Ford na América Latina, os quais intervieram como plataformas para a promoção, em terras estadunidenses, de cientistas sociais da região. O interesse reside em compreender as interações e vínculos de vários autores latino-americanos com alguns "diplomatas" desta instituição filantrópica, no intuito de desenvolverem atividades institucionais e intelectuais nos Estados Unidos. Especificamente, serão analisadas as origens do Programa Latino-Americano do Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, fundado em Washington no ano de 1977, em decorrência de intervenções e mediações pessoais de Abraham F. Lowenthal. Além disso, e seguindo um enfoque histórico, acompanharemos temporal e espacialmente a trajetória deste autor e os seus laços intelectuais e pessoais estabelecidos com Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell e Kalman Silvert.

ABSTRACT This article's main objective is to examine the academic cooperation networks and international mobility channels established by the Ford Foundation in Latin America, to have served as platforms for showcasing social scientists from the region in the United States. Our interest is in understanding how the interactions and links between various Latin American authors and several "diplomats" from this charitable institution were fostered in order to develop institutional and intellectual activities in the United States. The article places a particular focus on studying the origins of the Latin American Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, established in Washington in 1977 by means of Abraham F. Lowenthal's personal efforts to manage and mediate. A historical focus is also employed to temporally and spatially analyze the author's career path and his intellectual and personal ties developed with Fernando H. Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell, and Kalman Silvert.

RÉSUMÉ Le principal objectif de cet article est d'analyser les réseaux de coopération académique et de mobilité internationale établis par la Fondation Ford en Amérique Latine et qui ont servi de plate-forme de promotion de sociologues de la région aux États-Unis. Il s'agit ici de comprendre comment les interactions et les liens entre différents auteurs latino-américains et certains "diplomates" de cette institution philanthropique ont permis de développer leurs activités institutionnelles et intellectuelles aux États-Unis. Nous étudierons en particulier les origines du Programme latino-américain du Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, lancé à Washington en 1977 grâce aux actions et médiations d'Abraham F. Lowenthal. En outre, dans une perspective historique, nous analyserons la trajectoire temporelle et spatiale de cet auteur et ses liens intellectuels et personnels avec Fernando H. Cardoso, Albert O. Hirschman, Guillermo O'Donnell et Kalman Silvert.

El consumo abusivo de alcohol en inmigrantes latinoamericanos participantes en programas de intervención para maltratadores: importancia de la adherencia al tratamiento / Alcohol Abuse in Latin American Immigrants Participating in Intervention Programs for Abusers: the Import ance of Adherence to Treatment

En este estudio, se analizan las tasas de abandono del tratamiento en hombres inmigrantes latinoamericanos con problemas de consumo de alcohol (PCA) derivados a programas de intervención con maltratadores, y se explora si aquellos que consiguen finalizar la intervención se diferencian de los que no tienen PCA en variables resultado de la intervención. La muestra la componen 107 hombres latinoamericanos condenados por violencia contra la mujer. Al contrario de lo esperado, no se confirman mayores tasas de abandono entre los participantes con PCA. Independientemente de tener o no PCA, los participantes que finalizaron el programa mostraron mejoría en todas las variables objetivo de la intervención analizadas, incluida la reducción del consumo de alcohol entre aquellos participantes con PCA.

This study analyzes dropout rates among Latin-American immigrants with alcohol abuse problems (AAP) participating in a batterer intervention program, and whether those perpetrators who finalize the intervention benefit the same as those participants without AAP in a number of program outcomes. The sample was 107 Latin-American immigrants convicted for intimate partner violence perpetration. Contrary to what was expected, there were not higher dropout rates among participants with AAP. Participants who finalized the intervention program, however, showed improvements in all outcomes variables explored regardless of whether they had AAP, including a reduction of alcohol abuse among participants with AAP.

