Occurrence regularity and integrated control of leaf miner in safflower / 中国中药杂志

Leaf miner is one of the major pests on safflower, which causes yield loss and poor quality seriously. "Weihonghua", "nine safflower varieties" and "three chemical insecticides" as materials that used to evaluate variety and regularity of leaf miner, safflower resistant level, and different proportions insecticides in field efficiency test. The results showed that Liriomyza sativae and L. huidobrensis accounted for 80%, the peak period of two pests was all in July; but Phytomyza horticola is relative less, its peak period occured in June. Three were great difference of resistance to leaf miner among safflower varieties, FQ12 and YJ65 expressed higher resistibility to leaf miner by ratio method. With abamectin 2% emulsifiable concentrate diluted for 2 000 times, or the mixture three insecticides(bifenthrin 20% water emulsions, thiamethoxam 25% water dispersible granule, abamectin 2% emulsifiable concentrate=1∶1∶1) diluted for 3 000 times, which were sprayed on leaves at squaring stage and lethal rate was 96% after 48 h in the study. Through comparative study on the variety and regularity of leaf miner, screen for resistant varieties to leaf miner and for high efficiency pesticide. The study provides theoretical basis and reference for integrated pest management of leaf miner.

Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

ABSTRACT Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) are commonly known by the leaf miner habit found in the larval stage of most species. By using worldwide, public databases on species diversity and DNA sequences available for extant gracillariid species, we determined changes in the rate of taxonomic species descriptions through time, mapped their spatial distributions, examined their phylogenetic diversification, and estimated the number of species yet to be described for the family in the Neotropics. We recovered 185 species, a number that is smaller than that found in any other biogeographic region. However, it was estimated that at least 3875 additional species remain to be described in the region. Phylogenetic diversification showed a pattern of expanding diversity. A few entomologists have been involved with gracillariid taxonomy in the Neotropics, having 39% of the species been described by a single taxonomist. In most of such cases, descriptions were based on the adults only. A few species have been described from biomes known to have some of the greatest diversity on earth, such as the Atlantic Forest. Thus, such a scenario results from low sampling and scarce taxonomic activity that has prevailed for this family of moths in the Neotropics. It may also be associated with their small body size and to the fact that gracillariids do not seem to be attracted to light traps as much as other moths, which make their collection and identification by non experts difficult. We also suggested scientific and political actions that could be adopted to overcome such an unfavorable scenario.

Ação sistêmica e translaminar do óleo de nim visando ao controle de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep: Gelechiidae) em tomateiro / Systemic and translaminar action of neem oil for the control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep: Gelechiidae) in tomato

A traça Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) é o inseto-praga que mais compromete a produção do tomateiro. Basear o seu controle no uso de inseticidas sintéticos pode comprometer a cultura em termos econômicos e ambientais. Como alternativa de controle, o óleo de nim foi aplicado em folhas de tomateiro, avaliando os efeitos inseticida e antialimentar por ação sistêmica e translaminar. No ensaio para avaliar a ação translaminar, o óleo diluído em água foi aplicado na superfície adaxial dos folíolos, em concentrações de 0,5, 1, 5 e 10%. A mortalidade observada variou entre 49 e 100%, e o tamanho médio das minas, entre 1,62 e 0,34 cm. Nos tratamentos representados por água e água + emulsificante (5%), a mortalidade não ultrapassou 20%, com tamanho médio das minas de 1,63 cm. O estudo da ação sistêmica foi realizado ao aplicar o óleo de nim na superfície adaxial e abaxial de todas as folhas das plantas, à exceção daquelas em que as lagartas foram infestadas. Neste ensaio, o óleo foi aplicado nas concentrações de 1, 2,5 e 5%, diluídos em água e emulsificante. Observou-se que a mortalidade foi maior que 90% quando o óleo foi aplicado nas concentrações de 2,5 e 5%, sendo o tamanho médio das minas inferior a 1,0 cm. Não ocorreu mortalidade nos tratamentos controle, mas o tamanho das minas foi, em média, de 1,96 cm. Desta maneira ficou evidenciado que o óleo de nim apresenta efeito inseticida e antialimentar sobre lagartas de T. absoluta, com a propriedade de ser incorporado e translocado através das folhas de tomateiro.(AU)

The leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is the pest that mostly jeopardizes tomato production. The use of synthetic pesticides for its control can affect the crop economically and environmentally. As an alternative form of control, neem oil was applied on tomato leaves in order to assess antifeedant and insecticidal effects by systemic and translaminar action. In experiment for translaminar action, oil diluted in water was applied to the adaxial surface of leaflets at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5 and 10%. The mortality rate ranged between 49 and 100%, and the average size of the mines, between 1.62 and 0.34 cm. In treatments represented by water and water + emulsifier (5%), mortality did not surpass 20%, with the average size of mines reaching 1.63 cm. The study of systemic action was performed by applying neem oil to the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of all leaves, except those that were infested by caterpillars. In this assay, the oil was applied at concentrations of 1, 2.5 and 5%, being diluted in water and emulsifiers. We observed that the mortality rate exceeded 90% when the oil was applied at concentrations of 2.5 and 5%, and the average size of mines was smaller than 1.0 cm. There was no mortality in the control treatments, but the mine size was on average 1.96 cm. Therefore, it is clear that the neem oil has an insecticidal and anti-food effect on T. absoluta caterpillars, and is possible to be incorporated and applied on tomato leaves.(AU)

A replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

A replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Vihualpenia nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas, 2013 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), in order to remove homonymy with Hualpenia Franz, 1996 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae).

A remarkable leaf mine induced by Tachygonus sp.n. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Rhamphini) on Erythroxylum subsessile (Erythroxylaceae) with a description of the new species / Mina foliar singular induzida por Tachygonus sp. n. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Tachygoninae) em Erythroxylum subsessile (Erythroxylaceae) com descrição da nova espécie

In this study, we describe and present original data on the bionomics and ecology of Tachygonus erythroxyli Hespenheide, New Species, on Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.). Thirty individuals of E. subsessile were analysed every two months, from October, 2006 to October, 2007 at the National Park of Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ) Carapebus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Females of T. erythroxyli lay their eggs singly on the upper surface of the host's leaves. The mine of T. erythroxyli is expanded with three bubbles, each one representing one larval instar. These mines occur throughout the year in at least half of the host plants and are markedly more abundant in summer. We obtained three parasitoid species, making a total of 53% of the rate of parasitism. Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae) was the most prevalent and represented 88% of the parasitoids. The great abundance of Tachygonus mines, their high frequency in their host plant, and local monophagy of this leaf miner weevil suggest a close association between T. erythroxyli and Erythroxylum subsessile.

No presente estudo, foram descritos e apresentados os primeiros dados sobre bionomia e ecologia de Tachygonus erythroxyli Hespenheide, New Species, em Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.). Trinta indivíduos de E. subsessile foram amostrados a cada dois meses, de outubro de 2006 a outubro de 2007, no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ), Carapebus-Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Fêmeas de T. erythroxyli colocam ovos isolados na face superior das folhas do seu hospedeiro. A mina de T. erythroxyli é do tipo expandida e apresenta um formato de três bolhas, sendo que cada bolha corresponde a um estádio da larva. Essas minas ocorrem ao longo de todo o ano em pelo menos metade das plantas hospedeiras, sendo marcadamente mais abundantes no verão. Foram obtidas três espécies de parasitoides que, juntas, demonstraram uma taxa de parasitismo de 53%. Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae) foi a mais abundante e representou 88% dos parasitoides. A grande abundância de minas de Tachygonus, a alta frequência em seu hospedeiro e a monofagia local desse besouro minador de folhas sugere uma forte associação entre T. erythroxyli e Erythroxylum subsessile.

