Responsabilidad médica frente a casos de violencia al interior de las familias. Una mirada desde una perspectiva ética y legal / Medical responsibility in cases of violence within families. A look from an ethical and legal perspective

La violencia al interior de las familias (VIF), en sus distintas formas y con distintas víctimas, es un problema que nos toca en forma transversal a las distintas disciplinas médicas.En Chile, una de cada tres mujeres reporta haber experimentado VIF, y cerca de 45 mueren cada año por esta causa. Como país hemos optado por hacernos cargo de esta situación y nos hemos trazado como meta reducir la morbilidad, discapacidad y mortalidad prematura asociada a violencia, y, específicamente, a reducir los femicidios en un 33 por ciento. La denuncia es un instrumento legal que puede ayudar a este propósito.Este artículo reflexiona sobre conceptos médicos, legales y éticos involucrados en el abordaje inicial de una víctima de VIF, con especial foco en la denuncia. Se discute sobre los alcances de la nueva legislación vigente en Chile en materia de VIF, sobre la responsabilidad legal y ética del médico en Chile frente a este problema de salud, y sobre la postura de la Organización Mundial de la Salud al respecto. (AU)

Domestic violence (DV), in its different forms and with different victims, is a problem that affects us across several medical disciplines. In Chile, one out of three women reports being subject of domestic violence, and approximately 45 die each year for this reason. As a country, we have decided to deal with this situation, and we have self-imposed the goal of reducing morbidity, disability and premature mortality associated with violence, and to reduce femicide in 33 percent. Making a legal complaint is a tool that can help to achieve this purpose. The current article reflects on medical, legal and ethical concepts involved in the initial approach to a victim of domestic violence, with a focus in the act of make a legal complaint. We discuss the scope of the current legislation in Chile, about the legal and ethical responsibility of physicians confronted with this health problem, and about the position of the World Health Organization on this matter.(AU)

Medicina defensiva en Servicios de Urgencias del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el grado de medicina defensiva que se practica en los Servicios de Urgencias del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social, Asunción-Paraguay. Métodos: se administró un cuestionario de autoevaluación de tipo Likert validado, a los médicos de atención de emergencia; se exploraron variables relacionadas al sexo, edad, especialización, años de práctica, antecedentes legales previos y turnos de trabajo. Resultados: se evaluó a 220 médicos de 8 Servicios de Urgencias, el 82% practicaba medicina defensiva. Los médicos varones mostraron un comportamiento más defensivo (p=0,1). Emergentología, Traumatología y Ortopedia fueron las especialidades con mayor práctica de medicina defensiva (100%). Ginecología y Obstetricia tuvo el mayor número de demandas. Conclusión: la medicina defensiva se presenta en un alto porcentaje en los Servicios de Urgencias pues 82% de los médicos practican algún grado de la misma, siendo mayor en varones y en las especialidades Emergentología y Traumatología y Ortopedia

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the degree of defensive medicine practiced in the Emergency Services of the Hospital Central of the Instituto de Previsión Social, Asunción-Paraguay. Methods: A validated Likert-type self-assessment questionnaire was administered to emergency care physicians. Variables related to sex, age, specialization, years of practice, previous legal background and work shifts were explored. Results: Two hundred and twenty physicians from eight Emergency Services were evaluated, 82% practiced defensive medicine. The male doctors showed a more defensive behavior (p=0.1). Emergentology, Traumatology and Orthopedics were the specialties with the highest practice of defensive medicine (100%). Gynecology and Obstetrics had the highest number of demands. Conclusion: Defensive medicine is presented in a high percentage in the Emergency Services because 82% of doctors practice some degree of it, being higher in males and in the specialties Emergentology, Traumatology and Orthopedics

Judicialização de eventos adversos pós-vacinação / Judicialization of post-vaccinal adverse events / Judicialización de eventos adversos post-vacunación

