Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente, paradigma de la historia y la medicina cubana / Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente, a paradigm of Cuban history and medicine

La vida y obra de algunos hombres y mujeres de la historia de la Medicina, transita a veces, sin artilugios, acompañadas tan solo de la humildad y la sabiduría de estos. Es por ello, que al resumir en breves líneas el tiempo de enseñanzas y heroicidades de estos paradigmas, solo se cumple con el noble objetivo de exponer a las nuevas generaciones la labor realizada por maestros, como lo fue, el Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente. A través de la realización de una revisión histórica de su vida y aportes y con la obtención de los datos por medio de la entrevista, el expediente laboral y académico como fuente primaria, se procesó la información. Los aportes de este internista estuvieron centrados en la especialidad de Medicina interna y en su actividad como líder del Ministerio de Salud Pública en diversos escenarios, pero el mayor de todos fue ser considerado una figura paradigmática de la salud pública. Se concluye que este médico cubano transitó de joven revolucionario y destacado estudiante a profesor de alto reconocimiento en la educación médica y figura inolvidable para todo el que lo conoció, con un merecido puesto entre los grandes de la historia de la Medicina cubana.

The life and work of some men and women in the history of medicine sometimes pass through without any gadgets, accompanied only by their humility and wisdom. That is why, when summarizing in few lines the time of teachings and heroisms of these paradigms, the noble objective of exposing to the new generations the work carried out by teachers such as Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente is fulfilled. A historical review of the life and contributions of the aforementioned doctor was carried out, and the information was processed by obtaining data from interviews as well as from his employment and academic records as a primary source. The contributions of this internist were focused on the specialty of internal medicine as well as on his activity as a leader of the Ministry of Public Health in various settings, but the greatest of all was to be considered as a paradigmatic figure of public health. It is concluded that this Cuban doctor went from being a revolutionary young man and an outstanding student to a highly recognized professor in medical education and an unforgettable figure for all who knew him, with a deserved position among the greats in the history of Cuban medicine.

Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetic Macroangiopathy Based on Theory of Hidden Pathogen Damaging Collaterals / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The basic pathological change of diabetic macroangiopathy is atherosclerosis， and the metabolism legacy effect of hyperglycemia will cause continuous damage to the large vessels. Oxidative stress is a common mechanism for diabetes and its chronic complications and it is also the basis of the metabolism legacy effect which keeps damaging the large vessels. Anti-oxidant therapy can delay the course of diabetic macroangiopathy. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the pathogenicity of hidden pathogen is concealing， lingering， and refractory. On the basis of the syndrome and treatment of collateral diseases， vessel-collateral theory， and hidden pathogen theory of TCM， the pathological changes of diabetic macroangiopathy are summarized as pathogen concealment-accumulation of sugar and lipids leading to phlegm and blood stasis-accumulation of toxins-damage to vessels and collaterals-hardening vessels. The core pathogenesis is the hidden pathogen damaging the collaterals， and the basic pathological change is vessel hardening. The toxins of sugar， lipid， phlegm， and stasis are the pathological products and the key to be treated. According to this theory， the medicinal materials with the functions of activating blood to dredging collaterals， resolving phlegm to clearing collaterals， Promoting qi to unblocking collaterals and removing toxins to shunting collaterals can be selected for prescription. These medicinal materials can inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species， affect the oxidase activity， and enhance the antioxidant capacity， thereby regulating the oxidative stress response， protecting the vascular endothelial function， reducing the damage of the large blood vessels， and slowing down the progression of the disease. Such therapy is of great significance in clinical practice and research， providing a new idea for the prevention and treatment of diabetic macroangiopathy.

