Derechos del concebido

La fecundación consiste en la fusión de los gametos masculino y femenino en el tercio externo de la trompa uterina para constituir el cigoto, que inicia su división celular, viaja al útero, se implanta como blastocito en el endometrio a los siete días y comienzan los procesos de embriogénesis y morfogénesis. Concepción es la acción o efecto de quedar embarazada una mujer. En el tema de los derechos establecidos al concebido, el inicio de la vida humana plantea amplia discusión entre las definiciones que plantea la ciencia frente a las de grupos de la sociedad civil. No siendo el cigoto una persona humana, de acuerdo con la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) y otros no sería sujeto de los derechos establecidos para la persona, los cuales estarían íntimamente relacionados a los derechos de la mujer embarazada. La concepción ocurriría cuando el embrión se implanta en el útero y no aplicaría el artículo 4 de la CIDH. La doctrina, la legislación y la jurisprudencia peruana establecen amplia tutela jurídica a favor del concebido e instauran el inicio de la vida a partir de la fecundación. La Sentencia de la CIDH para el caso Artavia Murillo contra Costa Rica introduce la figura española del preembrión, al cual no se le otorga tutela jurídica hasta los 14 días, momento en que la ciencia médica establece la implantación del embrión en el endometrio materno. Para consideraciones éticas actuales, el embarazo humano empieza con la implantación del blastocisto en el endometrio y no existe sustento para aceptar el derecho del concebido desde el momento de la fecundación como si fuera una persona. Empero se señala que la vida humana posee una continuidad ininterrumpida desde su concepción hasta su fin natural, la muerte. El cigoto es vida que se inicia con dotación genética propia diferente a la de sus progenitores. El embrión preimplantatorio solo podrá originar un ser humano que se gesta y desarrolla dentro del cuerpo de otra persona, con propia dinámica vital.

Fertilization consists of the fusion of the male and female gametes in the outer third of the uterine tube to form the zygote, which begins its cell division, travels to the uterus, implants as a blastocyst in the endometrium after seven days and begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. Conception is the action or effect of a woman becoming pregnant. About the rights established for the conceived, the beginning of human life raises a wide discussion between the definitions proposed by science and those of civil society groups. Not being the zygote a human person, according to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and others, it would not be subject to the rights established for the person, which would be closely related to the rights of the pregnant woman. Conception would occur when the embryo implants in the uterus and Article 4 of the IACHR would not apply. Peruvian doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence establish broad legal protection in favor of the conceived and indicate the beginning of life from the moment of fertilization. The Judgment of the IACHR in the case of Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica introduces the Spanish figure of the pre-embryo, which is not granted legal protection until 14 days, when medical science establishes the implantation of the embryo in the maternal endometrium. For current ethical considerations, human pregnancy begins with the implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium and there is no basis for accepting the right of the conceived from the moment of fertilization as if it were a person. However, it is pointed out that human life has an uninterrupted continuity from conception to its natural end, death. The zygote is life that begins with its own genetic endowment different from that of its progenitors. The preimplantation embryo can only give rise to a human being that is gestated and develops within the body of another person, with its own vital dynamics.

Study on the Legal System of Drug Reevaluation in America，European Union ，Japan and the Enlightenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the establishment and improvement of drug reevaluation system in China. METHODS： The design and relevant laws of drug reevaluation system in America， European Union and Japan were reviewed and summarized. The shortcomings of drug evaluation in China were analyzed and suggestions for improvement were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： America， European Union and Japan have formulated relevant laws and systems for post-marketing reappraisal of drugs， as well as specific implementation norms and technical support plans. The legal system of drug reevaluation in America can be divided into ADR monitoring and reporting system， post-marketing drug research system and active drug safety risk monitoring system. The European Union mainly has a monitoring and evaluation system for conventionally marketed drugs， drugs licensed under exceptional circumstances or conditions， and a re-registration system for drugs. Japan’s legal system of reevaluation mainly consists of reexamination system， reevaluation system and other systems. However， there are still some shortcomings in the drug reevaluation in our country， such as weak system， weak legislation， inadequate operability and deterrence， ineffective links between the implementation and application of drug evaluation results， and ineffective allocation of resources. It is suggested that we should integrate the existing reevaluation system to improve the legal system of drug reevaluation in China，starting from the systematic construction of the legal system of drug reevaluation， the construction and standardization of the legislative level， the connection of the legal system of drug reevaluation and the allocation of resources.

