Social defeat: Concept and measurement in a Hispanic population / Derrota social: Concepto y medición en población de habla hispana

Abstract Introduction Social defeat (SD) is defined as a feeling of having lost the fight leading to a loss of valuable status or of important personal goals, and has been associated to depression and suicidal behavior, among other disorders. Furthermore, it has been proposed as a mediating variable between social and clinical elements. Objective To adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Defeat Scale. Method A back translation into Spanish was carried out. SD, hopelessness, and social well-being were measured in 546 university students (Mean age = 20.93 years, SD = 2.98; 68.7% females). Results An exploratory factor analysis offered a two-dimension structure in the scale made up by the dimension defeat and triumph. A confirmatory factor analysis found good fit indicators for the two-dimension model (df = 89; χ2 = 188.96; CFI = .942; RMSEA = .061; IFI = .943). Both dimensions present good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > .70). SD was associated to higher levels of hopelessness and lower levels of social well-being. Discussion and conclusion The Spanish version of the Defeat Scale presents good psychometric properties. Its use can help deepen the understanding of psychopathological phenomena and their link to social elements within the context of Spanish speaking countries.

Resumen Introducción La derrota social (DS) se define como la sensación de lucha fallida en relación con una pérdida de estatus valioso o de metas personales importantes, y se ha relacionado con depresión y conducta suicida, entre otros trastornos. Además, ha sido propuesta como una variable mediadora entre elementos sociales y clínicos. Objetivo Adaptar y validar al español la Defeat Scale. Método Se realizó una traducción inversa para obtener la versión al español de la escala. Con la participación de 546 estudiantes universitarios (M = 20.93 años, DS = 2.98; 68.7% mujeres), se evaluaron DS, desesperanza y bienestar social. Resultados El análisis factorial exploratorio encontró una estructura de dos dimensiones, compuesta por una dimensión de derrota y otra de triunfo. El análisis factorial confirmatorio encontró buenos indicadores de ajuste para el modelo de dos dimensiones (df = 89; χ2 = 188.96; CFI = .942; RMSEA = .061; IFI = .943). Ambas dimensiones presentaron buena consistencia interna (α > .70). La DS se asoció con mayores niveles de desesperanza y menores niveles de bienestar social. Discusión y conclusión La versión al español de la Defeat Scale presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas. Su uso puede ayudar a profundizar la comprensión de psicopatologías y su relación con elementos sociales en países de habla hispana.

Cuestionario de Clasificación de Consumidores de Cigarrillos. Resultados de su aplicación en Cuba, 2017 / Questionnaire for classification of cigarette consumers. Results obtained from its implementation in Cuba, 2017

RESUMEN Introducción: El consumo de tabaco deviene un trastorno adictivo que pone en peligro la salud tanto de los fumadores como de los que lo rodean. Su evaluación adecuada requiere contemplar los factores psicológicos y sociales que lo propician. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de adaptación al contexto cubano del Cuestionario de clasificación de consumidores de cigarrillos y caracterizar la muestra de fumadores estudiada para ello. Material y métodos: La investigación desarrollada incluye dos etapas. La primera, clasifica como un estudio de desarrollo tecnológico y la segunda, consiste en un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con un diseño cuantitativo. Participaron 5 expertos y 205 fumadores activos seleccionados a partir de un muestreo intencional procedentes de áreas de salud de La Habana y Santiago de Cuba. Resultados: Se desarrolló una versión válida para la población cubana del cuestionario, que contiene las recomendaciones realizadas por los expertos y obtuvo una consistencia interna de 0,7005. El 49.7% de los participantes clasificó como fumadores fuertes y 48.3% como fumadores moderados (de riesgo). Por otra parte 60% de ellos son hombres, 32,7% son jóvenes y 65% son trabajadores. Conclusiones: Se realizó la adaptación lingüística y cultural al contexto cubano del Cuestionario de clasificación de consumidores de cigarrillos, la cual cuenta con un nivel de fiabilidad adecuado. La mayor parte de los sujetos estudiados clasificaron como fumadores fuertes o moderados. Predominaron los del sexo masculino, jóvenes y trabajadores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tobacco consumption becomes an addictive disorder that endangers the health of both smokers and those around them. Its proper evaluation requires an analysis of the psychological and social factors that favor it. Objective: To describe the adaptation process of the questionnaire for classification of cigarette consumers within the Cuban context and characterize the sample of smokers under study. Material and Methods: The research includes two stages: the first stage that is classified as a technological development study, and the second one which consists of a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative design. Five experts and 205 active smokers selected from an intentional sample from the health areas of Havana and Santiago de Cuba participated in the study. Results: A valid version of the questionnaire for the Cuban population was developed, which contains the recommendations made by the experts and obtained an internal consistency of 0.7005. It was observed that 49.7% of the participants classified as strong smokers and 48.3% as moderate smokers (at risk). On the other hand, 60% of them are men, 32.7% are young and 65% are workers. Conclusions: Linguistic and cultural adaptation to the Cuban context of the questionnaire for classification of cigarette consumers was carried out, which has an adequate level of reliability. Most of the subjects studied were classified as strong or moderate smokers. The male sex, young and workers predominated in the study.