Legados dos megaeventos esportivos para a proposta pedagógica do Programa Segundo Tempo / Legacies of mega sport events for the pedagogic proposal of the Program Segundo Tempo

A realização da Copa do Mundo de Futebol, em 2014, e dos Jogos Olímpicos e Paraolímpicos, em 2016, trouxeram à tona, no Brasil, a discussão sobre os legados de megaeventos esportivos, em especial sobre como os investimentos públicos nestes eventos reverteriam em prol de projetos sociais esportivos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi debater, a partir de seus agentes sociais, como os legados dos egaeventos esportivos se refletem no desenvolvimento das ações do Programa Segundo Tempo (PST), um programa social esportivo de dimensão nacional levado a efeito pelo Governo Federal. A pesquisa, do tipo descritiva, utilizou um questionário fechado. Participaram do estudo 513 agentes do PST, integrantes de 27 convênios situados nas cinco regiões geográficas do Brasil, envolvidos diretamente com as ações administrativas (Coordenador Geral e Coordenador Pedagógico) e interventivas (Coordenador de Núcleo e Monitores). Para a análise das respostas aos questionários, empregou-se a estatística descritiva. Os dados foram organizados em duas categorias definidas a priori: 1) Possíveis legados dos megaeventos esportivos na proposta pedagógica do PST; 2) A contemplação da Educação Olímpica na proposta pedagógica do PST. Os resultados evidenciaram que, na proposta pedagógica do PST, há indicativos de estratégias que favorecem a consolidação dos legados destes megaeventos esportivos. Entretanto, ainda se fazem necessárias ações que reforcem o trabalho com os valores no esporte, centrais na Educação Olímpica. Considerando que o país se encontra em um momento pósmegaevento, os resultados desta pesquisa reiteram o valor dos programas sociais esportivos como uma estratégia governamental para fortalecer e concretizar os legados desses eventos, especialmente os legados sociais...(AU)

The 2014 Football World Cup and the Rio 2016 Olympics and Paralympics brought to the fore in Brazil a discussion about the legacies of mega sport events, especially about how public investments in these events would revert to social sport projects. The aim of the present research is to debate, according to the perspective of its social agents, how the sports mega events legacy reflexes on the development of actions taken of the Programa Segundo Tempo (PST), a social sport program of national dimension carried out by the Brazilian Federal Government. The research, of the descriptive type, used a closed question questionnaire. The participants of the study were 513 PST agents, who integrated 27 covenants from the five geographic regions of Brazil, directly involved with the administrative (General Coordinator and Pedagogical Coordinator) and intervening actions (Core Coordinator and Monitors). For the analysis of the questionnaire's responses, descriptive statistics were sed. The data were organized in two categories defined a priori: 1) Possible legacies of the mega sport events for the pedagogical proposal of the PST; 2) The contemplation of Olympic Education in the pedagogical proposal of the PST. The results showed that, in the pedagogical proposal of the PST, there are indicatives of strategies that favor the consolidation of the legacies of these mega sport events.However, actions are still needed to strengthen the work with values in sport, central elements of the Olympic Education. Considering that the country is now in a post-mega event moment, the results of this research reiterate the value of sport social programs as a governmental strategy for strengthening andconcretizing the legacies of these events, especially the social ones...(AU)

Herencia de sentimientos en Chile posdictadura / Legacy of feelings in post-dictatorship Chile / Herança de sentimentos no Chile pós-ditadura / Héritage de sentiments au Chili post dictature

Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre la transmisión de sentimientos entre generaciones como consecuencia de la violencia política. Asentados en el marco de la teoría psicoanalítica, se busca entender la herencia de sentimientos como manifestación de la memoria colectiva en Chile posdictadura.

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a transmissão de sentimentos entre gerações como consequência da violência política. Assentado no marco da teoria psicanalítica, o artigo procura entender a herança de sentimentos como manifestação da memória coletiva no Chile pós-ditadura.

This paper proposes a reflection on the transmission of feelings from one generation to another as a consequence of political violence. Based on the approaches of the psychoanalytic theory, this paper aims to understand the legacy of feelings as a manifestation of the collective memory in post-dictatorship Chile.

Cet article propose une réflexion sur la transmission de sentiments à travers les générations comme conséquence de la violence politique. À l'aide de la théorie psychanalytique, on cherche à comprendre l'héritage de sentiments comme manifestation de la mémoire collective au Chili post-dictature.

Der vorliegende Artikel soll dazu dienen, Denkanstöße über die Folgen der politischen Gewalt und die daraus resultierende, generationsübergreifende Gefühlsübertragung zu liefern. Aus der Sicht der psychoanalytischen Theorie soll versucht werden, die Gefühlserbschaft zu verstehen, und zwar als Ausdrucksform eines Kollektiv-gedächtnisses im heutigen Chile.