Plant Extracts as an Alternative to Control Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

We evaluated the effects of crude extracts from the plantain Plantago lanceolata and the bitter gourd Momordica charantia on the oviposition preference and development of the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet under laboratory and/or greenhouse conditions. The ovicidal effects of these extracts were also studied in a greenhouse. Plantago lanceolata and M. charantia extracts also underwent fractionation directed by oviposition tests with the coffee leaf miner. The extracts of both plants reduced L. coffeella oviposition and egg hatching, apparently as a result of action of plant metabolites on the embryo. Adults originating from eggs treated with the extracts exhibited similar survival rates, but a higher female/male ratio. Fecundity was reduced for females obtained from eggs treated with the M. charantia extract. Partial chemical analysis indicated that both extracts produced polar fractions that reduced the oviposition of L. coffeella on coffee leaves under laboratory conditions. The extracts of P. lanceolata and M. charantia have potential for use in the development of new products to control the coffee leaf miner.

Seleção de isolados de fungos entomopatogênicos para o controle de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) e sua compatibilidade com alguns inseticidas usados na cultura do tomateiro / Selection of isolates of entomopathogenic fungi for controlling Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and their compatibility with insecticides used in tomato crop

The activity of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana towards eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) was evaluated. Our data showed that the isolates were pathogenic to both developmental stages tested and the eggs were more susceptible than the 1st instars. The isolates URPE-6 and URPE-19 of M. anisopliae were more pathogenic to eggs and larvae, respectively. The compatibility of these two isolates with the insecticides chlorfenapyr, spinosad, indoxacarb, abamectin, and neem were evaluated. Spinosad and indoxacarb were compatible with the two M. anisopliae isolates in all tested concentrations. At the average recommended concentration, chlorfenapyr was compatible to URPE-6 and abamectin to UFPE-19. The use of entomopathogenic fungi associated with compatible insecticides may be a useful alternative to control T. absoluta.

Inibição da tripsina de bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro por um fator não-protéico presente em extratos de folhas de mamona / Coffee leaf miner trypsin inhibition with castor bean leaf extracts mediated by a non-protein agent

Inibidores de tripsina representam uma estratégia de controle de insetos e, por isso, a identificação e caracterização desses inibidores são etapas muito importantes para que novas formas de controle de pragas sejam desenvolvidas. Os inibidores de tripsina atuam na digestão primária de proteínas e comprometem o processo digestivo por completo, reduzindo a disponibilidade de aminoácidos ao inseto. A incorporação de inibidores de tripsina na dieta de insetos-praga é uma forma de controle cuja eficácia foi verificada por diferentes autores. Este projeto foi conduzido a fim de se observar a eficiência de extratos de folhas de mamona na inibição "in vitro" de proteinases do tipo tripsina do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro. Após testes realizados com os extratos de folhas de mamona não-fervidos e fervidos com e sem a adição de β-mercaptoetanol 0,2 por cento (v/v) e mediante precipitações com acetona, verificou-se que o inibidor é uma molécula termoresistente e não-protéica. Desta forma, iniciou-se um processo de purificação da molécula inibidora por meio de cromatografia de adsorção com posterior análise em espectrômetro de massas. Os resultados dos testes de inibição indicaram a presença de um inibidor de tripsina eficaz contra o bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro nos extratos de folhas de mamona capaz de inibir 2,48 + 0,15 UTI, o que representa aproximadamente 40 por cento de inibição. Em testes realizados com tripsina bovina observou-se que o extrato de folhas de mamona não apresenta poder de inibição sobre essa enzima.

