THE EVOLUTION OF CYBERSECURITY: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE FACE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TRANSNATIONAL CYBER ATTACKS

This research article aims to examine the impact of emerging technologies on cybersecurity and evaluate the effectiveness of legal frameworks in addressing transnational cyber-attacks. With the rapid advancement of technology, cyber threats have become more sophisticated and interconnected, requiring robust legal measures to combat them. With the emergence of new technologies, the threat landscape for cyber security has also evolved. The continuous development of new technologies like (A.I) artificial intelligence, (I.O.T) Internet of Things & cloud computing has led to a rapid increase in cyber-attacks and has made it even more challenging for organizations to protect their assets. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative aspect involves an analysis of existing literature, case studies, and legal frameworks, while the quantitative component includes surveys and interviews with cybersecurity professionals and legal experts. By integrating these methods, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of current legal measures in mitigating transnational cyber-attacks and propose strategies to enhance cybersecurity in the face of emerging technologies.

Legal framework for entrepreneurship in Colombia / Marco legal para el emprendimiento en Colombia / Estrutura legal para o empreendedorismo na Colômbia

AВSTRАСT The purpose of this article is to carry out a detailed review of all the legal aspects that must be taken into account for entrepreneurship in Colombia. In this way each entrepreneur will be offered a clear guide that can serve as a logbook for their business initiatives. The research is based on a qualitative framework that, with the support of the documentary review, establishes the processes to be followed for each type of company and its characteristics. Knowing the legal framework will make it easier for any entrepreneur to avoid fines, penalties and loss of resources, since by conducting a review prior to the implementation of his productive idea, it will be able to know the national scenario of the enterprise and thus meet the demands according to its line of action.

RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es realizar una revisión detallada de todos los aspectos legales que deben tenerse en cuenta para el emprendimiento en Colombia. De esta forma se ofrecerá a cada emprendedor una guía clara que podrá servir como cuaderno de bitácora de sus iniciativas empresariales. La investigación se sustenta en un marco cualitativo que, con el apoyo de la revisión documental, establece los procesos a seguir para cada tipo de empresa y sus características. Conocer el marco legal facilitará a cualquier emprendedor evitar multas, sanciones y pérdida de recursos, ya que al realizar una revisión previa a la implementación de su idea productiva, podrá conocer el escenario nacional del emprendimiento y así cumplir las demandas según su línea de actuación.

RESUMО O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer uma revisão detalhada de todos os aspectos legais que devem ser levados em consideração para o empreendedorismo na Colômbia. Isto proporcionará aos empresários um guia claro que pode servir como um diário de bordo para suas iniciativas comerciais. A pesquisa é baseada em uma estrutura qualitativa que, com o apoio da revisão documental, estabelece os processos a serem seguidos para cada tipo de empresa e suas características. O conhecimento do marco legal facilitará a qualquer empresário evitar multas, sanções e perda de recursos, já que, ao realizar uma revisão antes da implementação de sua idéia produtiva, ele poderá conhecer o cenário nacional de empreendedorismo e assim atender as demandas de acordo com sua linha de ação.

Etat des lieux de la règlementation des essais cliniques au Mali / State of play of the regulation of clinical trials in Mali

Objectif: L'objectif était de réaliser l'état des lieux de la réglementation des essais cliniques au Mali. Matériel et Méthodes: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive réalisée du 1er septembre au 15 décembre 2019. Elle a consisté en une recherche documentaire et une enquête de terrain dans les centres de recherche, les comités d'éthique et les structures règlementaires du Mali. Résultats: En 2019, il y a eu 15 essais cliniques autorisés et réalisés par trois centres de recherche, dont 12 vaccinaux et 3 médicamenteux tous approuvés par un comité d'éthique. Le cadre juridique des essais cliniques est régi au Mali par deux textes dont l'un législatif et l'autre réglementaire. Ils prévoient l'autorisation, la suspension ou l'interdiction de la recherche biomédicale par le ministre en charge de la santé. Les insuffisances recensées sont relatives à la faible remontée et au manque d'évaluation des données de pharmacovigilance, la rareté des inspections des sites et surtout l'absence de comité technique d'évaluation règlementaire des dossiers à la Direction de la Pharmacie et du Médicament (DPM). Conclusion: Le renforcement du cadre juridique est, plus que jamais, nécessaire pour assurer la protection des droits, la sécurité et le bien-être des sujets de recherche dans un contexte de délocalisation croissante des essais cliniques vers nos pays