Management and legacy of the Brazil 2014 Fifa World Cup during its candidacy bid

Aim: Sporting mega-event organization requires developing strategies to maximize the chance of success. For the Brazil 2014 Fifa World Cup, it was not different. The action started long before the opening match on 06/12/2014. The issue we seek to investigate is: How did the 2014 Fifa World Cup's management as a sporting mega-event develop during the pre-event phase? The general objective was to identify and analyze management-related peculiarities of the 2014 Fifa World Cup's management during the pre-event period. The operational objectives were: (i) To identify the organizational structure set up to manage the 2014 Fifa World Cup; (ii) reveal the candidacy process; (iii) find out the initial budgets/investments planned for the 2014 Fifa World Cup; (iv) examine the management difficulties that happened during the pre-event period; and (v) detect the legacy left by said phase. Method: primary data was collected through an elite interview conceded by ex-Minister of Sports Orlando Silva and secondary data was obtained through bibliographical and documental research techniques. The interview was evaluated through content analysis. The analysis and discussion were categorized as follows: organizational structure, candidacy process, management, and legacy. The results show legacy was obtained in the pre-event phase due to the knowledge generated during the candidacy process. They also show a strengthening of Brazil's image as a mega-event organizer. Some difficulties include no integration between organizers, delay in defining host-cities and construction, no initial budgets and no transparency in the bid's initial publishing.(AU)

Legado? ou "Largado"?! Análise da manutenção dos equipamentos de lazer esportivo de São José do Rio Pardo/SP após os jogos regionais de 2015 / Bequeathed? or Abandoned?! analysis on the maintenance of the sportive leisure's equipments after the 59th regional games 2015 in São Jose do Rio Pardo-SP

Em 2015, São José do Rio Pardo sediou a 59°edição dos Jogos Regionais com um discurso de legado esportivo para a população do município. Essa pesquisa buscou avaliar o legado deixado a partir da manutenção dos equipamentos públicos de lazer esportivo seis meses após o evento mencionado. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo de campo que cruzou dados de análise documental com visitas in loco aos equipamentos. Ocorreram investimentos e melhorias que poderiam sinalizar um legado esportivo efetivo e um incentivo às práticas de lazer. Entretanto, ao visitar os locais, percebe-se que o poder público municipal não desempenhou atividades de manutenção básica. Em alguns casos, como na pista de BMX, acredita-se estar mais próximo do "largado" esportivo devido ao estado de abandono, deterioração e falta de manutenção adequada. Sediar eventos dessa magnitude pode contribuir para o incentivo à prática esportiva, desde que o poder público continue a desenvolver políticas e leis de incentivo voltadas ao setor.

In 2015, São José do Rio Pardo City hosted the 59th Regional Games with a sports legacy address for citizenship. The present research sought to evaluate the legacy left from the maintenance of public sports leisure equipment six months after the event mentioned. This is a qualitative field study that crossed documentary analysis data with on-site visits to the equipment. The investments and improvements made could signal a sporting legacy and an incentive to leisure practices. However, when visiting the sites, it is noticed that the municipal public power did not perform basic maintenance activities. Some places are closer to "sportive abandonment" and deterioration due public neglect. Here we can mention the BMX racing track, for example. To host events of the Regional Games magnitude can contribute to the incentive to sports practice as long as the public power continues to develop policies and incentive rules aimed at the sector.

Treatment of Medial Collateral Ligament during Total Knee Arthroplasty:a Short Term Follow-up Study / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To compare the knee function in patients with intraoperative medial collateral ligament(MCL)injury treated with or with?out increased prosthetic constraint. Methods The records of 19 cases who encountered with iatrogenic injury to the MCL during total knee arthro?plasty(TKA)between January 2005 and December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Eight patients(LCCK group)were treated with increased prosthetic constraint;the remaining 11 patients(LPS group)received increased prosthetic constraint between January 2005 and December 2010 served as controls. The MCL was repaired after TKA. The complications were observed after operation. Knee society scores(KSS)subjective knee scores were used to assess the knee function. No patient was lost for follow?up. The mean follow?up was 5 years. Results Until last follow?up(60 months),The KSS subjective score was 87.4 for LCCK group compared with 93.3 for the LPS group. No revisions for knee instability were per?formed in the 11 patients treated with non?prosthetic constraint;however,2 patients treated with increased prosthetic constraint were revised due to joint loosening. Conclusion The MCL tear should be repaired during TKA;the type of the prosthesis should not be increased when MCL injury is recognized during TKA.