Trypsin inhibitors stand for a strategy of insect control and, therefore, the identification and characterization of these inhibitors are very important steps for new forms of pest control to be developed. Trypsin inhibitors act in the primary digestion of proteins and endanger the digestive process wholly, reducing the availability of aminoacids to the insect. The incorporation of trypsin inhibitors in the diet of pest insects is a control form whose efficacy was verified by different authors. In order to observe the efficiency of castor bean leaf extracts in inhibiting trypsin-like enzymes of the coffee leaf miner, an experiment was carried out with the purpose of observing an "in vitro" inhibition phenomenon. The results of the trypsin inhibition tests with normal and boiled with and without β-mercaptoethanol 0.2 percent (v/v) castor bean leaf extracts and the results of the acetone precipitation process indicated that the inhibitor is a heat-resistant molecule and it is not a protein. This way, the purification process was made by adsorption chromatography with later analysis in mass spectrometer. The reached results indicated that the presence of a trypsin inhibitor of the coffee leaf miner in the castor bean leaf extracts is capable of inhibiting 2.48 + 0.15 UTI, which stands for about 40 percent of inhibition. Tests performed with bovine trypsin indicated that the castor bean leaf extract have no inhibiting power on this enzyme.

Efeito da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no desenvolvimento de Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) em Vigna unguiculata / Effect of temperature and relative-humidity on the development of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Vigna unguiculata

This research aimed to study the influence of temperature and relative-humidity (RH) on the development of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard during the egg-adult period, in cowpea, to provide essential information for future biological control projects against the pest. An inverse relation was observed between temperature increase in the range from 15°C to 32°C and development duration. Larval survival was not affected in the temperature range studied, while a high mortality of pupae was observed at 32°C (59.9 percent). RH did not affect the development time of the immature stages, although it influenced their survival. The lower developmental temperature threshold obtained for the egg-adult period was low (7.3°C) when compared with other species of Liriomyza, and was rather low for the larval stage (3.4°C). Based on the thermal requirements for L. sativae, it was possible to estimate the occurrence of 24.5 annual generations at a melon producing region in state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. For laboratory rearing aimed at biological control pest programs, the best rearing conditions are 30°C and 50 percent RH for the larval stage and 90 percent RH for the pupal stage.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar (UR) no desenvolvimento de Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, durante o período ovo-adulto, em feijão caupi, para fornecer subsídios a futuros projetos de controle biológico da praga. Verificou-se uma relação inversa entre o aumento da temperatura na faixa de 15°C a 32°C e a duração do desenvolvimento. A sobrevivência larval não foi afetada na faixa térmica estudada, enquanto a 32°C houve alta mortalidade de pupas (59,9 por cento). A UR não afetou a duração dos estágios imaturos, embora tenha influenciado a sua sobrevivência. O limiar térmico inferior de desenvolvimento obtido para o período ovo-adulto foi baixo (7,3°C), se comparado a outras espécies de Liriomyza, e bastante reduzido para a fase larval (3,4°C). De acordo com as exigências térmicas constatadas para L. sativae foi possível estimar a ocorrência de 24,5 gerações anuais na região produtora de melão, em Mossoró, RN. Para criações de laboratório, visando à implementação de programas de controle biológico da praga, as melhores condições são temperatura de 30°C e UR de 50 por cento para a fase de larva e 90 por cento para o estágio de pupa de L. sativae.

Efeitos de variáveis ambientais, irrigação e vespas predadoras sobre Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) no cafeeiro / Effects of irrigation, environmental variability and predatory wasp on Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), in coffee plants