Objective: The objective was to take stockof the regulation of clinical trials in Mali. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out of the September 1 to December 15, 2019. It consisted of a literature search and a survey in research centers, ethics committees and regulatory structures in Mali. Results: In 2019, there were 15 clinical trials authorized and conducted by three research centers, including 12 vaccines and 3 drugs trials all approved by an ethics committee. The legal framework for clinical trials is governed in Mali by two texts, one legislative and the other regulatory. They provide for the authorization, suspension or prohibition of biomedical research by the minister in charge of Health. The shortcomings identified relate to the low recovery and lack of evaluation of pharmacovigilance data, the scarcity of site inspections and especially the absence of a technical committee for regulatory evaluation of files at the Pharmacy and Medicines Department (DPM). Conclusion: The strengthening of the legal framework is, more than ever, necessary to ensure the protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research subjects in a context of increasing relocation of clinical trials to our countries

La bioética desde la perspectiva odontológica / Bioethics from a dental perspective

La odontología, como una de las ciencias de la salud, incorpora los avances de la bioética en sus conocimientos y técnicas. Sin embargo, esta incorporación en el ejercicio profesional de los odontólogos se ha dado a partir de su propio campo de acción a diferencia de otros profesionales de la salud. La consecuencia de ello es que la visión y aplicación de los estomatólogos suele ser poco receptiva a las críticas y generada en ambientes muy controlados. La bioética implica el estudio sistemático y profundo de la conducta humana en el campo de las ciencias de la salud, misma que se basa en los valores y principios morales, es una disciplina importante para la formación del personal de salud para crear conciencia en la aplicación de los conocimientos. Nuestras profesiones tienen como fi nalidad comprender que cada individuo es único y no solamente nos dedicamos al desempeño clínico y del cuidado de la boca, sino a lograr una mejor calidad de vida en los pacientes (AU)

Odontology, as one of the health sciences, incorporates the advances of bioethics in this knowledge and techniques. However, this incorporation in the professional practice of dentist has been based on their own fi eld of action, unlike other health professionals. The consequence of this is that the vision and application of stomatologists is usually not very receptive to criticism and generated in very controlled enviroments. Bioethics involves the systematic and profund study if human behavior in the fi eld of health sciences which is based on moral values and principles is an important discipline for the training of health personnel to create awareness in the application of knowledge, our professions have the purpose of understanding that each individual is unique and not only dedicated to the clinical performance and care of the mouth but to achieve a better quality of life in patients (AU)

Factores de entorno determinantes del emprendimiento en México / Determining environment factors of entrepreneurship in Mexico / Determinando fatores ambientais do empreendedorismo no México

RESUMEN Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar los factores del entorno que condicionan la apertura empresarial en México y definir las regiones con características del entorno similares para el emprendimiento. Para alcanzar estos objetivos se realizó un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo y alcance descriptivo y causal, considerando 14 indicadores del entorno determinantes para el emprendimiento en el país, tomando como muestra las 32 entidades en que se compone México de acuerdo con su división política. Se utilizaron como técnicas estadísticas para probar dicha investigación el análisis de componentes principales, la regresión múltiple y el análisis por conglomerados. A través de la técnica estadística del análisis de componentes principales se pudieron agrupar los indicadores en tres factores o condiciones del entorno siendo estas el acceso al financiamiento, los servicios de apoyo y capacitación empresarial, y el marco regulatorio. Posteriormente usando un análisis de regresión múltiple se observó que el acceso al financiamiento y el marco regulatorio son los factores que impactan de forma significativa en la apertura de empresas en México. Finalmente, utilizando el análisis por conglomerado se pudieron identificar 4 regiones con características específicas en su entorno para el emprendimiento. Por lo anterior esta investigación permite concluir que para fomentar el emprendimiento es necesario que dentro de los territorios se favorezca el acceso a financiamientos para emprendedores y facilitar los procesos jurídicos para la apertura de negocios. CÓDIGOS JEL MI3; L26