Validación transcultural de la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional de Schutte / Cross-cultural validation of the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale

El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional de Schutte para su empleo con adolescentes y jóvenes. Se efectuó la equivalencia conceptual, semántica y operacional de la versión prototípica del instrumento. La versión definitiva fue administrada a una muestra de 1.890 jóvenes y adolescentes (730 mexicanos, 664 argentinos y 497 brasileros). El análisis de la validez factorial mostró una estructura de dos factores que explicaron el 63.9% de la varianza total. La validez convergente quedó demostrada a partir del análisis correlacional efectuado. La confiabilidad del instrumento alcanzó niveles satisfactorios. Se efectúan sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

The aim of this study was to adapt the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale with Latinamerican adolescents and youth adults. The conceptual, semantic, and operational equivalence of the prototype version was analyzed. The final version was administered to a sample of 1.890 students (730 Mexicans, 664 Argentineans, and 497 Brazilians). The analysis of factorial validity showed two orthogonal factors which explained 63.9% of the total variance. Convergent validity was demonstrated through the correlation analysis performed. The reliability of the adapted instrument reached satisfactory levels. In light of the results, we offer some suggestions for future research in the area.

Socio-demographic profile of different samples of Latin American rural extensionists / Perfil sociodemográfico de diferentes amostras de extensionistas rurais da América Latina

In order to design and implement public policies in the context of rural development, information tends to be gathered about family farming in different Latin American countries. In contrast, scarce attention has been given to the description of rural extensionists, who are the ones supporting family farming in the field. A cross-sectional investigation was conducted between 2010 and 2012 including surveys to rural extensions working in 10 different Latin American countries, this allowing for a preliminary description of the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The samples were incidental ranging from 19 (Bolivia) to 220 (Argentina) subjects, this implying that they were not representative. Significant statistical differences were found with regards to the sex, age, experience, level of education and university degree of the samples pertaining to the different countries. In average, most extensionists are men (70.1%), age 40.3 and have little more than 11 years of experience as extensionists. Brazilian practitioners surveyed are the oldest, most educated and experienced among the different samples. In general, most extensionists have a technical background and are agricultural engineers. The Uruguayan sample showed the highest percentage of extensionists coming from the area of social sciences.

A fim de elaborar e implementar políticas públicas no contexto do desenvolvimento rural, é muito comum a coleta de informações sobre a distribuição e as características da agricultura familiar. Em contraste, tem sido dada pouca atenção à descrição sociodemográfica dos extensionistas rurais, que são os que apoiam a agricultura familiar no território. Entre 2010 e 2012, foi feita umtrabalho em que foram pesquisados extensionistas rurais que trabalham em 10 países latino-americanos diferentes, permitindo, assim, uma descrição preliminar do perfil sociodemográfico destes extensionistas. As amostras foram incidentais, variando de 19 indivíduos (Bolívia) a 220 (Argentina), implicando que elas não são representativas. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no sexo, idade, experiência, nível de escolaridade e título academico dos extensionistas das amostras pertencentes aos diferentes países. Em média, a maioria dos extensionistas são homens (70,1%), tem 40,3 anos de idade e tem pouco mais de 11 anos de experiência como extensionistas rurais. Os brasileiros pesquisados são os mais idosos, educados e experientes entre as diferentes amostras. Em geral, a maioria dos extensionistas têm formação técnica e são engenheiros agrícolas. Na amostra uruguaia, pode ser encontrado o maior percentual de extensionistas provenientes da área das ciências sociais.

Manifestações esportivas nas comemorações do centenário da independência do Brasil (1822-1922) no Rio Grande do Sul / Sportining events in celebration of the centenary of the independece of Brasil (1822-1922) in Rio Grande do Sul / Eventos deportivos en celebración del centenario de la independencia de brasil (1822-1922) en rio grande do sul

Em 1922 o Brasil comemorou o centenário de sua independência, ano marcado por festejos em várias áreas, dentre elas a esportiva. Entre esses, estavam os Jogos Latino-Americanos, realizados no Rio de Janeiro. Porto Alegre também promoveu seu evento, os Jogos Olímpicos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é reconstruir como sucederam esses jogos em Porto Alegre. Para tanto, realizou-se uma coleta de dados, especialmente em jornais. A análise revelou o reconhecimento do esporte como uma prática cultural privilegiada nestas festividades. Porto Alegre ocupou um papel de relevância nas comemorações, ao enviar atletas para os jogos do Rio de Janeiro e organizar seu próprio evento. Tal participação provavelmente resultou de sua forte tradição no associativismo esportivo.

