Queilite actínica ("Lábios de Marinheiro"): uma Revisão para o Clínico / Actinic cheilitis ("sailor's lips"): A review for the clinician

A Queilite Actínica (QA), também conhecida como "lábios de marinheiro", é uma patologia com potencial de malignização e, ainda que seja de fácil diagnóstico e prevenção, casos diagnosticados tardiamente podem evoluir para carcinoma de lábios. Seu principal fator etiológico é a exposição aos raios ultravioletas, e por este motivo, indivíduos que se expõem muito ao sol, incluindo militares, podem ser considerados grupo de risco para a doença. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi descrever os principais fatores de risco e prognósticos da QA e apresentar uma revisão para o cirurgião-dentista, facilitando a identificação e conduta. Para tal, foi realizada busca de artigos pertinentes ao tema nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e PubMed, de 1987 a 2022. O seguinte perfil do paciente com QA foi identificado: homem, na quinta década de vida, pele clara, com lesões no lábio inferior e com histórico de longo tempo de atividades ocupacionais ao ar livre/intensa exposição solar. O cirurgião-dentista possui papel fundamental na identificação dos grupos de risco, no reconhecimento precoce da doença e, em casos mais avançados, realizar o diagnóstico e o correto encaminhamento para atendimento especializado.

Actinic Cheilitis (AC), also known as "sailor's lips", is a premalignant pathology, and although it is easy to diagnose and prevent, late diagnosed cases may progress to lip carcinoma. Since its main etiological factor is exposure to ultraviolet rays, individuals often exposed to the sun, including military personnel, can be considered a risk group for the disease. The aim of this study was to describe the main risk and prognostic factors of AC and to create a clinical protocol for dental surgeons, making easier to identify and conduct each case. For this purpose, a search for articles relevant to the topic was carried out in Medline, Lilacs, SciELO and PubMed databases, from 1987 to 2022. The following AC patient profile was identified: male, in the fifth decade of life, fair skinned, with lesions on the lower lip and with a long history of outdoor occupational activities/intense sun exposure. The dentist has a fundamental role in identifying risk groups, early recognition of the disease and in more advanced cases, making the correct diagnosis and recommendation to specialized care.

Contribution of public oral pathology services to the diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of oral and maxillofacial pathology laboratories (OMPLs) in Brazilian public universities to the diagnosis of lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A cross-sectional study was performed using biopsy records from a consortium of sixteen public OMPLs from all regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South). Clinical and demographic data of patients diagnosed with lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCC between 2010 and 2019 were collected from the patients' histopathological records. Of the 120,010 oral and maxillofacial biopsies (2010-2019), 6.9% (8,321 cases) were diagnosed as lip (0.8%, 951 cases), oral cavity (4.9%, 5,971 cases), and oropharyngeal (1.2%, 1,399 cases) SCCs. Most cases were from Brazil's Southeast (64.5%), where six of the OMPLs analyzed are located. The predominant profile of patients with lip and oral cavity SCC was Caucasian men, with a mean age over 60 years, low schooling level, and a previous history of heavy tobacco consumption. In the oropharyngeal group, the majority were non-Caucasian men, with a mean age under 60 years, had a low education level, and were former/current tobacco and alcohol users. According to data from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, approximately 9.9% of the total lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCCs reported over the last decade in Brazil may have been diagnosed at the OMPLs included in the current study. Therefore, this data confirms the contribution of public OMPLs with respect to the important diagnostic support they provide to the oral healthcare services extended by the Brazilian Public Health System.