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to analyze the environmental factors that condition the entrepreneurial opening in Mexico and to define the regions with similar characteristics of the environment for entrepreneurship. To achieve these objectives, a study of quantitative approach and descriptive and causal scope was carried out, considering l4 determinants of the environment for entrepreneurship in the country, taking as sample the 32 entities in which Mexico is composed according to its political division. Statistical analysis of the main components, multiple regression and cluster analysis were used as statistical techniques. Through the statistical technique of the analysis of main components, the indicators could be grouped into three factors or environmental conditions, these being access to financing, business support and training services, and the regulatory framework. Subsequently, using a multiple regression analysis, it was observed that access to financing and the regulatory framework are the factors that significantly impact the opening of companies in Mexico. Finally, using the cluster analysis, 4 regions with specific characteristics in their environment could be identified for the enterprise.Therefore, this research allows us to conclude that to promote entrepreneurship, it is necessary that within the territories access to financing for entrepreneurs be facilitated and legal processes for the opening of businesses facilitated. JEL CLASSIFICATION MI3; L26

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os fatores ambientais que condicionam a abertura empreendedora no México e definir as regiões com características semelhantes do ambiente para o empreendedorismo. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foi realizado um estudo de abordagem quantitativa e descritiva e causal, considerando l4 determinantes do ambiente para empreendedorismo no país, tendo como amostra as 32 entidades em que o México é composto de acordo com sua divisão política. Análise estatística dos componentes principais, regressão múltipla e análise de agrupamento foram utilizados como técnicas estatísticas. Por meio da técnica estatística de análise dos principais componentes, os indicadores poderiam ser agrupados em três fatores ou condições ambientais, sendo estes o acesso ao financiamento, suporte ao negócio e serviços de treinamento, além do arcabouço regulatório. Posteriormente, utilizando uma análise de regressão múltipla, observou-se que o acesso ao financiamento e o arcabouço regulatório são os fatores que impactam significativamente a abertura de empresas no México. Finalmente, usando a análise de cluster 4 regiões com características específicas em seu ambiente poderiam ser identificadas para a empresa. Portanto, esta pesquisa nos permite concluir que, para promover o empreendedorismo, é necessário que nos territórios seja facilitado o acesso ao financiamento para empreendedores e facilitados processos legais para a abertura de empresas. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL MI3; L26

Judiciário e Política no Brasil Contemporâneo: Um Retrato do Supremo Tribunal Federal a partir da Cobertura do Jornal Folha de S. Paulo / Politics and the Judiciary in Contemporary Brazil: A Portrait of the Supreme Federal Court Based on its Representation in Folha de São Paulo Newspaper / La Justice et la Politique dans le Brésil Contemporain: Un Portrait de la Cour Suprême Fédérale à partir de la Couverture qu'en Fait le Quotidien Folha de S. Paulo / El poder Judicial y la Política en el Brasil Contemporáneo: Un Retrato del Supremo Tribunal Federal a partir de la Cobertura Realizada por el Periódico Folha de S. Paulo