In 1922 Brazil celebrated its independence centenarian, This year was marked bylots of festivities in many areas. One of these events was the Latin-American Games hosted by Rio de Janeiro. Porto Alegre also promoted his sportive event, the Olympic Games. This research aims to describe how the Olympic Games succeedin Porto Alegre. Data extraction were conducted in printed sources, especially newspapers. The data analysis revealed sport’s recognition as a cultural practice present in both festivities. Porto Alegre had an important participation in the commemorations by sending athletes to Rio de Janeiro’s Games and promoting asportive competition called Olympic Games. This participation probably resulted from Porto Alegre’s strong tradition in sports association.

En 1922, Brasil conmemoró el centenario de su independencia, un año marcado por diversas celebraciones Entre los eventos estaban los Juegos de América Latina,organizados en Río de Janeiro. Porto Alegre también promovió su evento deportivo, los Juegos Olímpicos. El objetivo de esta investigación es reconstruircomo sucedió los Juegos Olímpicos en Porto Alegre. Para eso, fueron analizados materiales impresos, sobre todo periódicos. El análisis reveló el reconocimiento del deporte como una práctica cultural privilegiada en estas celebraciones. Porto Alegre tuvo participación destacada a través del envió de deportistas a los Juegos de Río de Janeiro así como organizando un evento. Tal participación, resulta probablemente de su fuerte tradición en asociaciones deportivas.

Valoración de las actividades de orientación de contenido de la disciplina Morfofisiología Humana / Assessment of the content orientation activities of Human Morphophysioloogy discipline

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal, en cuatro policlínicos facultades del Polo de Formación de Jagüey Grande con el objetivo de valorar la preparación y desarrollo de las actividades de orientación de contenidos, de la disciplina Morfofisiología Humana como una novedosa forma organizativa dentro del proceso docente-educativo del Nuevo Programa de Formación de Médicos Latinoamericanos. Se les aplicó el instrumento a 308 estudiantes y 68 profesores, los que constituyeron la muestra dentro del universo del total de profesores y estudiantes de los centros antes mencionados. Esto permitió concluir que aunque en términos generales el balance es positivo, se deben mejorar algunos aspectos, tales como la preparación previa de los estudiantes, la orientación por parte de los profesores de algunos aspectos metodológicos en la realización de la actividad, y la gestión de los profesores y de los estudiantes en su desarrollo de valores

A cross-sectional descriptive research study was conducted in four polyclinics which serve as medical faculties in the Formation Pole of Jaguey Grande municipality. The objective was to assess the preparation and development of content orientation activities in Human Morphophysiology as a novel organizational form within the educational and teaching process of the New Formation Program of Latin-American Physicians. This instrument was administered to 308 students and 68 professors, who made up the sample from the total universe of professors and students of the above-mentioned centers. This allowed arriving at the conclusion that although the overall balance was positive, some aspects such as previous preparation of students, the instructions on some methodological aspects to carry out the activity, and the work of both professors and students to develop values for these activities must be improved

Valoración de la utilización de los medios de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las actividades de orientación de contenido / Assessment of the use of teaching-learning aids in content guiding activities

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal, en 4 policlínicos facultades del Polo de Formación de Jagüey Grande con el objetivo de valorar la preparación y utilización de los medios de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las actividades de orientación de contenidos de la disciplina Morfofisiología Humana, como una novedosa forma organizativa dentro del proceso docente-educativo del Nuevo Programa de Formación de Médicos Latinoamericanos. Se les aplicó el instrumento a 308 estudiantes y 68 profesores, los que constituyeron la muestra dentro del universo del total de profesores y estudiantes de los centros antes mencionados. Se caracterizó la utilización de los medios auxiliares de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en particular, de los videos didácticos, se demostró su importancia y eficacia en el proceso para el que fueron concebidos, por lo cual deben tenerse en cuenta algunos aspectos perfectibles, en aras de elevar la calidad y lograr un mayor desarrollo de este importante medio de enseñanza.