Study on the Implementation of American Post-marketing Re-evaluation of Drugs Legal System and Its Enlightenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the establishment and improvement of the post-marketing re-evaluation of drugs （shorted for re-evaluation） legal system in China. METHODS： Through sorting out American re-evaluation system， this paper focused on the current situation and procedures of the implementation of American re-evaluation system and put forward the suggestions for improving drug re-evaluation system in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： American re-evaluation system takes enterprises as the main body of execution and the government as the main body of supervision. It has the characteristics of highly informatized and transparent process. The work includes the report of ADR implementation of monitoring systems， the periodic reporting system and the post-listing clinical trials and research systems. The implementation process is to find clues， FDA preliminary review and notification， enterprise further self-examination and review， corporate actions and accept FDA supervision. It is suggested that when establishing the legal system of re-evaluation system in China， the main role of patients should be highlighted， and risk communication should be guided by the public. For example， the Medwatch voluntary reporting system of FDA can be imitated. The unified data collection， storage system and scientific data processing methods can be established. Continuously strengthen the main responsibility consciousness of pharmaceutical enterprises in testing and reporting， and constantly reduce the risk of drug use of patients.

The reform of legal system on the construction and reflection of the logic of actions of all parties in the medical litigation:An empirical study of 404 cases about 6 three-A hospitals in D city / 中国卫生政策研究

Taking the judicial reference information of 404 cases of medical litigation from the 6 three-A hospi-tals from 2009 to 2014 in D city as the sample,it was found that in the reform of the legal system represented by the implementation of the Tort Liability Act increased the number of medical tort litigations obviously;Decline in apprais-al rate,more summary procedure and mediation apply and its high success rate in claim for compensation, serious mediating tendency and decreased hospital's attention to medical litigation have conflicted with the authoritative,effi-cient,fair and reasonable goals that institutional changes are intended to achieve. This is related to the harmonization of the legal pattern of medical damage litigations as it lessens the dispute resolution before litigation and changes liti-gation expectations of the litigants aggravate the burden of evidence from applicants,especially the cost of applying of appraisal,increases the discretion of courts,but failing to improve its professional trial capacity in a timely manner. Based on the investigation of the influence of institutional changes to the logic of operations,the role of the third-party pre-statement dispute resolution mechanism in medical disputes should be further addressed in the future to balance the burden of evidence-relieving methods with the burden of doctor-patient evidence in the form of ease of proof and to improve the procedural diversion mechanism for conciliation and the diversion should be improved to strengthen dama-ges to make the compensation procedure more scientific.

Comparison Between Protection System for Varieties of Traditional Chinese Medicines and Patent Legal System / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Patent legal system is a part of civil law,while protection system for the varieties of traditional Chinese medicines is involved in the market regulation law.Both of them emphasize on different aspects compiementarily in protecting traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with advantages and disadvantages.To meet the requirements of the development of TCM in the new era,protection scope of the protection system for varieties of traditional Chinese medicines should be promoted,examination system and elimination mechanisms should be improved through the inheritance and innovation of TCM,which may be conducive to protect rights and interests of TCM enterprises and improve the quality of varieties of traditional Chinese medicines.