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo é discutir a visibilidade do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), qualificando-a a partir da cobertura da grande imprensa. Buscamos descrever como o jornal Folha de S. Paulo (FSP) retratou a atuação do Supremo no período de 1999-2014, enfocando o tipo de cobertura predominante (política ou jurídica), os temas de maior recorrência no enquadramento da instituição, e os fatores que determinam a cobertura. Verificamos em que medida essa cobertura acompanha as ações efetivas do tribunal, examinando quais decisões viraram notícia. Para isso, trabalhamos com a análise de conteúdo de 6.271 notícias. A partir desses dados problematizamos a construção da imagem pública do tribunal e a forma pela qual a mídia vem posicionando a instituição no sistema político brasileiro. Concluímos que a FSP construiu uma imagem eminentemente política do STF, com sua cobertura exacerbando a personalização da instituição, o perfil individual dos seus ministros, e enfatizando excessivamente os casos de judicialização anticorrupção.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to discuss the visibility of Brazil's Supreme Federal Court (STF) based on its representation in the mass media. To do so, we describe how Folha de São Paulo (FSP) newspaper depicted the court's activities in the period from 1999 to 2014, focusing on the predominant type of coverage (whether political or legal), the subjects most frequently framed in terms of the institution, and the factors determining the representation. We discuss the extent to which the coverage traces the court's activities, examining which rulings were deemed newsworthy by analyzing the contents of 6,271 news items, using the data to problematize the shaping of the public image of the court and the way in which the media come to position the institution in the Brazilian political system. We conclude that the FSP shaped a predominantly political image of the STF, with this representation exacerbating the institution's personalization, the individual profiles of its ministers, and promoting an excessive emphasis on cases of anti-corruption judicialization.

RÉSUMÉ Le but de cet article est de débattre de la visibilité de la Cour Suprême Fédérale du Brésil (STF) dans les principaux médias brésiliens. Nous chercherons à décrire de quelle manière le quotidien Folha de S. Paulo (FSP) a rendu compte des actions de cette Cour suprême entre 1999 et 2014. Nous nous intéresserons à cette fin au type de couverture prédominant (politique ou juridique), aux thèmes les plus récurrents liés à l'institution et aux facteurs déterminant cette couverture médiatique. Il s'agit de vérifier dans quelle mesure elle s'intéresse aux actions effectives du tribunal grâce à l'analyse des décisions qui ont eu la faveur du journal, ce pour quoi 6 271 articles ont été passées en revue. Ces données ont permis de mettre en perspective la construction de l'image publique de ce tribunal et la manière dont les médias situent l'institution au sein du système politique brésilien. On en a conclu que le quotidien FSP a modelé une image éminemment politique du STF en exacerbant la personnalisation de l'institution et le profil individuel de ses magistrats, sans compter l'accent mis à outrance sur la judiciarisation anti-corruption.

RESUMEN El objetivo del artículo es discutir la visibilidad del Supremo Tribunal Federal de Brasil (STF), examinándola a partir de la cobertura realizada por los grandes medios de comunicación. Buscamos describir la forma en que el periódico Folha de S. Paulo (FSP) retrató la actuación del Supremo durante el período de 1999-2014, enfocando el tipo de cobertura predominante (política o jurídica), los temas más recurrentes en el marco de la institución y los factores que determinan la cobertura. Estudiamos hasta qué punto dicha cobertura acompañaba las acciones que llevaba a cabo el tribunal, examinando cuáles fueron las decisiones que se convirtieron en noticias. Para ello, analizamos el contenido de 6271 noticias y, a partir de estos datos, cuestionamos la construcción de la imagen pública del tribunal y la posición en la que el medio de prensa colocó a la institución en el sistema político brasileño. Concluimos que FSP ha construido una imagen eminentemente política del STF a través de una cobertura que exacerbaba la personalización de la institución y el perfil individual de sus jueces, y enfatizando excesivamente los casos de judicialización anticorrupción.