Herança e transmissão na e da psicanálise / Heritage and transmission in and of psychoanalysis / Herencia y transmisión en psicoanálisis / Héritage et transmission chez la psychanalyse

O presente artigo pretende discutir a importância da história do movimento psicanalítico na transmissão da psicanálise e na formação de analistas. O eixo condutor da discussão é a transmissão psíquica entre gerações, uma vez que o trabalho de apropriação da herança requer um posicionamento em relação à história. O artigo foca a relação entre Freud e seus primeiros discípulos para pensar seus efeitos na formação de analistas.

This paper aims to discuss the importance of the history of the psychoanalytic movement in the transmission of Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic training. The core of this discussion is the psychic transmission between generations, since the work of appropriating the legacy requires taking a position on the history. The author focus on the relationship between Freud and his earliest followers in order to think about its effects on the training of psychoanalysts.

Este artículo analiza la importancia de la historia del movimiento psicoanalítico en la transmisión del psicoanálisis y en la formación de analistas. El hilo conductor de la discusión es la transmisión psíquica entre generaciones, ya que el trabajo de apropiación de lo heredado requiere un posicionamiento en relación con la historia. El artículo se centra en la relación entre Freud y sus primeros seguidores para pensar sus efectos en la formación de analistas.

Le présent article se propose à discuter l'importance de l'histoire du mouvement psychanalytique dans la transmission de la psychanalyse et dans la formation des analystes. L'axe conducteur de la discussion est la transmission psychique entre générations, une fois que le travail d'appropriation de l'héritage requiert un positionnement par rapport à l'histoire. L'article se fixe sur la relation entre Freud et ses premiers disciples, pour penser ses effets dans la formation des analystes.

A copa do mundo de futebol em Belo Horizonte-MG: impactos e legados / The world cup in the city of Belo Horizonte: impacts and legacies / El mundial del fútbol en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte: impactos y legados

Investigou-se os impactos e legados da Copa do Mundo anunciados para a cidade de Belo Horizonte. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa foi de caráter qualitativo. Como técnica de coleta de dados, entrevistou-se seis gestores. Concluiu-se que há subordinação da lógica do evento à dinâmica do mercado de capital, o que limita os ganhos sociais que se poderia obter. Os gestores enxergam a realização do megaevento como "negócio" e oportunidade de antecipar decisões e recursos governamentais, de aumentar o fluxo de turistas e de promover a imagem da cidade. Dessa forma, os principais legados consistiriam naqueles econômicos, de infraestrutura e de capacitação.

The announced impacts and legacies of the World Cup in the city of Belo Horizonte were investigated. Methodologically, this was a qualitative study, in which 6 managers were interviewed as a method of collecting data. It was concluded that there is a relationship of subordination between the event's logic and capital market's dynamics. This limitates any social gains which may be obtained. The managers only see the mega event as a 'business' and an opportunity of anticipating decisions and governmental support, to increase the flow of tourists and to promote the image of the city.

Se investigó los impactos y los legados del Mundial anunciados para la ciudad de Belo Horizonte. Metodológicamente, la investigación fue cualitativa y se entrevistó seis gerentes. Se concluyó que hay subordinación de la lógica del evento a la dinámica del mercado de capitales, lo que limita las ganancias sociales que se podrían obtener. Gerentes avistaron la realización del mundial como una oportunidad "de negocio" y anticiparse a las decisiones y los recursos del gobierno, para aumentar el flujo de turistas y promover la imagen de la ciudad. Los legados principales consistirían en los derechos económicos, infraestructura y capacitación.

Sport mega-eventos: pueden ser legados y el desarrollo equitativo y sostenible? / Mega-eventos esportivos: podem desenvolvimento e legado ser equalitários e sustentáveis? / Sport mega-events: can legacies and development be equitable and sustainable?