Introduction of Applying for“Pharmacists’Health Care Provider Status”in the United States and Its En-lightenment on Clinical Pharmacist Legal System Construction in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the development of clinical pharmacists’career and the establishment of le-gal system in China. METHODS:The background,progress and situation of applying for“pharmacists’health care provider sta-tus”in the United States were introduced. The reasons for achieving provider status in California,Washington,and Oregon were summed up in aspects of politics,economics and education. The chance and challenge for achieving provider status at federal level were also discussed. Based on the development of clinical pharmacists in China,the suggestions were put forward for the improve-ment of legal system of clinical pharmacists in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:“Health care provider status”in the United Stated were recognised by 3 states with local developed economics,high-level education,and collective efforts of pharmacy organi-zations. Multiple national pharmacy organizations as American Pharmacists Association,American Society of Health-System Phar-macists and American Pharmacy College Society are working together toward provider status at the federal level. Our country should pay attention to related legal system construction,establish perfect and definite clinical pharmacists legal system as soon as possible to provide legal guarantee for career development of clinical pharmacists in China.

Subjetividade pós-moderna e relações sociais: implicações para a efetividade do sistema de justiça / Postmodern subjectivity and social relations: implications for the effectiveness of the legal system

O desafio da efetividade do sistema de justiça atual é de alta complexidade, pois apesar de ser competência do âmbito jurídico, vários campos de conhecimento estão implicados, sendo necessária escolha de paradigma adequado para análise. Aborda-se o tema mediante revisão de literatura sob a ótica do paradigma da complexidade, onde Ciências Sociais, Psicologia e Direito se entrelaçam, considerando a pós-modernidade como contexto que circunscreve o funcionamento do sistema de justiça. O objetivo é demonstrar a influência da subjetividade contemporânea no funcionamento do sistema de justiça. Para isso, apresenta-se o mundo contemporâneo regido por novos ditames, o que propicia que a subjetividade e conduta dos indivíduos, respondam a uma lógica maior que determina sua forma de ser-no-mundo sendo 431411que organizações sociais -incluindo o sistema jurídico ­também podem ser analisadas sob a ótica dessa ordem social específica. Na contemporaneidade os indivíduos buscam bem-estar a qualquer preço, seja pelo consumo excessivo, uso de drogas, manipulação de regras, ou seja acionando o sistema de justiça na procura da sua justiça. Na medida em que indivíduos se libertam das amarras sociais na busca de viver de acordo com seu Eu , mais suas relações complicam, criando inúmeras demandas judiciais pelo comportamento consumista e desdobramentos das desigualdades e violação de direitos. Conclui-se que os desafios da efetividade do sistema de justiça talvez impliquem em descompassos entre o que seria efetividade para esse sistema e para a demanda dos sujeitos pós-modernos que o procuram, a qual é resultante de funcionamento social específico.

The challenge of the effectiveness of the current legal system is highly complex, because, despite being the competence of the legal sphere, various knowledge fields are involved, requiring choice of suitable paradigm for analysis. The issue is addressed by means of literature reviewing under the perspective of complexity paradigm, in which Social Sciences, Psychology and Law are intertwined, considering postmodernity as context that limits the legal system operation. The goal is to show the influence of contemporary subjectivity on the legal system operation. For this purpose, the contemporary world is presented governed by new dictates, which provides that subjectivity and individual's behavior respond to higher logic that determines its way of being in the world; and social organizations -including the legal system -can also be analyzed under the perspective of this particular social order. In contemporary times, individuals seek well-being at any cost, either by excessive consumption, drug use, or maneuvering the rules, i.e., triggering the legal system, searching their righteousness. To the extent that individuals break free from social constraints in the pursuit of to live according to themselves, their relations become more complicated, creating numerous lawsuits by consumerist behavior and consequences of inequalities and violation of rights. It is concluded that the challenges of the effectiveness of the legal system may involve mismatches, regarding what would be effective for this system and the demand from postmodern individuals who seek it, which are the result of specific social operation

Development and reform of the legal system for health insurance in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Health insurance is an important part of social security, and many problems have arisen in the con-struction of its legal system, such as legislative lag, lack of coordination among law enforcement, and serious disloca-tion of judicial relief. Therefore, under the vital time of performing the strategy of “rule by law”, the development and reform of the legal system for health insurance in China should be promoted. On the basis of summarizing the his-torical development of the legal system for health insurance in China, this paper proposes solutions such as centrali-zing legislative upgrades and expediting the process of unitary and special laws from the perspective of“rule by law”. The system of personal credit should be established and judicial transparency should be promoted to improve the legal system for health insurance.