A densidade populacional do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) pode ser afetada por variáveis ambientais em agroecossistemas irrigados e vespas predadoras tais como Vespidae. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos das variáveis ambientais, de lâminas de irrigação via gotejamento, e da predação por vespas na densidade populacional de L. coffeella. O experimento foi conduzido entre os anos de 2004 e 2005, em lavoura de Coffea arabica L. no município de Jaboticatubas, MG, Brasil. As diferentes lâminas de irrigação, aplicadas via gotejamento, foram estabelecidas tomando por referência a lâmina diária requerida pelo programa IRRIPLUS, que foi igual a 100 por cento e, duas outras abaixo, 51 por cento e 72 por cento, e acima, 124 por cento e 145 por cento, com a testemunha sem irrigação. Para a avaliação da densidade populacional do bicho mineiro e da predação determinou-se o número de minas ativas e predadas no quarto par de folhas do ramo mediano em dez plantas. Para estudar as interações entre as variáveis ambientais, lâminas de irrigação com as densidades de minas de L. coffeella e vespas predadoras foram realizadas análise multivariada, análises de regressão linear simples e trilha. Conclui-se que a maior precipitação pluvial, radiação solar e lâminas de irrigação reduzem a densidade populacional do bicho-mineiro. Além disso, o aumento na densidade das vespas predadoras foi dependente dos níveis populacionais de L. coffeella.

The population density of the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) can be affected by environmental variables in irrigated agroecosystems and the occurrence of predatory wasps such as Vespidae. In here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental variables, drip irrigation depths and predation by wasps on the population density of L. coffeella. The experiment was carried out during 2004 and 2005 in a Coffea arabica plantation cultivated in the county of Jaboticatubas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The different irrigation depths set through drip were established considering the daily depth required by the IRRIPLUS program, which was equal to 100 percent, and two other lower (51 percent and 72 percent) and higher (124 percent and 145 percent) values, having the control without irrigation. In order to evaluate the coffee leaf miner population density and predation, the number of active and preyed mines was determined on the fourth pair of leaves in a group of ten plants. For the study of interactions among the environmental variables, irrigation depths with the mine density of L. coffeella and predatory wasps, the following methods were used: multivariated analysis, simple linear regression and trail. We concluded that higher pluvial precipitation, solar radiation and irrigation depths would reduce population density of the coffee leaf miner. Furthermore, the increase in density of the predatory wasps was dependent on the population level of L. coffeella.

Enzimas digestivas do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) / Coffee leaf miner's digestive enzymes Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

Os insetos possuem diferentes enzimas digestivas que catalisam as reações de hidrólise do alimento consumido e essas se diferenciam entre os insetos de acordo com suas dietas e estado fisiológico. Foram avaliadas as atividades de algumas enzimas digestivas da praga do cafeeiro - Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) - popularmente conhecida como bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro, para o entendimento de seu processo digestivo. Lagartas do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro foram coletadas em campo e em casa-de-vegetação. O extrato enzimático utilizado foi obtido pela maceração das lagartas em água (4ºC). Determinaram-se os pH's ótimos e as atividades das enzimas α e β-glicosidases, α-amilase, aminopeptidase, fosfatase alcalina, sacarase, trealase e tripsina, incubando o extrato enzimático do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro com substratos específicos. A análise dos resultados sugere que o processo digestivo e o ambiente intestinal do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro sejam similares com o dos demais lepidópteros encontrados na literatura.

Insects are fitted with different digestive enzymes that catalyses the food hydrolysis. Those enzymes differ from one insect to another according to their diets and physiological status. In this work, one intended to verify the activities of some digestive enzymes of the coffee leaf miner - Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) - as a pre-requisite to understand its digest process, since this insect is a major plague in coffee production systems. Coffee leaf miner caterpillars were collected in fields and in greenhouse. The enzyme extract utilized in determining the enzyme activities was obtained through grinding the caterpillars in cold water. The optimum pH and the activities of the enzymes α and β-glucosidases, α-amylase, aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, saccharase, trehalase and trypsin were measured by incubating the enzyme extract with specific substrates. The analysis of the optimum pH's indicated that the digestive process and intestinal environment of this insect are similar to another lepidopterans consulted in the literature.