A cross-sectional descriptive research study was made in 4 teaching polyclinics located in the Medical Formation Complex of Jaguey Grande, with the objective of assessing the preparation and use of teaching-learning aids in the content guiding activities of the subject Human Morphophysiology, as a novel organizational form within the teaching-education process of the New Program of Latin American Medical Formation. The instrument was applied to 308 students and 68 professors, who were the sample taken from the universe of students and professors of the above-mentioned institutions. The use of teaching-learning aids, particularly didactic videos, was characterized. Their importance and efficacy in the process were proved, therefore, some aspects that are to be improved must be taken into account, with a view to increasing quality and to developing even more this important teaching means.

Variables psicosociales que median en el debut sexual de adolescentes en España / Psychosocial variables related to sexual debut in adolescents in Spain

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las variables sociodemográficas y psicosociales que median en el debut sexual de los adolescentes en España. Participaron 2.153 adolescentes residentes en España, entre 14 y 19 años de edad, y de distinto origen cultural. De ellos, el 67.7% eran autóctonos españoles y el 32.3% inmigrantes latinoamericanos. El 19.2% de los participantes no había tenido contacto sexual, el 47.3% lo había tenido sin penetración y el 33.5% restante manifestó haber tenido relaciones sexuales con penetración. Se llevó a cabo una regresión logística multinomial para comparar a los adolescentes de los tres grupos, a través de la cual se concluye que las relaciones sexuales sin penetración pueden ser predichas por las actitudes positivas hacia el preservativo y que las relaciones sexuales con penetración pueden serlo por la adaptación personal, la adaptación escolar y las actitudes positivas hacia el preservativo. Posteriormente, a través de un análisis de regresión logística binaria, se obtuvo que los adolescentes latinoamericanos, las mujeres, los que están más adaptados en el ámbito personal y los que presentan menos autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo tienen más probabilidades de tener relaciones sexuales con penetración. En la discusión se resalta la importancia de la edad de inicio en las relaciones sexuales como factor clave para la emisión de conductas sexuales de riesgo.

The aim of this study was to analyze variables that are related to sexual debut in adolescents in Spain. Participants were 2.153 adolescents who lived in Spain. Ages ranged from 14 to 19 years old. Of them, 67.7% were native Spanish and 32.3% were Latin American immigrants. 19.2% of adolescents had never had any sexual contact; 47.3% had had sexual activities without penetration and 33.5% reported sexual intercourse experience. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to compare these three groups of adolescents. According to that analysis, positive attitudes towards condom use predicted sexual activities without penetration. Likewise, personal and scholar adaptation and positive attitudes towards condom use predicted sexual intercourse experience. Subsequently, a binomial logistic regression analysis was performed. This analysis showed that Latin American adolescents, females, those adolescents who were more adapted in the personal area as well as those who had less self-efficacy towards condom use, had a higher likelihood of having had sexual intercourse experience. In the discussion section, relevance of age at first sexual intercourse as a key factor for sexual risk behaviour engagement is highlighted.

Simposios Ibero-latinoamericanos de terminología morfológica (SILAT): primeros dos años y normativas vigentes / Iberia-Latin-American symposia of morphological terminology (SILAT): first two years and statute

Con motivo de cumplir los dos primeros años de vida, se realiza una reseña de SILAT como programa científico y educativo que sirve de instrumento para analizar y solucionar los problemas de la terminología médica morfológica en los países de habla hispana y portuguesa de América. Se describen los fundamentos de su creación, su estrategia y el alcance en la región, los años fundacionales y su futuro inmediato. Finalmente, se señalan algunas conclusiones y se anexa su Estatuto.

On the occasion of meeting the first two years of life, it makes a review of SILAT as scientific and educational program that serves as a tool to analyze and solve the problems of morphological medical terminology in the countries of Hispanic and Portuguese-speaking America. It describes the basis of its creation, strategy and scope in the region, the founding years and its immediate future. Finally, some conclusions are indicated and it Statute is annexed.