A study of legal framework of national drug price negotiations in China / 中国卫生政策研究

The accessibility of drugs is the fundamental condition for achieving the universal health care, and price is the important factor of accessibility.It is essential to have a national price negotiations mechanism for the patented drugs and for exclusive production of drugs.As for the regular works, the national price negotiations mechanism should be ruled by law, while rules and regulations should be formulated accordingly.This paper discusses the specific content and the clarification of the legislative principle of legal framework for the negotiations, main roles, and selection of objects, procedure, results and application of the negotiations.It also analyses the existing problems are analyzed, and put forward the future legislation and corresponding rules.

Una mirada a la situación de la violencia contra la mujer en Bolivia

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer la actual situación de la violencia contra la mujer en la pareja, abordaje realizado de manera crítica basada en información debidamente documentada. Los informes internacionales, a nivel latinoamericano, indican que Bolivia ocupa el primer lugar en violencia física contra la mujer y el segundo lugar en violencia sexual, en las edades de 15 a 49 años. Se hace referencia a las acciones que el Estado boliviano realiza, a través de promulgación de leyes que tienen como meta garantizar una vida libre de violencia a la mujer boliviana, sin embargo, datos actuales muestran que este fenómeno se ha incrementado y recrudecido significativamente.

This paper aims to expose the current situation of domestic or partner violence against women, a critical approach based on duly documented information. International reports, atthe Latin American level, indicate that Bolivia ranks first place in physical violence against women and second place in sexual violence, in between the ages of 15 and 49. Reference has been made to the actions carried out by the Bolivian State, through the enactment of laws that aim to guarantee a life free of violence to all Bolivian women, however, current data shows that this phenomenon has increased and intensified significantly.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo expor a atual situação da violência contra a mul-her por parte de seus parceiros, em uma abordagem realizada de maneira crítica baseada em informações devidamente documentadas. Os relatórios internacionais indicam que a Bolívia é o país latino-americano que ocupa o primeiro lugar em violência física contra a mulher e o segundo em violência sexual contra mulheres nas idades de 15 a 49 anos. O presente artigo aborda as ações realizadas pelo Estado boliviano através de promulgação de leis que tem como meta garantir uma vida livre de violência às mulheres bolivianas, porém, dados atuais mostram que esse fenômeno tem aumentado e intensificado significativamente.

Current status of the legal framework regarding nursing in Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam and Myanmar / 国際保健医療

<b>Background</b><BR>  The Millennium Development Goals were put forth to strengthen maternal and child health, and because infectious disease has become a trend in the world, ensuring the quality and quantity of nursing is important. We report on a survey detailing the current status of legal frameworks and qualification systems in nursing in four countries: Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), Myanmar, and Vietnam.<BR><b>Method</b><BR>  We conducted a semi-structured interview with nursing administrative officers, and then we confirmed those information in their countries in 2012 and 2013. We categorized the existing nursing legal framework, nursing qualification systems, professional association and council.<BR><b>Results</b><BR>  The King of Cambodia stipulated to a royal decree, which was established by the nursing council. In Lao PDR, following the Law on Health Care, two nursing and midwifery related regulations were developed. The Union of Myanmar enacted the Nurse and Midwife Law. In Vietnam following the Law on Medical Examination and Treatment, two Circulars were issued by the Ministry of Health to regulate the scope of practices and norms. We report on the current situation of the qualification and registration systems for nursing of each country. In addition, the development of qualifications and regulations should be reported based on the ASEAN Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA).<BR><b>Conclusion</b><BR>  We conducted a comparison of four countries to ensure the quality of nursing. A challenge for the future is compliance and dissemination of the laws and regulations that have been developed. ASEAN MRA has become a driving force for improvement of these legal systems.