Morphology and biology of Porphyrosela minuta Clarke 1953 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae) in Uruguay

Porphyrosela minuta Clarke is a gracillariid that causes damage on white clover (Trifolium repens) in Uruguay. In this article, the eggs, all the larval instars, the pupa and the external morphological characteristics of the adult are described. Information about the insect's biology under laboratory and field conditions is presented. The eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of the leaflets. The larvae make extensive mines that appear as white blotches. The larvae develop through five instars and do not remain exposed during their development. At 25°C the life cycle lasted 16.2 days, made up of 3.0 for eggs, 8.8 for larvae and 4.4 for pupae. Females began laying on the first night, and during an oviposition period that varied between five and 12 days deposited an average of 71.8 eggs. It is a multivoltine species and seven to nine generations occur between November and the end of March.

Porphyrosela minuta Clarke es un gracilárido que causa daños sobre trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) en Uruguay. En este artículo, son descriptos huevo, todos los instares larvarios y pupa. Características morfológicas externas del adulto son igualmente incluidas. Se aporta información sobre la biología en condiciones de laboratorio y campo. Los huevos son depositados simples sobre la epidermis superior de los foliolos. Las larvas forman grandes minas a modo de manchas blancas. La larva pasa por cinco estadios sin permanecer expuesta durante su desarrollo. A 25°C el ciclo de vida requirió de 16,2 días en completarse, correspondiendo 3,0 a huevos, 8,8 a larva y 4,4 a pupa. Las hembras iniciaron la puesta la primera noche y durante un periodo de oviposición que osciló entre cinco y 12 días depositaron en promedio 71,8 huevos. Es una especie multivoltina que desarrolla de siete a nueve generaciones de noviembre a fines de marzo.

Parasitoids of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) collected on tomato plants in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of this paper was to report on the occurrence of parasitoids of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plants, under greenhouse conditions, in Lavras County (21º14'43"S; 44º59'59"W), State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from August 2001 to February 2002. Three groups of parasitoids were collected: 21 specimens of Bracon sp. (Braconidae), one specimen of Earinus sp. (Braconidae), and 13 specimens of Conura sp. (Chalcididae). The rate of parasitism for the three species was 4.2%, 0.2%, and 2.6%, respectively. This is the first reported occurrence of Earinus sp. parasitizing Tuta absoluta in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo relatar a ocorrência de parasitóides de Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em plantas de tomate, em condições de casa-de-vegetação, em Lavras (21º14'43"S; 44º59'59"W), Minas Gerais, no período de agosto de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002. Três grupos de parasitóides foram coletados: 21 espécimes de Bracon sp. (Braconidae), um espécime de Earinus sp. (Braconidae) e 13 espécimes de Conura sp. (Chalcididae). A taxa de parasitismo para as três espécies foi de 4,2%, 0,2% e 2,6%, respectivamente. Este estudo relata, pela primeira vez no Brasil, a ocorrência de Earinus sp. parasitando Tuta absoluta.

Influência de três temperaturas na biologia e na capacidade de parasitismo de Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em laboratório / Influence of three temperatures on the biology and parasitism capacity of Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in laboratory

O objetivo da pesquisa, visando otimizar a criação de Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) em laboratório, foi estudar a capacidade de parasitismo e desenvolvimento do parasitóide a 20, 25 e 30°C. Em testes de livre escolha e confinamento o parasitismo foi semelhante em ovos ou lagartas de 1° ínstar de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. A capacidade de parasitismo foi semelhante nas três temperaturas, embora tenha havido diferenças nos outros parâmetros principalmente quanto à duração do período ovo-adulto, que foi 23,6 dias a 20°C, 18,1 dias a 25°C e 13,8 dias a 30°C. A temperatura de 25°C foi a mais adequada para criação do inseto em laboratório, por proporcionar maior sobrevivência, e produzir maior número de pupas por ovo parasitado. Embora a 20°C os resultados tenham sido muito próximos, não se recomenda tal temperatura, pois nesta condição há um alongamento do ciclo e, conseqüentemente, menor número de indivíduos produzidos.