Papel del Diplomado de Educación Médica en la formación como profesores de los especialistas de Medicina General Integral en el Nuevo Programa de Formación de Médicos Latinoamericanos / Role of Medical Education Graduated in training as professors of specialists in Integral General Medicine in the new Program of Latin American Physicians Training

En el Nuevo Programa de Formación de Médicos Latinoamericanos el modelo pedagógico concibe a un médico insertado en la atención primaria como el profesor principal que conduce el proceso formativo desde el inicio de la carrera. El papel del especialista en Medicina General Integral en su función docente educativa ha sido decisivo, ha adquirido una nueva dimensión, se ha tornado en el docente por excelencia, por su desempeño exitoso como médico y por sus condiciones políticas, morales, éticas y humanísticas. Este programa ha llevado a la incorporación como profesores a miles de médicos, la mayoría especialistas en Medicina General Integral, pero sin previas experiencias docentes. En estas circunstancias se ha incluido en el sistema de Preparación Profesoral el diplomado de Educación Médica como elemento estratégico para garantizar un proceso docente educativo con la necesaria calidad

The New Program of Latin American Physicians Training considers the physician involved in primary care as the main professor managing the formative process from the onset of career. The role of specialist in Integral General Medicine in its teaching function has been essential, has acquired a new dimension, has becomes the professor par excellence, according to its successful performance as physician and by its political, moral, ethical and human conditions. Present program has allowed that thousand of physicians be professor, most are specialists in Integral General Medicine, but without a previous teaching experience. Under these circumstances the Qualification of Medical Education is included into the Profesoral Training as a strategic element to guarantee an educational teaching process with the necessary quality

Equidade em saúde: o caso da tuberculose na comunidade de bolivianos no município de São Paulo / Equity in health: the case of tuberculosis in the bolivian community in São Paulo municipality

Descrever o comportamento da tuberculose (TB) na comunidade boliviana residente em quatro distritos do município de São Paulo (MSP), Belém, Bom Retiro, Brás e Pari, no período de 1998 a 2008, analisar seu possível impacto na tendência dessa doença e investigar possíveis disparidades em relação ao acesso aos serviços e na qualidade do atendimento entre bolivianos e brasileiros. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo de casos notificados de TB entre migrantes bolivianos. Os dados foram obtidos junto à vigilância da TB do MSP. As variáveis de interesse foram: características sócio-demográficas, aspectos diagnósticos, clínicos e terapêuticos, comportamentais, co-morbidades e indicadores de acesso aos serviços e de qualidade do atendimento. A análise foi efetuada comparando a as variáveis de interesse entre pacientes de nacionalidade boliviana e brasileira residentes nos mesmos distritos. Para a comparação de proporções aplicamos o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher e para médias o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Foram notificados 2434 casos de TB nos distritos estudados, dos quais 67,5 por cento, 30,4 por cento e 2,1 por cento eram, respectivamente de nacionalidade brasileira, boliviana e outras; a participação boliviana foi crescente no período, elevando-se de 15 por cento para 53 por cento dos casos; observando­ se uma queda de 43,5 por cento no número absoluto de casos entre os brasileiros e um incremento de 250 por cento entre bolivianos. A incidência na área de estudo em 2008 era 3,5 vezes maior do que a verificada, em média, no MSP. Comparados aos brasileiros os bolivianos eram mais jovens (média: 26 versus 39 anos; p<=0,0001) e a prevalência de desemprego entre eles era mais baixa (2,4 por cento versus 10,4 por cento; p<0,0001). Para o período de 2006 a 2008, os bolivianos apresentam taxas mais elevada de cura (70,9 por cento versus 62,1 por cento; p<0,001) e de tratamento supervisionado (81,9 por cento versus 62,2 por cento; p<0,001)...