Integração entre curvas de permanência de quantidade e qualidade da água como uma ferramenta para a gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos / Integration between cumulative frequency curves for water quantity and quality as a tool for effective water resources management

A garantia dos usos múltiplos da água, dos serviços ambientais e do equilíbrio ecológico depende de uma combinação adequada entre aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos dos rios. A presente pesquisa descreve aplicações de uma nova abordagem das curvas de permanência de vazões, que foram associadas a curvas de frequência acumulada de qualidade da água. Foram compilados dados de fósforo total (2005 a 2009) e vazão média mensal (1959 a 2003) dos rios Paraíba do Sul e Sorocaba para ilustrar o conceito. A integração entre as curvas de quantidade e qualidade se mostrou desejável por oferecer subsídios a concessões de outorga, à cobrança pelo uso da água, ao monitoramento ambiental e ao enquadramento dos cursos de água. Outro aspecto positivo é que essas curvas podem incorporar variações no clima e no uso e ocupação do solo, o que permite o estabelecimento de cenários ambientais.

The security of the different water uses, environmental services and ecological balance depends upon a well-weighted combination between quantitative and qualitative aspects in rivers. This research describes applications of a new approach of the frequency curves for discharge, which were associated with frequency curves for water quality. Data on total phosphorus (2005 to 2009) and monthly average flow (1959 to 2003) from the Paraíba do Sul and Sorocaba Rivers were compiled to further illustrate the concept. The integration between the curves of water quantity and quality was considered desirable as it can aid in the planning of water concessions, charging for water uses, environmental monitoring and establishment of water quality standards and framework. Moreover, these curves can accommodate variations in climate and land use, allowing the establishment of environmental scenarios.

Participación en la toma de desiciones sanitarias por parte de los menores de edad según desarrollo moral, y marco normativo venezolano / Participation in health decisions by minors under development moral and legal framework for Venezuela

El presente artículo tiene como propósito establecer la participación que pueden tener los menores de edad en la toma de decisiones en la práctica sanitaria, según su desarrollo moral y el marco normativo venezolano. En los procedimientos se realizó la revisión bibliográfica, desde los clásicos hasta lo más reciente sobre el tema y se aplicó un método analítico. Se concluyó: que es fundamental una deliberación participativa con el menor, incluyéndolo en un proceso serio, honesto y sincero que exige escuchar al niño antes de los 12 años y solicitar su asentimiento de 12 a 17 años; los niños y adolescentes, pueden llegar a tomar decisiones con la adecuada ayuda por parte de familiares, equipo de salud, y otros expertos, que los apoyen en el desarrollo de una comprensión de los problemas y en la demostración de su capacidad de decisión, promoviendo el desarrollo de su independencia y responsabilidad; los profesionales de la salud requieren de formación ética y psicológica, para lograr una verdadera relación de ayuda en función del bienestar superior para con sus pacientes menores de edad y sus familiares

This paper aims to establish the participation that may have minors in decision-making in health care practice, according to their moral and legal framework in Venezuela. The procedures conducted the literature review, from the classics to the latest on the subject and applied an analytical nematode. It concluded that participatory deliberation is essential to the child, including it in a serious process, honest and sincere that requires listening to the child before age 12 and apply for consent from 12 to 17 years, children and adolescents, may reach appropriate decisions with help from family, health team and other experts to support them in developing an understanding of the problems and to demonstrate the ability of decision, promoting the development of independence and responsibility, health professionals require ethical and psychological training to achieve a real relationship based aid to higher welfare with their minor patients and their families

O acolhimento familiar em Portugal: conceitos, práticas e desafios / Foster care in Portugal: concepts, practices and challenges

O Acolhimento Familiar assume em Portugal uma expressão reduzida, num sistema de protecção das crianças excessivamente centrado na colocação em instituições, não obstante o discurso político mais recente, defensor da desinstitucionalização, e a evolução de outros sistemas sociais em diversos países europeus. Este artigo pretende caracterizar o modelo de Acolhimento Familiar português, destacando, nomeadamente, a sua evolução histórica mais recente, os conceitos e tipologias que mobiliza, as práticas que manifesta e os desafios que se colocam ao seu desenvolvimento.