In order to optimize rearing of Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in laboratory the parasitism capacity of the parasitoid was evaluated at 20, 25 and 30°C. After determining that the parasitism was similar in eggs and 1st-instar larvae of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton in free-choice and no choice tests, the study of the development of the parasitoid on eggs was preferred for the readiness of acquiring and handling this stage of the parasitoid development. The parasitism capacity was similar at all three temperatures, although differences occurred in the other parameters especially the duration of the egg-adult period (23.6 days to 20°C, 18.1 days to 25°C and 13.8 days to 30°C), decreasing with the thermal elevation. However, considering the aim of this work, the 25°C temperature is more adequate for rearing the insect in laboratory for providing higher survival and produced a higher number of pupae per parasitized egg. Although the results at 20°C were very close, such temperature is not recommended because the cycle is extended with a consequent lower number of individuals produced.

Horário de Oviposição e Ritmo Diário de Emergência de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) em Laboratório / Oviposition Time and Daily Emergence Rhythm of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Laboratory

The behavior of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton was studied in relation to the time of oviposition and daily emergence rhythm in laboratory under controlled temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod conditions. A crepuscular and nocturnal egg-laying habit of P. citrella was recorded with approximately 95.4% eggs laid during the scotophase (10h). Out of the total eggs laid throughout 24h, about 45.4% was concentrated on the first two hours of scotophase. P. citrella adults had a synchronized emergence, with a male:female proportion of 1:1, with a consequent sexual ratio of 0.5.

Estudou-se o comportamento de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton quanto ao horário de oviposição e ritmo diário de emergência, em laboratório sob condições controladas de temperatura, umidade relativa e fotoperíodo. Ficou caracterizado o hábito crepuscular e noturno de postura de P. citrella, com aproximadamente 95,4% dos ovos colocados durante a escotofase (10h). Do total de ovos nas 24h, cerca de 45,4% concentraram-se nas duas primeiras horas da escotofase. Adultos de P. citrella apresentaram um sincronismo na emergência, com uma proporção macho:fêmea de 1:1, e portanto, com uma razão sexual igual a 0,5.

Seletividade de inseticidas a vespas predadoras de Leucoptera coffeella (Guér.-Mènev. ) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) / Selectivity of insecticides to predatory wasps of Leucoptera coffeella (Guér.-Mènev. ) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

Estudos de toxicidade relativa dos inseticidas organo-fosforados dissulfotom, etiom, paratiom-metílico e clorpirifós às vespas predadoras Brachygastra lecheguana Latreille, Polybia paulista Ihering e Protopolybia exigua Saussure e sua presa, o bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville), foram realizados em condições de laboratório. As concentrações que mataram 99 por cento dos indivíduos de L. coffeella foram: 0,08; 83,95; 0,43; 0,07 mg i.a/cm² para dissulfotom, etiom, paratiom-metílico e clorpirifós, respectivamente. Essas concentrações foram usadas para avaliar a seletividade destes compostos em ensaio com papel de filtro impregnado com resíduo seco dos inseticidas. Paratiom-metílico e clorpirifós foram altamente tóxicos a essas espécies de vespas predadoras, enquanto disulfotom e etiom mostraram-se seletivos em favor delas.

Studies of relative toxicity of the organophosphate insecticides disulfoton, ethion, methyl-parathion e chlorpyrifos to the predatory wasps Brachygastra lecheguana Latreille, Polybia paulista Ihering e Protopolybia exigua Saussure and their prey, the coffee leaf-miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville), were carried out in laboratory. The concentrations which killed 99 percent of individuals of L. coffeella were: 0.08; 83.95; 0.43; 0.07 mg i.a/cm² of disulfoton, ethion, methyl-parathion and chlorpyrifos, respectively. These concentrations were used to assess the selectivity of insecticides in impregnated paper filter assays. Methyl-parathion and chlorpyrifos were highly toxic to these wasp species, while disulfoton and ethion were selective in their favour.