Adaptation and Validation of the Korean Version of the Urticaria Control Test and Its Correlation With Salivary Cortisone

PURPOSE: Frequent changes in chronic urticaria (CU) activity over time can cause psychological stress, which also serves as a trigger of CU. To measure the control status of CU, the Urticaria Control Test (UCT) was developed in Germany. This study aimed to investigate the validity, reliability and responsiveness to changes in CU for the Korean version of the UCT (K-UCT) and its relation with salivary cortisol and cortisone levels. METHODS: Linguistic adaptation of the UCT into Korean was conducted. A total of 96 CU patients were enrolled, and 80 of them completed the study. The K-UCT and other outcome scores for CU were measured and repeated after 4 weeks of treatment. Control status was classified by physicians into well-controlled, partly-controlled, and uncontrolled CU. Salivary cortisol and cortisone were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Excellent internal consistency and intra-class reliability were obtained. Strong correlations between the K-UCT and disease severity, reflected in the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS)/global assessment of urticaria control by physicians/patient assessment of symptom severity/CU-specific quality of life were noted. K-UCT scores ≥12 were found to be optimal for determining well-controlled CU (sensitivity, 75.0%; specificity, 758%; area under the curve, 0.824). Perceived stress scale scores were significantly correlated with the UAS and the K-UCT. Salivary cortisone levels were significantly correlated with K-UCT (r = 0.308, P = 0.009) and differed significantly according to control status determined by a K-UCT ≥12. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the K-UCT can be a valid instrument with which to gauge CU control status in Korean patients. Further studies are needed to validate salivary cortisone as a biomarker for CU control.

Linguistic adaptation of the rhinitis control assessment test in Korean

PURPOSE: Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic diseases that affect in sleep, fatigue, headache, impaired cognition, and performances at work or school. Monitoring rhinitis control is important, because rhinitis is a life-long disease and affects patients' health-related quality of life. The rhinitis control assessment test (RCAT) completed its development and initial validation, following confirmation of its reliability, validity, and responsiveness in the United States. To apply the RCAT in Korean clinical practice, we conducted linguistic adaptation of the RCAT in Korean language. METHODS: The process of linguistic adaptation was composed of 10 steps: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, back translation review, harmonization, cognitive debriefing, review of cognitive debriefing results and finalization, proofreading, and the final report. RESULTS: We completed a Korean version of the RCAT according to 10 steps. The Korean version of the RCAT was composed of 6 items, including nasal and ocular symptoms, sleep disturbances, limitation of casual activity, and symptom control. The score ranged from 5 to 30. Higher score indicated the well-controlled status of rhinitis. CONCLUSION: We conducted linguistic adaptation of the RCAT in Korean, which would be helpful in clinical practice to assess the status of rhinitis control and to adjust rhinitis medications.