Reconstrução perioral após cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs: análise de 108 casos / Perioral reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery: analysis of 108 cases

Introdução: a região perioral é comumente acometida por câncer de pele não melanoma. A cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs é o tratamento de escolha nessa área, com as maiores taxas de cura e preservação de tecido sadio. Há inúmeros métodos de reconstrução da região perioral, sendo sua escolha influenciada por características da ferida operatória e preferência do cirurgião. Objetivos: descrever a experiência dos autores na reconstrução perioral após cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs e analisar os métodos de reconstrução mais utilizados. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de casos de reconstrução perioral submetidos à cirurgia de Mohs. Resultados: foram incluídos 103 pacientes, totalizando 108 casos. O número médio de estágios da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs foi de 1,4, e o tamanho médio dos defeitos, de 16mm. O fechamento primário foi a técnica mais empregada para reconstrução, seguido por retalhos, principalmente V-Y avanço simples e rotação. A associação entre métodos de reparo foi utilizada em 28,7%. Quatro pacientes tiveram complicações (necrose e infecção do enxerto, trapdoor e deiscência parcial de sutura). Conclusões: fechamento primário foi o método mais frequente de reparo, seguido pelos retalhos. Conhecer as estratégias de reconstrução e possibilidades de associações é fundamental para a adequada restauração da região perioral, mantendo-se funcionalidade, sensibilidade e estética do local.

Introduction: The perioral region is commonly affected by non-melanoma skin cancer. Mohs micrographic surgery is the treatment of choice in this area because it has the highest cure rate and preserves healthy tissue. Several methods are available for restoring the perioral region, and their selection is influenced by the surgical wound characteristics and the surgeon's preference. Objective: Describe the authors' experience in perioral reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery and analyze the repair methods most frequently performed. Methods: Retrospective study of consecutive cases submitted to Mohs surgery and perioral reconstruction. Results: The study included 108 cases from 103 patients. The mean number of Mohs surgery stages was 1.4, and the mean defect size was 16 mm. Primary closure was the most used technique for reconstruction, followed by flaps (mainly V-Y, single advancement, and rotation). The association of repair methods was used in 28.7% of cases, mostly combined with flaps. Four patients had complications (necrosis and graft infection, trapdoor effect, and partial wound dehiscence). Conclusion: Primary closure was the most frequent repair method, followed by flaps. Knowing reconstruction strategies and possibilities of associations is essential for proper restoration of the perioral region, maintaining its functionality, sensitivity and aesthetics.

Modificación de la técnica de Bernard-Burow en la reconstrucción total del labio inferior: presentación de un caso / Modification of the Bernard-Burow technique in total reconstruction of the lower lip: case report

Resumen El carcinoma de labio es uno de los más comunes de la cabeza y el cuello. El tipo histológico más frecuente es el carcinoma escamocelular y afecta predominantemente al labio inferior. Existen distintas técnicas para la reconstrucción de los defectos del labio inferior posterior a la resección oncológica, sin embargo, preservar la funcionalidad y la estética de esta zona es un desafío debido a la alta incidencia de xialorrea, microstomia, alteraciones de la continencia y el habla posterior a la reconstrucción. Se presenta un caso de reconstrucción total de labio inferior ampliada hacia el mentón utilizando el triángulo de Burow y que obtuvo buenos resultados funcionales y estéticos.

Abstract Lip carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in the head and neck region. Squamous-cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of histological cell carcinoma, chiefly affecting the lower lip. Different techniques for reconstructing defects of the lower lip after neoplasia resection are used; however, preserving the functionality and aesthetics of this area poses a challenge due to the anatomical position that causes accumulation of saliva, thus delaying the healing process. We present a total lower lip reconstruction extended towards the chin by using the Burow's triangle, significantly improving functional and aesthetic results.

Leiomioma vascular que afecta el labio: reporte de un caso y un análisis actualizado de los 78 casos reportados en la literature / Vascular leiomyoma affecting the lip: report of a case and an updated analysis of the 78 cases reported in the literature / Leiomioma vascular que afeta o lábio: relato de um caso e análise atualizada dos 78 casos relatados na literatura