A brief history of central health administrative organs in China / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The evolution and different functions of central health administrative organs in different historical periods of China was described in order to fill the gaps in research of their history.

Sobre a prática profissional do assistente social no sistema penitenciário / The professional practice of social workers in the prision system

O presente texto se propõe a tecer algumas considerações sobre a prática profissional do assistente social no sistema penitenciário. O foco principal das considerações é o objetivo profissional desta prática, o qual, historicamente, correspondeu à ressocialização como finalidade precípua da pena privativa de liberdade e da prisão moderna como espaço para seu cumprimento. Tem por base investigações anteriores desenvolvidas pela autora e, metodologicamente, se traduz em produto de pesquisas bibliográficas e de campo. O intuito é oferecer uma contribuição à necessária reflexão sobre tal prática, o que pressupõe a reconstrução do ideal ressocializador, rompendo com sua vinculação à criminologia tradicional.

This text proposes to make a few remarks about the professional practice of social workers in the prison system. The principal focus of these considerations is the professional goal of it, which historically corresponded to resocialization as main purpose of deprivation of liberty and imprisonment as a modern space for its fulfillment. It is based on research conducted by the author and thus, methodologically, it translates into product of literature searches and previous fields. The aim is to offer a contribution to the necessary reflection on the practice, which presupposes the reconstruction of ideal resocializing, breaking its connection to the Traditional Criminology.

Tratamiento de la delincuencia organizada en España: en particular, tras la reforma penal del 2010 / Treatment of organized crime in Spain: particularly, after the 2010 criminal reform / Tratamento do crime organizado na Espanha: em particular, apos a reforma penal de 2010

La reforma operada por la Ley Orgánica 5/2010 en el Código Penal español ha supuesto, en relación con la elincuencia organizada, una completa reestructuración de los tipos penales relativos a las organizaciones y grupos criminales, con lo que se supera la insatisfactoria situación anterior de ausencia de un concepto penal de organización criminal, que aparece ya legalmente establecido. No pocos son los problemas técnicos que suscita la nueva regulación, tanto en lo que se refiere a la extensión de los tipos penales como por el solapamiento de estos con otras modalidades delictivas y actos punibles (v. gr., los delitos de asociación ilícita), que continúan vigentes. Los defectos de técnica legislativa se extienden, igualmente, al campo de las sanciones y demás consecuencias jurídicas del delito, respecto de las que se confirma la tendencia endurecedora del ordenamiento jurídico español, el cual también se caracteriza por la progresiva introducción de regulaciones procesales específicas, dirigidas a favorecer la persecución penal. La presente contribución pasa revista a esta nueva situación normativa, que se analiza en la línea de la dogmática jurídico-penal, al poner de relieve sus contradicciones e insuficiencias desde el prisma político-criminal en un área de la mayor importancia criminológica y para la seguridad de los ciudadanos.

The reform operated in the Spanish Criminal Code by Organic Act (“Ley Orgánica”) 5/2010 has meant full restructuring of the criminal types relating to delinquent organizations and groups. This has put an end to the previous unsatisfactory situation lacking a serious concept of criminal organization now appearing to be legally established. But many are the technical problems arising from the new regulation in both extension and overlapping of the criminal types with other delinquent modalities and punitive actions (i. e., criminal association or conspiracy). Likewise, the legislative technique flaws spill over to the sanction field and other juridical consequences of crime with respect to which the hardening trend of the Spanish legal system is confirmed, as characterizedin addition by the gradual introduction of specific procedural regulations aiming at favoring criminal persecution.The current contribution reviews this new normative situation which is being analyzed following the same line of the legal-criminal dogma by highlighting its contradictions and insufficiencies from the political-criminal prism in an area of paramount importance to criminology and citizen security.