Describing the tuberculosis in the bolivian community resident in the districts of Belém, Bom Retiro, Bras and Pari, located in the municipality of São Paulo (MSP), in the period 1998 to 2008, analyze its possible difference in relation to access services and quality of health care among bolivians and brazilians. Methods: Descriptive study of notified cases of TB among bolivian immigrants. The data are obtained from the TB surveillance of the MSP. The variables of interest were socio-demographic characteristics, diagnostic aspects, clinical and therapeutical, behavioral, comorbidities and indicators of access to services and quality of care. The analysis was performed comparing the variables between bolivians and brazilians patients residing in the same districts. For comparison of proportion was applied the chi-square test or Fisher exact test and for means the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Were reported 2434 TB cases in districts studied, whom 67,5%, 30,4% e 2,1% were respectively brazilians, bolivians and others nationalities; the bolivian participation increased in the period, rise from 15% to 53% of all cases, observing a drop of 43,5% in the absolute numbers of cases among the brazilians and a increase of 250% among bolivians. The incidence in study area in 2008 was 3,5 times greater than that seen on average in MSP. Compared to brazilians, bolivians were younger (mean: 26 versus 39 years, p=0.0001 and the prevalence of unemployment was lowest (2,4% versus 10,4%, p<0,0001. In 2006 to 2008, bolivians have higher rates of cure (70,9 versus 62,1%, p<0,001) and supervised treatment (81,9% versus 62,2%), and lower rates of TB in past (6,9% versus 16,9%, p<0,0001)...

Club de Cirugía Experimental: nuestra experiencia con los alumnos latinoamericanos del pre-médico / Experimental surgery club: our experience with Latin American students of the pre doctorate

El aprendizaje de los procedimientos quirúrgicos en edades tempranas, favorece la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades en el alumno en los primeros años de la Carrera de Medicina. Nuestro Centro ha impartido cursos de habilidades quirúrgicas básicas tempranas a alumnos 1ro y 2do año de Medicina, con resultados satisfactorios. La llegada a nuestra Institución de los alumnos latinoamericanos para la realización del pre-médico constituyó un reto para infinidad de Departamentos docentes que crearon sus clubes, no quedando exento nuestro Centro que creó el Club de Cirugía experimental. El club contó con una matrícula inicial de 126 alumnos, teniendo tres encuentros teórico-prácticos y se programó por ciclos que incluía 6 temas. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios y sorprendentes tanto desde el punto de vista de la adquisición de conocimientos en los procedimientos quirúrgicos como en el desarrollo de las habilidades requeridas. El Club sirvió para orientar a los alumnos a decidirse por estudiar una especialidad quirúrgica, una vez graduados, y para otros a desistir. Además permitió elevar el nivel de preparación de los estudiantes para el desarrollo exitoso de cualquier proyecto de investigación que necesite de alguna técnica quirúrgica y en sus estancias en los cuerpos de guardia en atención de los pacientes.

In our center there have been implemented courses of early basic surgical abilities to the students of the first and second year of their careers, with satisfactory results. The arrival, at our center, of Latin American students for the pre doctorate preparation was a challenge for all the teaching departments, which created their clubs, and our department created the Club of experimental surgery. The initial inscription of our club was of 126 students, having three theoretical and practical confrontations and was programmed by cycles including six topics. The results were satisfactory and amazing from the point of view of the acquisition of knowledge in surgical procedures as in the development of the required abilities. The Club was important in orienting the students to decide to follow up a surgical residency once graduated and for others, to quit the idea. Besides, it allowed increasing the level of preparation of students for the successful development of any other investigative project which needed a surgical technique and also in their stay in E.R. and patient's care.

Estudio epidemiológico de sucesos traumáticos, trastorno de estrés post-traumático y otros trastornos psiquiátricos en una muestra representativa de Chile / Epidemiology of trauma, PTSD and other psychiatric disorders in a representative population of Chile