Resumo A ciência trouxe importantes contribuições para a melhoria do bem-estar do ser humano, surpreendendo com criações que buscam protegê-lo das enfermidades. Vacinas são exemplo, funcionando como instrumentos de melhoria de vida da população mundial. Entretanto, vacinas apresentam riscos cujas consequências não são completamente conhecidas, sendo importante a presença de sistemas de vigilância que neutralizem ou diminuam os eventos adversos delas provenientes. No Brasil, a política de vacinação é "compulsória", restringindo a autonomia do indivíduo, que, quando "vítima" dos eventos adversos, precisa judicializar suas demandas, pois o Estado não possui política nacional de compensação de danos. Este artigo visa, com o apoio da bioética e dos direitos humanos, analisar as decisões judiciais brasileiras, demonstrando que a judicialização não é o caminho mais justo para dirimir problemas surgidos pelos eventos adversos das vacinas, havendo despreparo dos profissionais envolvidos, contradições, inseguranças e injustiças nas decisões.

Abstract Science has made important contributions to improving people's well-being, achieving remarkable advances that protect them from illnesses. Vaccines are one such example, and serve as a tool to improve the lives of the global population. Vaccines have risks the consequences of which are not fully known, however, making surveillance systems that neutralize or reduce adverse events vital. In Brazil, vaccination policy is "compulsory", restricting the autonomy of the individual, who as a "victim" of adverse events then needs to seek redress through legal action, as the State does not have a national compensation policy. With the support of Bioethics and human rights, this article aims to analyze Brazilian judicial decisions, demonstrating that judicialization is not the best way to solve problems arising from adverse events caused by vaccines, and that there is a lack of preparation among the professionals involved, as well as contradictions, insecurities and injustices in decisions.

Resumen La ciencia ha aportado importantes contribuciones a la mejora del bienestar del ser humano, llegando a sorprender con creaciones que buscan protegerlo de las enfermedades. Las vacunas son un ejemplo de ello, funcionando como un instrumento de mejora de la vida de la población mundial. Sin embargo, las vacunas presentan riesgos cuyas consecuencias no se conocen por completo, siendo importante la presencia de sistemas de vigilancia que neutralicen o disminuyan los eventos adversos provenientes de éstas. En Brasil, la política de vacunación es "obligatoria", restringiendo la autonomía del individuo, que cuando es "víctima" de los eventos adversos, necesita judicializar sus demandas, pues el Estado no posee una política nacional de compensación de daños. Este artículo procura, con el apoyo de la Bioética y de los Derechos Humanos, analizar las decisiones judiciales brasileñas, demostrando que la judicialización no es el camino más justo para dirimir los problemas surgidos a partir de los eventos adversos de las vacunas, existiendo una falta de preparación de los profesionales involucrados, contradicciones, inseguridades e injusticias en las decisiones.

Comparative Study on the Licensed Pharmacist System in China and the USA / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare the licensed pharmacist system in China and the USA,and to provide reference for im-proving pharmaceutical care and promoting public safety of drug use in China. METHODS:The relevant literatures in recent 10 years were retrieved from CJFD and Wanfang database. The differences of legal status,access qualification,legal obligations and responsibilities of licensed pharmacists in the USA and China were compared,and suggestions on improving the licensed pharma-cists system in China were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:At present,the problems of licensed pharmacist system in China are mainly that the legal status is not high,the access threshold is low,the legal obligations and responsibilities are not clear. However,the licensed pharmacist system in the USA has been developed for a century and formed a relatively strict legal sys-tem. Model State Pharmacy Act promulgated by National Association of Boards of Pharmacy in USA has clearly defined the access qualifications,legal obligations and responsibilities of licensed pharmacists. The pharmacy acts of the states were enacted on its blueprint. In view of current problems in China,it is necessary to learn from the above experience of the USA to improve the legal status,access qualification,legal obligations and responsibilities of licensed pharmacists and the quality of pharmaceutical care.