A reforma operada pela Ley Orgánica 5/2010 no Código Penal espanhol tem considerado, em relação ao crime organizado, uma completa reestruturação das organizações e tipos penais de grupos criminosos, que ultrapassa a situação insatisfatória da ausência de um conceito de organização criminosa, que aparecem como legalmente estabelecidos. Não são poucos os problemas técnicos provocados pelo novo regulamento, tanto no que diz respeito à extensão dos tipos penais quanto pelo solapamento com outras modalidades criminosas e atos puníveis (v. gr., os delitos de associação ilícita), que continuam em vigor. Os defeitos de técnica legislativa se estendem, igualmente, para o campo de sanções e outras consequências jurídicas do crime, respeito daquelas que se confirma a tendência endurecedora do ordenamento jurídico espanhol, que também é caracterizada pela introdução progressiva dos regulamentos processuais específicos, destinados a favorecer o processo penal. A presente contribuição inspeciona essa nova situação regulamentar, analisada na linha dogmática jurídica, para o destaque das suas contradições e deficiências do prisma político-criminal em uma área da criminologia da maior importância e para a segurança dos cidadãos.

Ethical and legal considerations on professional liability of the orthodontist

INTRODUCTION: After the enactment of Law 8078, of September 11, 1990, the Consumers Defense Code implied important alterations in Brazil's legal scenario, providing a greater balance in the relationship between consumers and service providers. From this law, dental surgeons came to establish a consumer relationship with their clients. OBJECTIVE: Due to the ethical and legal issues against the dental professionals, this work makes general considerations about the nature of the dentist´s obligation in services, specifically in Orthodontics. CONCLUSION: The responsibility of the professional shall be restricted to predictable risks and undertaken obligations. When the professional warns the client in a correct, clear and express manner, it will lower the chances of being later charged.

INTRODUÇÃO: após a promulgação da Lei nº. 8.078, de 11 de setembro de 1990, o Código de Defesa do Consumidor provocou importantes alterações no cenário jurídico brasileiro, proporcionando um maior equilíbrio nas relações estabelecidas entre os consumidores e os fornecedores de produtos e serviços. A partir dessa lei, os cirurgiões-dentistas passaram a estabelecer com seus pacientes uma relação de consumo. OBJETIVO: tecer considerações sobre a natureza obrigacional do cirurgião-dentista especialista em Ortodontia. CONCLUSÃO: a responsabilidade do contratado será compreendida entre os riscos previsíveis e as obrigações assumidas. Quando o profissional alerta de forma correta, clara e expressa, diminuem-se as chances de serem posteriormente cobrados.

A desigualdade e a subversão do Estado de Direito / La desigualdad y la subversión del Estado de Derecho / Inequality and the subversion of the Rule of Law

De que maneira a profunda e persistente desigualdade socioeconômica afeta a integridade do Estado de Direito? O principal objetivo deste artigo é procurar entender os efeitos, no sistema jurídico, da polarização entre pobreza e riqueza, especialmente com relação a uma das idéias centrais do Estado de Direito: a noção de que as pessoas devem ser tratadas de maneira imparcial pela lei e por aqueles encarregados de sua implementação. O argumento principal proposto aqui é que a exclusão social e econômica, decorrente de níveis extremos e duradouros de desigualdade, destrói a imparcialidade da lei, causando a invisibilidade dos extremamente pobres, a demonização daqueles que desafiam o sistema e a imunidade dos privilegiados, aos olhos dos indivíduos e das instituições. Em suma, a desigualdade socioeconômica extrema e persistente corrói a reciprocidade, tanto em seu sentido moral quanto em seu interesse mútuo, o que enfraquece a integridade do Estado de Direito. Esse artigo também será publicado em Thomas Pogge (ed.). A Human Right to be Free from Poverty: Its Role in Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

