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@#Obesity is a growing global concern, and Singapore is not spared from the global epidemic. Apart from the increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions, obese individuals are vulnerable to many psychological comorbidities. Obesity management through lifestyle changes can be limited by various barriers, increasing the challenge of implementation and leaving some clinicians feeling frustrated and stressed. The paper examines the barriers identified in the literature, discusses the use of cognitive behavioural concepts and techniques to facilitate the lifestyle change process and explores the use of motivation and readiness to change to guide the clinician’s strategies.
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Background & objectives: Obesity-mediated chronic inflammatory state is primarily governed by lifestyle and food habits in adolescents and marked by alterations in the level of various inflammatory markers. This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare the inflammatory status of healthy Indian adolescents vis-�-vis their obesity profile. The inflammatory state of urban adolescents attending private and government-funded schools, and the relationship between inflammatory marker levels and anthropometric indices in the study participants from both groups were examined. Methods: A total of 4438 study participants (10-17 yr) were chosen from various schools of Delhi, India, and their anthropometric parameters were measured. Plasma adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) of the study participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were assayed by a biochemical analyzer. Metabolic syndrome-related risk factors such as waist circumference, hip circumference (HC), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides of normal-weight adolescents were also evaluated. Results: The level of leptin and CRP increased with increasing adiposity, whereas adiponectin levels were found to be negatively related to obesity. All plasma cytokine levels (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) were significantly elevated in female than male adolescents. Age-based classification revealed a distinct trend of variability in the levels of all the inflammatory markers among adolescents of varying age groups. Significant differences were observed between private and government schoolgoing adolescents in terms of anthropometric and inflammatory parameters, with higher adiposity indices in the former group. The relationship of plasma adipokine and CRP levels with various adiposity indices was found to be distinctly different between private and government schoolgoing students. Interpretation & conclusions: Inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in overweight/obese adolescents. The socio-economic condition of urban Indian schoolgoing adolescents reflecting lifestyle transition has profound effects on their adiposity indices and inflammatory states. Longitudinal studies in different regions of the country need to be done to further confirm the findings.
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@#The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of cardiovascular health education on change in blood pressure at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months follow-up. This was a prospective cohort study. Participants were from an urban poor community in Metro Manila. Included were the 98 adults at least 40 years of age with hypertension, without cardiovascular disease. Among those previously diagnosed with hypertension, 20.3% had controlled blood pressures at the time of screening. There were 29.6% newly diagnosed cases of hypertension in the study. During the 18-month intervention phase, cardiovascular disease health education and counseling on risk factor control were given along with medical check-ups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. The decreases in mean systolic blood pressures from the baseline at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months were 11.9, 15.2, 9.1, and 14.1-mm Hg, respectively. The diastolic blood pressures decreased by 6.9, 9.3,.4.6, and 4.4 mm Hg. These differences were statistically significant. For the urban poor, health education on risk factor modification and cardiovascular diseases can be an important tool in improving blood pressure.
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Blood Pressure , Life Style , Urban Health , Health EducationABSTRACT
Background– Non–communicable diseases (NCD), also known as chronic diseases include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke, most forms of cancers and injuries. Changes in lifestyles, behavioral patterns, demographic profile, socio–cultural and technological advancements are leading to sharp increases in the prevalence of NCDs among young population. Objectives– To assess the burden of non communicable diseases and their correlation with various factors present among young population of Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. Methods– Surveys were collected from a total of 770 participants chosen by simple random sampling. Semi–structured schedule was used to collect information and STEP–wise Approach to surveillance (STEPS) by World Health Organization was followed. Data analysis was done by using Epi–info software 7.2.1.1. Results– Amongst total 770 respondents, 462 (60%) males and 308 (40%) females. Out of total 431(55.97%) had presence of one of the non communicable diseases (CVS, Diabetes, Hypertension and Cancer) in their parents. The main risk factors were lack of physical activity, eating unhealthy diet and lifestyle changes. Conclusion– The young population needs to motivate and government has to implement promotive services about the lifestyle changes and dietary modifications for good health. Make recommendations for the improvement of health services of young population.
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Background: To investigate the change of leptin levels after a total life style changes (diet, exercise induced weight loss and behaviors modification) and the possible association between leptin and total life style changes (TLC) in obese subjects. Materials & Methods: A total number of forty obese subjects (twenty patients of DM type 2 and twenty age and sex matched healthy obese controls) divided into two different group (twenty in each) were studied. After recording a detailed history, a complete physical examination was carried out. Fasting serum leptin levels estimated and both group total life style changes intervention (diet control and exercise induced weight loss and behaviors modification) was given and after duration of eight-week TLC intervention, all subjects were reexamined and fasting serum leptin levels were re-estimated. Results: Obese diabetic group shows significant reduction in leptin levels 3.15 ± 10.87 in comparison with obese nondiabetic group 1.77 ± 9.21. Conclusion: Total lifestyle changes intervention (diet control and exercise induced weight loss and behaviors modification) significantly reduces leptin levels and significantly reduces the anthropometrics values and biochemical values in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with obese nondiabetic group.
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Objective: This study examined the change in physical activity status and patterns and their associations with urban and rural residence and employment status in Mongolia.Methods: We analyzed data from 7,738 adults aged from 20 to 64 years (n = 2,877 and 4,861 for 2005 and 2013, respectively) from the Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors (NCD-STEPS survey). Physical activity in three domains, including work (occupational and household work); transport (walk or cycling); and leisure (sport or fitness) was measured by Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical activity levels were classified into three groups: low, moderate, and high according to the GPAQ analysis framework. The associations between physical activity time, residential area, and employment status were examined using a multivariate negative binomial regression model.Results: The percentage of respondents with low-level physical activity increased from 10.9% in 2005 to 27.2% in 2013. The median minutes of physical activity time per week were 1,020 in 2005 and 600 in 2013. Physical activity time at work, transport and overall decreased in 2013. Work-related physical activity was the most dominant component of physical activity time (55.6% in 2005 and 54.6% in 2013), the transport domain was the second-highest contributor of physical activity time in 2005 (24.0%) and was replaced by the leisure domain (26.8%) in 2013. Rural residents practiced more physical activity at work, transport, and leisure than urban residents did in 2005 (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–1.47; PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.14–1.29; and PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.13–1.30, respectively), but there was no significant difference by residential area in 2013. Mongolian adults with higher educational attainment, employee status, and non-employment status were less likely to engage in physical activity compared to those among adults with lower educational attainment and self-employed status.
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Lipid-adjust therapy is one of basic management of atherosclerosis diseases with approaches like medication,therapeutics life style(TLC),dialysis regimen,surgery operation and gene therapy etc.Along with lipidlowering medication,TLC methods should be used to primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery diseases,by which lipid levels returns to target normal ranges as a result of reducing uptake of cholesterol or saturation fatty foods,improving physical activities,as well as weight control.