The Foster Care in Portugal takes a reduced expression, in a system of protection of children excessively focused on institutional placements, despite the political discourse more recent, advocate of deinstitutionalization, and the development of other social systems in several European countries. This paper aims to analyze the Portuguese Foster Care model, highlighting in particular its historical evolution latest concepts and typologies that mobilize the practices that expresses, and challenges to its development.

Influenza pandemic preparedness and response: A review of legal frameworks in India.

Background: The potential of pandemics to cause global destabilization calls for robust pandemic preparedness plans with supportive health legislation. Few international studies have investigated their national legal preparedness in case of a pandemic. This study reviews India's legal preparedness in the face of an epidemic. Materials and Methods: This study reviewed and analyzed seminal publications pertinent to pandemic preparedness and relevant legal frameworks in India. The analyses are presented in matrix formats and reviewed by national experts. Results: Current legal frameworks are largely 'policing' in nature. These provisions seem to be adequate to deal with small scale emergencies but do not appear to be sufficient for large scale health crises during pandemics. Conclusion: India needs a critical mass of public health legislations to make impact and not police acts to control epidemics. This study aims to assist policy makers to create comprehensive pandemic preparedness plans, translating preparedness 'on paper' to 'in practice'

Análisis del macco legal en Colombia para la implementación de prácticas de bioproseccción / Analyse Of The Legal Framework In Colombia For Implementation Of Bioprospecting Practices

La práctica de bioprospección tiene características que involucran la interacción entre conocimiento tradicional, poseído por comunidades locales e indígenas de los países del Sur y las actividades comerciales propias de industrias como la farmacéutica y la de agroinsumos de los países del Norte; en esta interacción, emergen otra serie de actores como las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales, los Centros de Investigación, las Universidades, las instituciones financiadoras de actividades de ciencia y tecnología y el Estado, entre otros. Esta confluencia se caracteriza por motivaciones e intereses divergentes entre actores con poderes muy disímiles, lo cual ocasiona la necesidad de poseer marcos normativos que contribuyan a regular dicha interacción. Se analiza el marco legal en la implementación de la práctica bioprospectiva en un país megadiverso como Colombia, para lo cual se hizo la revisión de literatura correspondiente y se realizó un trabajo de campo en Colombia, mediante el cual se accedió a información de la autoridad nacional competente en materia de diversidad biológica y acceso a recursos genéticos, se participó en una serie de reuniones en las cuales se analizó la implementación del marco legal en bioprospección y se hicieron entrevistas con actores involucrados en dicha práctica. Se concluye que hay dificultades de la autoridad nacional competente para implementar la normatividad de carácter regional andino y se evidencian las enormes limitantes para que los investigadores colombianos adelanten proyectos de investigación en esta temática.

The practice of bioprospecting is inherently linked with traditional knowledge and practices of local communities in the South as well as with the commercial activities of industries (e.g., pharmaceutic sector, agriculture) in the North. A series of actors operate at this interface, such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Research Centers, Universities, Science and Technology sponsor institutions and the State. As these actors have divergent interests and powers of negotiation, an appropriate regulatory framework is necessary to regulate their interaction. This paper analyzes the existing legal framework in a mega-diverse country, like Colombia , for implementation of bioprospecting practices. The research consisted of two key components: (i) A review of the state of art of bioprospecting; (ii) A work in situ in Colombia , which consisted of analysis of information and genetic resources related to bioprospecting, participation in the implementation of a legal frame for bioprospecting practices and interviews with Colombian professionals in the field of biodiversity conservation. Our research determined that: (i) national authorities encounter a multitude of difficulties to implement a legal framework in Colombia , especially the Andean regional normativity; (ii) the execution of research projects related to bioprospecting in Colombia faces numerous challenges.

The Legal Framework and Governance System of Higher Education in the UK / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Universities and colleges of higher education in the UK are self-governing institutions.They are,however,subject to the relevant laws.The Council and the Senate,established by the Chart govern the University.A third body,the Court,exists by virtue of the Charter but has no direct role in governance.