The idea of Rule of Law has become almost unanimously embraced in our days. For human rights advocates, Rule of Law is perceived as an indispensable tool to avoid discrimination, and arbitrary use of force. But, how does profound and persistent social and economic inequality impact the integrity of the Rule of Law? The main objective of this essay is to try to understand the effects of the polarization of poverty and wealth on the legal system, especially in relation to one of the core ideals of the Rule of Law: that people should be treated impartially by the law and by those responsible for its implementation. By revising a substantive and a formalist conception of the Rule of Law, I will try to provide some explanation about why states and people would comply with the Rule of Law standards. The article will also consider the impact of extreme and persistent inequality over the Rule of Law, using my familiarity with the Brazilian experience as an example. In the final section, the focus will be on how even an incomplete Rule of Law system can be employed or challenged to empower the invisible, humanize the demonized, and bring the immune back to the realm of law. This paper will be also published at Thomas Pogge (ed.). A human right to be free from poverty: its role in politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

En la actualidad la idea del Estado de derecho está aceptada casi unánimemente. Los defensores de los derechos humanos ven en el Estado de derecho una herramienta indispensable para evitar la discriminación y el uso arbitrario de la fuerza. ¿Cómo influye la profunda y persistente desigualdad social y económica en la integridad del Estado de derecho? El objetivo principal del presente ensayo es tratar de comprender los efectos de la polarización de la pobreza y de la riqueza en el sistema jurídico, especialmente con relación a uno de los ideales esenciales del Estado de derecho: que la ley y los responsables de la implementación de dicho Estado de derecho traten a la gente con imparcialidad. Mediante una revisión de la concepción sustantiva y de la formalista del Estado de derecho, intentaré proporcionar al menos alguna explicación a por qué los estados y los pueblos cumplen con los estándares del Estado de derecho. El artículo también considerará el impacto de la desigualdad extrema y persistente en el Estado de derecho, basándome en mi conocimiento de la experiencia brasileña como ejemplo. La sección final se concentrará en el hecho de que incluso un sistema incompleto de Estado de derecho puede ser usado y puesto a prueba para darle más poder a los invisibles, para humanizar a los demonizados, y para traer otra vez a los inmunes al reino de la ley. Ese artículo también será publicado en inglés en Thomas Pogge (ed.), A human rights to be free from poverty: its role in politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Sudden Child Death Syndrome / 대한법의학회지

In 1969, the International Conference proposed a definition of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): the sudden death of any infant or young child which is unexpected by history and in whom a thorough necropsy fails to demonstrate an adequate cause of death. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development redefined SIDS in 1989, requiring death scene investigation with age restriction under 12 months. These definitions, however, are not adequate for the countries having under-organized medico-legal system. In South Korea, no mandatory or customary complete medico-legal investigation is not performed in the sudden child death cases, including autopsy. As a consequence, SIDS can be diagnosed as 'unknown 'by non-pathologists. Even in autopsy cases, the pathologists can not collect proper medical history by themselves. Furthermore, scene investigation is just performed by police or omitted. Age in SIDS is a controversial problem in both upper and lower limit. So the authors concluded that the above two definitions of SIDS are not agreeable with the country such as South Korea. We proposed a new concept of sudden child death syndrome (SCDS), which means 'the sudden death of any infant including neonate with good condition after birth, or young child which reveals no definite cause of death by inspection or autopsy ', for the purpose of not unreasonable diagnosis and adequate research in the countries having under-developed postmortem investigation system.

Discussion of several legal issues concerning compensation for mental damage / 中华医院管理杂志

Based on a study of 33 cases of medical tangle wherein demand for compensation for mental damage was met, the paper analyzes the current status of demand for compensation for mental damage, including the cause, extent and smount of money. It also discusses the double effect of mental compensation and points out that perfecting the establishment of medical laws and regulations is the only way which must be passed in solving issues of medica1 tangle concerning mental compensation.

USA Legal System for Emergency Management and FDA Organization Chart of Emergency Response and Its Implication for China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for dealing with public emergency in China. METHODS:Through consulting the FDA guidelines for emergency management,the study was done by reviewing literature and comparison study. RESULTS:USA has established complete legal system for emergency management. FDA has established complete organization chart of emergency response with the emergency operation center as its focal point and various centers and offices providing support to resolve all kinds of emergencies. CONCLUSIONS:A complete legal system for emergency management is required in China,the most importance of which is to set up an emergency operation center in SFDA with a set of supporting departments. It is urgent to establish practical emergency response plans.