In the last decade, our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has progressed from studies of war veterans and specific disaster victims to studies that examine the epidemiology of PTSD in the United States (USA) population. Epidemiologic data on PTSD in developing countries is an understudied area with the majority of studies were developed in the USA and other developed countries. Of the few epidemiological surveys undertaken in other countries, most of them have focused its interest on the prevalence rates of PTSD and its risk factors for following specific traumatic events. Besides increasing the international normative and descriptive data base on PTSD, an examination of prevalence rates and risk factors for PTSD in a socio-political and cultural context (that is markedly different to established market economies) can deepen our understanding of the phenomenology and determinants of PTSD. Although many psychiatric diagnoses can be related with previous traumatic experiences, PTSD has been identified as a disorder that requires a previous traumatic exposure for its diagnosis. A growing literature strongly suggests that early exposure to traumatic events disrupts crucial normal stages of childhood development and predisposes children to subsequent psychiatric sequelae. A series of epidemiological studies has demonstrated that childhood sexual abuse is associated with a range of psychiatric disorders in adulthood that includes mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, even after adjusting for possible confounds, such as family factors and parental psychopathological disorders or other childhood adversities. There is little evidence of diagnostic specificity of childhood sexual abuse, although a consistent finding has been that alcohol and drug disorders are more strongly related to childhood sexual abuse than other psychiatric disorders. Other forms of childhood traumas have been less well studied. This article reviews the findings of an epidemiological study that took place in Chile and examined prevalence rates of PTSD, traumatic events most often associated with PTSD, comorbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, gender differences in PTSD as well as trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans. This article also reported a comparison of prevalence rates of various psychiatric disorders among persons who reported the first trauma during their childhood, those who reported the first trauma during their adulthood, and those with no trauma history. The study was based on a household-stratified sample of people defined by the health service system to be adults (aged 15 years and older). The study was designed to represent the population of Chile. This analysis is limited to three geographically distinct provinces, chosen as being representative of the distribution of much of the population. The interviews were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years. The measures used were the DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic. Traumatic events were categorized into one of 11 categories: military combat, rape, physical assault, seeing someone hurt or killed, disaster, threat, narrow escape, sudden injury/ accident, news of a sudden death or accident, other event (e.g. kidnapping, torture), or other experience. The translation into Spanish was conducted using the protocol outlined by the World Health Organization. The interviewers were all university students in their senior year studying social sciences. Taylor series linearization method was used to estimate the standard errors due to the sample design and the need for weighting. The analysis was conducted using procedures without replacement for non-respondents. The region, province, comuna, and district selected were used as the defined strata. Logistic regression with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was used to examine associations among PTSD, demographic risk factors, and trauma type. To examine whether the association between PTSD and gender could be explained by other risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analyses were also conducted. The first analysis found that the lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4.4% (2.5% for men and 6.2% for women). Among the traumatic events, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD diagnosis. Among those exposed to traumas, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD than men, after controlling for assaultive violence. The second analysis revealed that exposure to a lifetime trauma was associated with a higher probability of psychiatric morbidity in comparison with no trauma exposure. Traumas with childhood onset were significantly related to lifetime panic disorder, independent of number of lifetime traumas and demographic differences. This revealed that women had more probabilities than men of developing PTSD once they are exposed to trauma, independent of previous traumas, experiences of sexual assault, other violent experiences or level of education. Some authors have proposed that women have a higher vulnerability than men to develop PTSD and that there are sex differences in brain morphology, in the social interpretation of trauma, or/and in the peritraumatic dissociative experience. Although many theories have been proposed to explain this gender difference in PTSD, more research is needed to evaluate them empirically. This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, the patterns of comorbidity of PTSD, as well as gender differences of PTSD in non-English speaking countries. Although Chile has a different historical and socio-cultural context with respect to other countries in which the epidemiology of PTSD has been examined, in general, this study achieved similar results as those found in other studies. The results showed that PTSD is not an uncommon psychiatric illness, it is associated with a high degree of psychiatric comorbidity, it is more likely to predate other psychiatric disorders. Also, the results showed that men are more likely to be exposed to traumas than women, women are more likely than men to develop PTSD, and that PTSD is associated with relatively high treatment utilization. However, compared to another country in Latin America, such as Mexico, Chile has a lower prevalence of PTSD and trauma exposure, which may due to socio-economic factors, such as less inequity between the wealthy and the poor and less violence, crime, and poverty in Chile than Mexico. These studies also suggest that traumatic events that occur in childhood are related to specific disorders rather than those that occurred later in life. Individuals with childhood interpersonal trauma exposure are more likely to suffer from lifetime panic disorder, agoraphobia or PTSD compared to those who experience interpersonal trauma as an adult. However, research should examine the specificity of these disorders in relation to various types of childhood traumas. Limitations of the current study include the use of lay interviewers who, despite acceptable levels of reliability and validity, may be less accurate than clinicians as interviewers. Also the retrospective recall of lifetime disorders is likely to be less accurate than a more recent time frame. The sample used in this study does not show nation wide perspective, because the Southern portion of the country which includes much of the indigenous population was excluded. This study, like most epidemiological studies, did not use an-depth or validated index of trauma, which may have diluted findings. Since this study was cross-sectional, a direct cause-effect relationship cannot be assumed between trauma exposure and subsequent disorders.