Professional profile, legal obligations, and conduct of orthodontists in terms of litigation prevention / Perfil profissional, obrigações jurídicas e condutas dos ortodontistas frente à prevenção de litígios

Orthodontic treatment requires ethical and legal attitudes from professionals since the first contact with the patient. Thus, this study assessed professional profile, legal obligations in provision of care, and the conduct of orthodontists in terms of litigation prevention during their professional practice. Questionnaires were emailed to 1653 Brazilian orthodontists, asking for information such as: age, gender, graduate orthodontic education, time of work in orthodontics, place of graduate education, time since graduation, and information regarding the legal criteria involved in the orthodontic treatment. Data were tabulated using absolute and relative frequencies. The chi-square test (p<0.05) was used to verify the association among nominal qualitative variables. Only 163 orthodontists participated in the study, wherein men represented 60.5% and women 39.5% of the sample. It was clear that professionals most recently graduated are the ones that mostly use the care provision contract, and the ones that mostly request teleradiographs. The female gender offered more treatment options, clarified the estimated treatment time more often, and was less involved in legal issues. On the other hand, the male gender requested cephalometry more often. Most professionals request the control radiograph, and all of them file the medical records of patients. Few professionals use the professional liability insurance. The results of the present study indicate a highly heterogeneous professional profile. The female gender dominates the field of expertise, and they seem to be more careful regarding legal obligations.

O tratamento ortodôntico requer atitudes éticas e legais dos profissionais desde o primeiro contato com o paciente. Assim, este estudo avaliou o perfil profissional, as obrigações jurídicas na prestação de serviços e as condutas dos ortodontistas frente à prevenção de litígios durante o exercício da profissão. Foram enviados questionários para e-mails de 1653 ortodontistas brasileiros, solicitando informações como: idade, gênero, formação ortodôntica, tempo de atuação na Ortodontia, local e tempo de formação e informações quanto aos critérios legais envolvidos no tratamento ortodôntico. Os dados foram tabulados com a utilização de frequência absoluta e relativa. Para verificar a associação entre variáveis qualitativas nominais foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Somente 163 ortodontistas participaram desse estudo, com os homens correspondendo a 60.5% e as mulheres a 39.5% da amostra. Ficou evidente que os profissionais com menor tempo de formação são os que mais utilizam o contrato de prestação de serviço odontológico e são os que mais solicitam telerradiografias. O gênero feminino mostrou oferecer mais opções de tratamento, esclarecer mais frequentemente a estimativa do tempo de tratamento e se mostrou menos envolvido em problemas jurídicos. Enquanto que o gênero masculino mostrou maior frequência na solicitação de cefalometria. A maioria dos profissionais solicita a radiografia de controle e todos arquivam o prontuário do paciente. Poucos profissionais utilizam o seguro de responsabilidade profissional. Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para um perfil profissional bastante heterogêneo. A especialidade tem predomínio do gênero feminino e este parece ser mais cauteloso em relação às obrigações jurídicas.

Brazilian orthodontists and the legal issues involving their professional activity: a legal and behavioral proposal

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the use of orthodontic records (OTR's) by Brazilian orthodontists and propose a behavioral approach from a legal point of view, drawing on their interpersonal relationship with their patients. METHODS: A statistical cross-analysis was performed to compare five groups. A sixth group was created comprising the intersection of the responses provided by the five aforementioned groups. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that 42.2% of orthodontists require initial and final records and keep orthodontic records throughout their professional career; 13.9% duplicate the initial records and consider patients as the lawful owners of these documents; 19.5% make use of a medical history questionnaire, to be duly signed by all patients; 5.4% acknowledge that the decision to undergo treatment is ultimately the patient's, and, therefore, an alternative response "not perform the treatment" should be included in the questionnaire; 24% recognize the importance of the Consumer Protection Code (CPC), regard the provision of orthodontic services as an obligation of means; and explain to the patient the risks involved in orthodontic practice. Among the 1,469 orthodontists researched, 0% simultaneously took into account all aspects of this study. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that Brazilian orthodontists adopt a mistaken legal, professional and behavioral attitude, neglecting to build patient's orthodontic record with due care and in accordance with the law, which makes them vulnerable to patient disputes, contentious or otherwise.