Sport mega-events (SMEs) involve struggles to determine the definition of legacy and the outcome priorities that guide legacy planning, funding, and implementation processes. History shows that legacies reflect the interests of capital, and legacy benefits are enjoyed primarily, if not exclusively, by powerful business interests, a few political leaders, and organizations that govern high performance sports. This paper addresses challenges faced by cities and countries that host SMEs, and shows that fair and equitable legacies and developmental outcomes are achieved only when the voices and interests of the general population are taken into account and given priority during the process of planning, funding and implementation. It also explains how full representation in the process of defining and achieving legacies and developmental outcomes may be undermined by populist beliefs about the power of sport.

Os mega-eventos esportivos (MEE) envolvem lutas para se determinar a definição de legado e as prioridades que guiam os processos de planejamento, financiamento e processos de implementação de resultados. A história mostra que os legados refletem os interesses do capital, e os benefícios são usufruidos principalmente, se não exclusivamente, por interesses empresariais poderosos, por alguns líderes políticos e por organizações que governam o esporte de alto rendimento. Este artigo aborda os desafios enfrentados pelas cidades e países que hospedam MEE e demonstra que legados justos e equalitários e resultados em termos de desenvolvimento são alcançados somente quando as vozes e os interesses da população em geral são ouvidos e considerados como prioridade durante o processo de planejamento, financiamento e implementação. Ele também demonstra que a representação plena no processo de definição e prossecução de legados e a consecução de resultados em termos de desenvolvimento podem ser prejudicados por crenças populares sobre o poder do esporte.

Los mega-eventos deportivos (DME) implican luchas para determinar la definición del legado y las prioridades que guían los procesos de planificación, financiación financiamiento y ejecución de los resultados. La historia muestra que los legados reflejan los intereses del capital y que los beneficios son disfrutados principalmente, si no exclusivamente por los intereses empresariales poderosos, por algunos líderes políticos y por las organizaciones que dirigen los deportes de alto rendimiento. Este artículo aborda los desafíos que enfrentan las ciudades y los países anfitriones de los DME, y demuestra que legados justos y equitativos y resultados en sentido de desarrollo se logran solamente cuando se considera y se da prioridad a las voces e intereses de la población en general durante el proceso de planificación, financiamiento e implementación. Él también demuestra que la representación plena en el proceso de definición y consecución de los legados y los resultados en sentido de desarrollo pueden ser socavadas por las creencias populares sobre el poder del deporte.

Vigencia del pensamiento martiano en la Universidad Médica Actual / Marti's thoughts at today medical university

Introducción: El conjunto de transformaciones en la universidad médica actual es fruto del pensamiento pedagógico anterior y contemporáneo, y su máxima expresión lo constituye el ideario martiano. Objetivo: Resaltar la vigencia del pensamiento martiano en la Universidad Médica cubana a partir del resumen de sus principales ideas pedagógicas. Método: Se realizó una revisión documental y bibliográfica de artículos localizados a través de Pub Med, Google y las Bibliotecas de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Enrique Cabrera y el Centro de Estudios Martianos, que correspondieron a las palabras clave seleccionadas; se clasificó la información según su contenido y se procedió a relacionarlas. Desarrollo: Sus frases "Como quien se quita un manto y se pone otro, es necesario poner de lado la Universidad antigua, y alzar la nueva", "El pueblo más feliz es el que tenga mejor educados a sus hijos, en la instrucción del pensamiento, y en la dirección de los sentimientos" y "Ventajas físicas, mentales y morales vienen del trabajo manual" sustentan el proceso de cambio que transforma las viejas concepciones e incorpora todo lo ya alcanzado y origina el surgimiento de una nueva universidad médica, más acorde con los requerimientos de la sociedad. Conclusiones: El pensamiento pedagógico martiano abarcó todas las esferas de la educación y ha sido inspiración constante de cada una de las transformaciones de la nueva Universidad Médica.

Introduction: The most valuable pedagogical thinking, mainly represented by Marti's ideas, has contributed to the transformation in the current Medical School. The objective of this paper is to highlight his legacy in the Cuban University of Medical Sciences taking into account his most remarkable cites. Method: It was carried out a documental and bibliographical revision of articles located through Pub Med, Google and in the Libraries of the Ability of Medical Sciences Enrique Cabrera and of the Marti's studies center that corresponded to the selected key words, the information was classified according to its content and it was proceeded to relate them. Development: His phrases "As those who take off a mantleand put on a new are, it`s necessary to put aside the old university and raise up the new are"."The happiest country is that are wich can have the best educated people", and phisical, moral and mental advantages can only come fron hands work" .The above mentioned quotes, among others, support the process of changing, which has lead to the emergence of a new university more identified with the requirements of the society. Conclusions: Marti's pedagogical thinking embraces all educational fields and has been an inspiration for the transformation in the new Medical University.