Resumen El leiomioma vascular (LV) es un tumor benigno de tejido blando que rara vez se observa en los tejidos orales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un nuevo caso de leiomioma vascular del labio (VLL), describiendo sus características clínicas, microscópicas e inmunohistoquímicas, y revisar la literatura sobre el tumor. Una mujer de 27 años presentó una pequeña lesión dolorosa en la mucosa del labio inferior. La biopsia escisional reveló una masa encapsulada bien circunscrita formada por células pequeñas y fusiformes. El análisis de inmunohistoquímica reveló una expresión intensa y difusa de actina del músculo liso (AME) dentro de las células tumorales y la inmunorreactividad CD34 de las células endoteliales que recubren los espacios vasculares, lo que indica la presencia de vasos sanguíneos. Se estableció un diagnóstico final de VLL. No se observaron signos de recurrencia después de cinco años de seguimiento. Aunque VLL es una lesión rara, debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones nodulares en los labios inferior y superior.

Abstract Vascular Leiomyoma (VL) is a benign soft tissue tumor rarely observed in oral tissues. The aim of this paper is to present a new case of vascular leiomyoma of the lip (VLL), describing its clinical, microscopical, and immunohistochemical features, and review the literature on the tumor. A 27-year-old woman presented with a small painful lesion on lower lip mucosa. Excisional biopsy revealed a well-circumscribed, encapsulated mass formed by small and fusiform cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed intense and diffuse expression of smooth muscle actin (SMA) within the tumor cells and CD34 immunoreactivity of the endothelial cells lining the vascular spaces, indicating the presence of blood vessels. A final diagnosis of VLL was established. No signs of recurrence were observed after five years of follow-up. Although VLL is a rare lesion, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of nodular lesions on lower and upper lips.

Resumo O Leiomioma Vascular é um tumor benigno de tecidos moles raramente observado nos tecidos da cavidade bucal. O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar um novo caso de um leiomioma vascular no lábio (LVL), descrevendo seus achados clínicos, microscópicos e imunoistoquímicos, e revisar a literatura sobre o tumor. Uma mulher de 27 anos de idade se apresentou com uma pequena lesão dolorosa na mucosa do lábio inferior. A biópsia excisional revelou um massa encapsulada e bem circunscrita, formada por células pequenas e fusiformes. A análise imunoistoquímica revelou expressão intensa e difusa de actina musculo liso (AML) nas células tumorais e imunorreatividade para CD34 em células endoteliais que revestem espaços vasculares, indicando a presença de vasos sanguíneos. O diagnóstico final de LVL foi estabelecido. Não foram observados sinais de recorrência após cinco anos de acompanhamento. Embora o LVL seja uma lesão rara, deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões nodulares nos lábios inferior e superior.

Retalho de Bernard-Burow unilateral com "cutback" de mucosa jugal para tratamento de tumor de lábio inferior: relato de caso / Bernard-Burow flap unilateral with cheek mucosa "cutback" for treatment of lower lip tumor: a case report

O câncer de lábio corresponde a 25-30% de todos os cânceres de boca, sendo mais frequente o de lábio inferior. O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é o subtipo mais incidente, estando o tabagismo como um dos principais fatores de risco. O relato demonstra técnica simples e efetiva para tratamento cirúrgico de CCE no lábio inferior de paciente tabagista. A realização de retalho unilateral de Bernard-Burow, mesmo em defeito maior que 50% do diâmetro inicial do lábio, mostrou-se factível. A adição de "cutback" na mucosa e dissecção parcimoniosa por planos pode ter propiciado uma boa evolução estética e funcional, já que determinou alívio na tensão sobre as suturas. A menor complexidade de execução desta reconstrução, se comparada a outras técnicas, pode garantir uma boa alternativa na tentativa de diminuir a morbidade pós-operatória neste tipo de cirurgia.

Lip cancer corresponds to 25-30% of all oral cancers, with the lower lip being more frequent. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common subtype, with smoking as one of the main risk factors. The report demonstrates a simple and effective technique for SCC's surgical treatment on a smoking patient's lower lip. Even in a defect larger than 50% of the initial lip diameter, the unilateral Bernard-Burow flap proved feasible. The addition of "cutback" in the mucosa and parsimonious dissection by planes may have provided a good aesthetic and functional evolution since it determined tension relief on the sutures. The less complex execution of this reconstruction, compared to other techniques, can guarantee a good alternative to decrease postoperative morbidity in this type of surgery.