OBJETIVO: a proposta desse trabalho foi analisar a prática do prontuário ortodôntico e as atitudes comportamentais sob o ponto de vista jurídico entre os ortodontistas do Brasil, mediante seu relacionamento interpessoal com seus pacientes. MÉTODOS: um questionário composto por 35 perguntas foi enviado para 5.355 ortodontistas. Após a devolução de 27% das correspondências, foi realizado um cruzamento informatizado estatístico em cinco grupos. Um sexto grupo criado foi a intersecção de todas as respostas dos cinco grupos anteriores. RESULTADOS: constatou-se que 42,2% dos ortodontistas solicitam as documentações iniciais ou finais, e guardam o prontuário ortodôntico por toda a carreira profissional; 13,9% duplicam a documentação inicial e consideram que o prontuário ortodôntico pertence ao paciente; 19,5% aplicam questionário de anamnese para todos os pacientes, que é assinado ao final; 5,4% consideram que a decisão pela opção terapêutica é do paciente, incluem a opção "não realizar o tratamento" e afirmam que o contrato é fundamental para o início do tratamento; 24,0% reconhecem a importância do Código de Defesa do Consumidor na profissão, consideram obrigação de meio (obrigação de diligência) os serviços ortodônticos prestados e esclarecem sobre os riscos envolvidos na prática da especialidade; 0% dos ortodontistas realizam simultaneamente todas essas considerações. CONCLUSÃO: o ortodontista brasileiro mantém uma atitude comportamental equivocada, mediante seus pacientes, pois, sob o ponto de vista jurídico-profissional, negligencia a elaboração cautelosa do prontuário dentro dos fundamentos legais conforme o estágio atual da especialidade. Sob o aspecto legal de seu exercício profissional, o ortodontista brasileiro está vulnerável diante questionamentos de seus pacientes, sejam eles litigiosos ou não, justos ou injustos.

Notas sobre la idea de "Responsabilidad" en el Derecho / Notes on the idea of \"Responsibility\" in the law

Algunos filósofos sostendrían que, si es cierto que tanto todo lo que hacemos como sus consecuencias dependen, en realidad, de la fuerza combinada de factores antecedentes y posteriores que no controlamos, podría no tener sentido que se nos responsabilice por las consecuencias de nuestras acciones. La responsabilidad jurídica, sin embargo, está a salvo de este ataque porque no pretende resolver esos problemas metafísicos: sólo tiene sentido si se la entiende como una construcción que refleja estándares de conducta razonable. El derecho presupone que podemos moderar nuestra conducta en función de los intereses de los demás en su seguridad y en su libertad y, por ello, presupone que es justo que se nos haga responsables por los costos que nuestras acciones les imponen.

Some philosophers would argue that, if it is true that, in fact, both our deeds and their consequences depend on the combined force of precedent and posterior factors that we do not control, it could make sense not to be blamed for the consequences of our deeds. Legal responsibility, however, is safe from this attack because it does not aim at resolving those metaphysical issues: it only makes sense if understood as a construction that reflects standards of reasonable behaviour. Law presupposes that we are able to moderate our conduct in light of the interests of others in their security and liberty and, therefore, it presupposes that it is fair to make us responsible of the costs that our deeds impose on them.

Legal Nature and Legal Responsibility of Drug Injury Events / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for building harmonious pharmacist-patient relationship and standardizing the legal responsibility induced by drug injury events.METHODS:The related concepts such as the drug injury events and adverse drug reactions were compared and defined;the legal nature of the drug injury events was clarified and the legal responsibility arose from the drug injury events was analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Drug injury events as a legal fact can result in the emergence,change and elimination of the civil legal relationship between pharmacists and patients.The legal responsibility arose from the drug injury events include tort liability,administrative liability and criminal liability.

A discussion on patients＇ right of privacy / 重庆医科大学学报

The paper first expounds the concept and content of patients＇ right of privacy, introduces some law regulations of patients right of privacy in our countryand dicusses the legal character and the legal responsibility about the violation of patients＇ right of privacy, administrative legal responsibility and civil legal responsibility.