Expectativas da mídia sobre o legado das olimpíadas de 2016: racionalidade instrumental e substantiva / Expectations of media on the legacy of the 2016 Olympics games: instrumental and substantive rationality / Expectativas de los medios de comunicación sobre el legado de las olimpiadas 2016: la racionalidad instrumental y de fondo

Este estudo tem por objetivo discutir a expectativa da mídia sobre o futuro legado dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram consultadas 360 edições de cinco dos principais jornais editados no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Dezessete categorias foram construídas, a partir da análise das notícias veiculadas nos tablóides. O enfoque utilizado na discussão aproveita as concepções de racionalidade instrumental e substantiva para analisar os limites históricos que a razão instrumental nos impõe e também a incessante tentativa de ultrapassá-los e de superá-los.

This study aims to discuss the expectations of the media on the legacy of the 2016 Olympic Games to the city of Rio de Janeiro. We consulted 360 editions of five major newspapers published in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Seventeen categories were constructed from the analysis of news in the tabloids. The approach used in the discussion takes the concepts of instrumental and substantive rationality to analyze the historical limits which instrumental reason imposes and the continued attempt to overcome them and overcome them.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo discutir las expectativas de los medios de comunicación en el legado de los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016 a la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Consultamos 360 ediciones de los cinco principales periódicos publicados en el Estado de Río de Janeiro. Diecisiete categorías se construyeron a partir del análisis de las noticias en los tabloides. El enfoque utilizado en la discusión se lleva los conceptos de racionalidad instrumental y de fondo para analizar los límites históricos que impone la razón instrumental y el intento continuo de superarlos y vencerlos.

El legado ecológico de 'el libertad'' / "the librator's"" ecological legacy

El bicentenario de la Independencia ha revivido la discusión en torno a la vigencia del pensamiento de Bolívar. Sobre éste, se ha señalado que en su ideario hubo un "pensamiento ecológico", que debería considerarse en estos tiempos. Otros, en cambio, le critican su soberbia antropocentrista al referirse de manera arrogante a los asuntos de la naturaleza. ¿Podría decirnos 'el Libertador' algo sobre la crisis ambiental que experimenta el planeta hoy? El asunto de este texto es valorar este legado. Para ello, se han examinado los decretos y resoluciones relacionados con la conservación de la fauna, la flora, el fomento de la agricultura, la repartición de la tierra, entre otros. De ellos, se deduce que Bolívar no es un conservacionista, ni un ambientalista biocentrista, tampoco un antiecologista, como han dicho algunos. Su ideario político, social y ambiental se ubica en una corriente amplia de la Ecología Política, que cuestiona el intercambio ecológico desigual, entre las metrópolis y los países del Sur, los ricos y los pobres, las multinacionales y los productores locales. Un ambientalismo de la equidad y la justicia, donde impere la armonía entre los seres humanos y de estos con otros seres de la naturaleza y el planeta.

The Independence Bicentennial Celebration has revived the discussion around the validity of Bolivar's thoughts. It has been pointed out that his ideology included an "ecological thought" which should be put into consideration nowadays. Others, however, criticize his haughty anthropocentrism when referring in an arrogant way to nature issues. Could "the Liberator" tell us something about the environmental crisis the planet faces today? The subject of this text is to value such legacy. In order to do this, the decrees and resolutions related with the conservation of fauna and flora, promotion of agriculture, and land distribution, among others, have been examined. From them it has been concluded that Bolivar is neither a conservationist, nor an environmentalist or an anti-ecologist as many have argued. His political, social and environmental ideology is located in a wide stream of Political Ecology which questions unequal ecological exchange between the metropolis and the countries in the South, the rich and the poor, the multinationals and the local producers. An environmentalism of equity and justice where harmony among human beings and between them and other beings in nature and the planet must prevail.