ABSTRACT
The origin of criminal jurisprudence in India can be traced back to 3102 BC from the time of Manu. There was no criminal law in uncivilized society. Every man was liable to be attacked in his person or property at any time by any one. The person attacked either succumbed or over-powered his opponent. “A tooth for tooth, an eye for eye, a life for life” was the forerunner of criminal justice. With the advancement of civilization, the aggrieved person agreed to accept compensation, instead of killing his adversary. In Western jurisprudence, the real notion of crime percolated from the Roman law. In modern times, concept of criminal law is revolutionized. This paper deals with different types of punishments described by the law in India. Meaning and interpretation of ‘life imprisonment’ is discussed in detail to clear the confusing literature reported in the textbooks of Forensic Medicine in India. The Indian Penal Code, The Code of Criminal Procedure and decisions of High Courts and Supreme Court of India are reviewed to make it more authenticated.
Subject(s)
Criminal Law/legislation & jurisprudence , Forensic Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , India , /legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To put forward suggestions for perfecting the Chinese legal procedure of the entry of drug manufacture.METHODS: The defects existing in Chinese legal procedure for the entry of pharmaceutical industry were analyzed by comparing the legal procedure for establishing pharmaceutical enterprise,permission of drug manufacturing and marketing between China and USA.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese legislature should draw useful legal experiences from USA to amend the legislation defects,substitute the approval procedure of drug manufacturing licence with the procedure of enterprise registration to implement the GMP certification for special drug product,and merge the validation procedure of GMP certification and the review procedure of the pharmaceutical development program and industry policies into the procedure of drug registration and approval.
ABSTRACT
Paternity testing has to be cautiously practiced,since it involves issues coming from all aspects including ethics,legislation,family and society.If the educational backgrounds of the litigants prevent them from fully understanding the ethical and legal issues involved in paternal testing,it would thus be impossible to achieve a real "informed consent" for the litigants.It is our point of view that in these cases,and when no alternative solutions are available,it is the responsibility of those who perform paternity testing to advise the litigants give up the application for paternity test.Besides,it is time for judicial departments to place on the agenda the establishing of a technique standard for paternity testing and relevant judicial procedures,in order to protect the basic rights of informal consent and autonomy of litigants in paternity testing practices.It is in this article that some ethical and legal issues commonly involved in paternity testing are discussed.