Exérese de carcinoma espinocelular e reconstrução de lábio superior com técnica de duplo avanço / Squamous Cell Carcinoma excision and upper lip reconstruction with double advancement technique

Embora várias técnicas tenham sido descritas para a reconstrução do lábio superior, a reconstrução funcional dos defeitos totais do lábio superior permanece um desafio. Neste caso, realizou-se a exérese de um carcinoma espinocelular de tamanho significante, em região labial superior, por meio da técnica de duplo avanço, com resultados funcional e estético positivos.

Although several techniques have been described for upper lip reconstruction, functional reconstruction of total upper lip defects remains a challenge. We report a case of a significant size squamous cell carcinoma excised in the upper lip region using the double-advancement technique, with positive functional and aesthetic results

Tratamiento quirúrgico del carcinoma epidermoide de un 40 % del labio inferior. Reporte de caso / Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of 40 % of the lower lip. Case report

RESUMEN Fundamento: La técnica del tonel de Schuchardt, está indicada cuando el defecto en el labio compromete del 30-75 % del labio, de localización central y paramedial que afecta bermellón y piel; en este caso se usó el colgajo para reconstruir una lesión tumoral más lateral. La técnica aparece descrita para extraer el tonel de espesor parcial, sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta el margen oncológico recomendado en este caso la excéresis abarcó todo el espesor del labio. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de un paciente con un carcinoma epidermoide del 40 % en el labio inferior intervenido en el Hospital General Camilo Cienfuegos. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 43 años de edad tratado durante un año por queilitis actínica, portador de una lesión exofítica, infiltrante que ocupaba el 40 % del labio inferior. Se estableció como impresión diagnóstica un carcinoma epidermoide y se decidió el tratamiento quirúrgico. Atendiendo a las características individuales del paciente y a las de la lesión, se eligió la técnica del tonel descrita por Schuchardt. Conclusiones: Las lesiones malignas de los labios pueden incidir enmascaradas por el cuadro clínico de lesiones premalignas como la queilitis actínica por lo que es importante mantener un seguimiento estrecho de estos casos. Al aplicar el método clínico puede decidirse la intervención quirúrgica con diagnóstico presuntivo de carcinoma epidermoide, deben respetarse entonces los márgenes oncológicos recomendados. La técnica del tonel inicialmente descrita para pérdidas de tejidos mediales y paramediales del labio, de espesor parcial puede emplearse en defectos de localización más lateral y de espesor total con resultados satisfactorios.

ABSTRACT Background: The barrel of Schuchardt technique, is indicated when the defect in the lip compromises 30-75 % of it, from central to paramedial location which affects both, vermilion and skin; in this case, the flap was used for rebuilding a more lateral tumor lesion. The technique is described to extract the partial thickness barrel; however, taking into account the oncological margin recommended in this case, the hysteresis covered the entire thickness of the lip. Objective: To present a case of a patient with 40 % squamous cell carcinoma in the lower lip intervened at Camilo Cienfuegos General Hospital. Case report: A 43-year-old male patient treated for a year having actinic cheilitis, with an infiltrated exophytic lesion, occupying 40 % of the lower lip. A squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed, so surgical treatment. Based on the individual characteristics of the patient and those of the lesion, the barrel technique described by Schuchardt was chosen. Conclusions: Malignant lesions of the lips can affect masked by the clinical picture of premalignant lesions such as actinic cheilitis, so it is important to keep a close follow-up of these cases. When applying the clinical method, the surgical intervention with presumptive diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma can be decided, then the recommended oncological margins must be respected. The barrel technique initially described for losses of medial and paramedial tissues of the lip, of partial thickness can be used in defects of more lateral location and of total thickness with satisfactory results.