Durante la década de 1990 en los Estados Unidos (EU), el conocimiento sobre el trastorno de estrés post-traumático (TEPT) evolucionó de estudios específicos en un principio, sobre veteranos de guerra y sobre víctimas de desastres, a estudios epidemiológicos más tarde, sin embargo, la epidemiología del TEPT en países en desarrollo ha sido un área poco estudiada hasta ahora. Los expertos en el área de trauma han propuesto que los sucesos traumáticos que ocurren en la niñez son más perjudiciales para la salud mental que aquellos que ocurren más tarde en la vida. Este trabajo revisa los resultados de un estudio epidemiológico llevado a cabo en Chile. Específicamente, se revisan los resultados sobre las tasas de prevalencia del TEPT, traumas asociados más frecuentemente con él, así como la comorbilidad de este trastorno con otros trastornos psiquiátricos a lo largo de la vida. Igualmente se analizaron las diferencias del TEPT en cada sexo, así como la exposición a traumas en una muestra representativa de chilenos. Además se comparó la prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos en personas que sufrieron su primer trauma durante la niñez, durante la edad adulta, o que no reportaron traumas durante su vida. En estos estudios epidemiológicos se usaron módulos del TEPT y trastorno de personalidad antisocial (TPA) de la entrevista diagnóstica siguiendo los criterios del DSM-III-R (DIS-III-R). Para evaluar el resto de los trastornos psiquiátricos se usó la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta (CIDI). Estos instrumentos fueron administrados en tres ciudades chilenas a 2390 personas mayores de 15 años. Para estimar los errores estándares (EE) debido al diseño de la muestra y a la necesidad de ajuste se usó el método Taylor de linearización seriada. También se usó un análisis de regresión logística para examinar la relación entre el TEPT, los factores demográficos de riesgo y el tipo de trauma. Además se utilizó la regresión logística multivariada para evaluar si la relación entre el TEPT y el sexo pudiera ser explicada por medio de otros factores de riesgo, así como para calcular las tasas y la oportunidad relativa (razón de productos cruzados) de trastornos psiquiátricos a lo largo de la vida. El primer análisis arrojó que la prevalencia de TEPT a lo largo de la vida fue de 4.4% (2.5% para hombres y 6.2% para mujeres). De los hechos traumáticos reportados, la violación sexual tuvo una correlación más alta con el TEPT que los demás hechos traumáticos. Las mujeres tuvieron más probabilidades de experimentar TEPT que los hombres, después de controlar la variable asalto violento. El segundo análisis evidenció que los que habían sufrido traumas a lo largo de la vida tuvieron mayor probabilidad de tener un trastorno psiquiátrico en comparación con aquellos que no reportaron traumas. También se encontró que los que sufrieron su primer trauma durante la infancia tuvieron más probabilidad de desarrollar trastornos de pánico a lo largo de la vida que aquellos que sufrieron su primer trauma en la edad adulta, independientemente del número de traumas que sufrieron y de las diferencias demográficas. Aunque Chile tiene un contexto histórico-cultural y una economía diferente a otros países en los que se ha estudiado anteriormente la epidemiología del TEPT, el presente estudio reflejó tendencias similares a las reportadas en estudios previos. Los hallazgos expuestos enfatizan la importancia de investigar la prevalencia del TEPT, los patrones de comorbilidad del TEPT y las diferencias de sexo en la prevalencia del TEPT en diferentes países. También estos resultados sugieren que los sucesos traumáticos en la infancia (y no en la adultez) pueden estar relacionados con la ocurrencia de trastornos psiquiátricos específicos.