Programa educativo para la prevención del cáncer bucal desde la adolescencia / Educational program for the prevention of oral cancer since adolescence

RESUMEN Fundamento: el cáncer bucal aporta un número considerable en las cifras de morbilidad las que aumentarán en los decenios venideros. Informar sobre el tema pudiera ser el punto de partida si se pretende combatir este flagelo de la vida moderna. Objetivo: diseñar un programa educativo sobre cáncer bucal para adolescentes según necesidades identificadas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo con enfoque mixto, de intervención educativa, prexperimental, prospectiva y de corte longitudinal en el municipio de Santa Clara en el período comprendido entre febrero/2016 a noviembre/2017. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos que permitieron la fundamentación bibliográfica y la recogida de información. Resultados: en el diagnóstico aplicado predominaron factores de riesgos como mala higiene bucal, consumo de dieta no protectora e insuficiencias de conocimientos sobre el cáncer bucal entre los adolescentes; y práctica de hábitos tóxicos por padres u otros familiares, por lo que se diseñó un programa educativo el cual fue valorado por criterio de especialistas y aplicado con resultados muy favorables en la solución de los problemas detectados. Conclusiones: los especialistas lo consideraron pertinente, factible, útil, con adecuada estructura y valor científico y pedagógico, y se comprobó su efectividad a partir de su aplicación en el grupo de adolescentes para el cual fue diseñado.

ABSTRACT Background: oral cancer contributes with a considerable number in the morbidity figures which will increase in the coming decades. Reporting on this issue could be the starting point in the battle against this scourge of modern life. Objective: to design an educational program on oral cancer for adolescents according to identified needs. Methods: a development research was carried out with a mixed approach, educational intervention, pre-experimental, prospective and longitudinal study in the municipality of Santa Clara in the period from February/ 2016 to November / 2017. Theoretical and empirical methods were used that allowed the bibliographic foundation and the collection of information. Results: in the applied diagnosis, risk factors predominated, such as poor oral hygiene, non-protective diet consumption and insufficiency of knowledge about oral cancer among adolescents; and practice of toxic habits by parents or other family members, that´s why an educational program was designed, which was assessed by specialists and applied with very favorable results in the solution of the problems detected. Conclusions: the specialists considered it pertinent, feasible, useful, with adequate structure and with scientific and pedagogical values, and its effectiveness was proven from its application in the adolescent group for which it was designed.

Application of axial-pattern composite tissue flap to the repair of skin defects after lip cancer resection / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To evaluate the performance of axial-pattern composite tissue flap in the repair of skin defects after lip cancer resection.Methods From July 2012 to December 2017,8 patients with lip cancer were enrolled from Department of Dermatology,the Second Hospital of Jilin University.After lip tumor resection,the full-thickness defects were as long as 1/3 to 1/2 length of the lip,and were repaired with axial-pattern composite tissue flaps based on labial arteries.Results All the axial-pattern composite tissue flaps survived after the surgery.During the follow-up of 6 months to 5 years,no tumor recurrence was observed in the 8 patients,the shape and function of lips were improved,and the patients were satisfied.Conclusion Skin defects after lip cancer surgery can be repaired with axial-pattern composite tissue flaps based on labial arteries,which can restore the anatomical structure and aesthetic function of the lip well.

Lesiones premalignas y malignas en el complejo bucal en La Palma, Pinar del Río / Premalignant and malignant lesions in the oral cavity, La Palma municipality, Pinar del Río

RESUMEN Introducción: actualmente se considera que el cáncer bucal es un conjunto de enfermedades con gran variación de factores predisponentes. La única medida que puede aumentar los índices de curabilidad es el diagnóstico en una etapa inicial de cualquiera de los tipos histopatológicos que se desarrollan en el área bucal. Objetivo: caracterizar clínico-epidemiológica los pacientes portadores de las lesiones premalignas y malignas en el complejo bucal en el municipio La Palma, Pinar del Río entre los años 2015 a 2016. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo cuyo universo quedó constituido por los pacientes que acudieron a los servicios estomatológicos de la clínica estomatológica "10 de Octubre", remitidos a la interconsulta de Cirugía Maxilofacial, de la que se obtuvo una muestra de 102, de ellos, portadores de entidades premalignas y malignas de la mucosa bucal en ese período. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas para el análisis e interpretación de las variables. Resultados: resultó más frecuente el sexo masculino, y el grupo de edad de más de 60 años. Los labios y carrillos fueron las localizaciones anatómicas más afectadas, y los factores de riesgo que prevalecieron fueron el tabaquismo y los bordes filosos. Se empleó, fundamentalmente, la modalidad de tratamiento conservadora. Conclusiones: el conocimiento en la población sobre el Programa de Detección Precoz de Cáncer Bucal fue muy bajo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: nowadays oral cancer is considered a set of diseases with a large variation of predisposing factors. The only measure that can increase the indexes of its cure is the diagnosis in the early stages of any of the histopathological types that develop in the oral cavity. Objective: to characterize clinical and epidemiologically the patients with premalignant and malignant lesions in the oral cavity in La Palma municipality, Pinar del Río between 2015 and 2016. Methods: an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out; the target group was constituted by the patients who attended the dentistry services at 10 de Octubre dentistry clinic, and transferred to the oral office of Maxillofacial Surgery, where a sample of 102 was taken, among them, carriers of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral mucous membrane in that period. Absolute and relative frequencies were used for the analysis and interpretation of the variables. Results: male gender predominated, and the age group was over 60 years old. The lips and cheeks were the most affected anatomical sites, and the prevailing risk factors were smoking and sharp edges. The conservative modality of treatment was mostly used. Conclusions: knowledge concerning the Program of Early Detection of Oral Cancer in the population was very low.

Potential Years of Lost Life of the Lip, Oral Cavity and Pharynx Neoplasms in Slovak Population - 2010-2015

Objective: To analyse Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) rates trends of lip, oral cavity and pharynx neoplasms in the Slovak population by age and gender. Material and Methods: The study analyses PYLL rates (age-standardized) of lip, oral cavity and pharynx neoplasms (C00-C14) per 100,000 in the period of six years (2010-2015). The study sample was divided into two age sub-categories (all ages: 0-69y. and working group: 20-69y.) National mortality data (C00-C14) (3,138 mortality causes) were analysed from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Results: The highest PYLL rate was found in sub-category 20-69 years in males (378 per 100,000) in 2012 and in females (64 per 100,000) in 2013. The highest PYLL rate was observed in sub-category all age groups in males (296 per 100,000) in 2012 and in females (50 per 100,000) in 2013. The PYLL rates of lip, oral cavity and pharynx neoplasms had in the period 2011- 2015 upward trend in both sexes, however, in the 2014 was found the opposite trend. In 2015 the highest PYLL rates (non-standardized) in both sexes was found in age subcategory 55-59y. Conclusion: Our study should contribute to the development of oral cancer intervention programs.

Resposta imune e mecanismos de evasão na carcinogênese de lábio: um estudo imunoistoquímico / Immune response and evasion mechanisms in lip carcinogenesis: an immunohistochemical study

A vigilância imunológica, principalmente mediada por linfócitos T CD8+ , reconhece e destrói células malignas ou alteradas. Contudo, através de estratégias imunossupressoras, como as vias de sinalização do ligante de morte celular programada-1 (PD-L1) e do antígeno leucocitário humano-G (HLA-G), estas células mutadas conseguem escapar da resposta imune antitumoral. Este estudo investigou a imunoexpressão de PD-L1, HLA-G, CD8 e granzima B (GrB) no microambiente de carcinomas de células escamosas (CCEs) de lábio (n = 40), de queilites actínicas (QAs; n = 55) e de mucosa labial saudável (MLS; n = 10). As amostras foram submetidas à técnica da imunoistoquímica e as análises das imunomarcações seguiram métodos semi-quantitativos (PD-L1 e HLA-G) e quantitativos (CD8 e GrB). A expressão das proteínas foi comparada entre os três grupos de amostras, bem como com parâmetros clinicopatológicos das lesões e sobrevida global dos pacientes com CCE de lábio. A correlação entre as proteínas e o tipo do microambiente tumoral de acordo com a presença de PD-L1 e CD8 também foram avaliados. Os testes estatísticos incluíram o exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, correlação de Spearman e log-rank para comparação das curvas de sobrevida global construídas pelo método Kaplan-Meier. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Os números de células CD8+ e GrB+ aumentaram progressivamente de MLS para CCEs de lábio, com QAs exibindo números intermediários (p < 0,01). A menor expressão dessas proteínas foi associada à metástase para linfonodos e tumores pobremente diferenciados (p < 0,05). A expressão de PD-L1 e HLA-G em células neoplásicas/ceratinócitos e estroma/tecido conjuntivo foi significativamente maior em CCEs de lábio e QAs, em comparação com MLSs (p < 0,05). PDL1 não foi significativamente associado aos aspectos clinicopatológicos das lesões. A maioria dos CCEs de lábio mostrou coexistência de células PD-L1+ e CD8+ (72,5%) no microambiente tumoral. A expressão de PD-L1 foi diretamente correlacionada à infiltração linfocítica CD8+ e GrB+ em CCEs de lábio (p < 0,05). A expressão das proteínas não foi associada com a sobrevida global dos pacientes com CCEs de lábio (p > 0,05). Nossos achados sugerem que as moléculas imunossupressoras PD-L1 e HLA-G estão consistentemente expressas desde QAs e se mantém até fases avançadas dos CCE de lábio. A correlação entre a expressão de PD-L1 e a expressão de CD8 e GrB nos carcinomas sugere que PD-L1 pode surgir como um mecanismo de escape frente a uma resposta antitumoral ativa (AU).

Immune surveillance, mainly mediated by CD8 + T lymphocytes, recognize and destroy malignant or altered cells. However, through immunosuppressive strategies, such as the signaling pathways of the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), these mutated cells often escape the antitumor immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the immunoexpression of PD-L1, HLA-G, CD8 and granzyme B (GrB) in the microenvironment of lip squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs; n = 40), actinic cheilitis (ACs; n = 55), and healthy lip mucosa (HLM; n = 10). The samples were submitted to immunohistochemistry and the analysis followed a semi-quantitative (PD-L1 and HLA-G) and quantitative methods (CD8 and GrB). Protein expression was compared between the three groups of samples, as well as with the lesion's clinicopathologic parameters and overall survival of patients with LSCC. Correlation between proteins and the type of tumor microenvironment according to a presence of PD-L1 and CD8 were also evaluated. Statistical tests included Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's correlation, as well as the log-rank for comparison of the overall survival built through Kaplan-Meier method. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The CD8+ and GrB+ cell numbers progressively increased from HLMs to LSCCs, with ACs exhibiting intermediate numbers (p < 0.01). Lower expression of these proteins was associated with lymph node metastasis and poor tumor differentiation (p < 0.05). PD-L1 and HLA-G expression in neoplastic cells/keratinocytes and stroma/connective tissue was significantly higher in LSCCs and ACs, compared to HLMs (p < 0.05). PD-L1 was not significantly associated with clinicopathological aspects of the lesions. Most LSCCs showed coexistence of PD-L1+ and CD8+ cells (72.5%) in the tumor microenvironment. PDL1 was directly correlated to CD8+ and GrB+ lymphocytic infiltration in LSCCs (p < 0.05). Proteins expression was not associated with overall survival of LSCCs patients (p > 0.05). Our findings suggest that immunosuppressive molecules PD-L1 and HLA-G are consistently expressed from ACs and are maintained until advanced stages of LSCCs. The correlation between PD-L1 expression and the expression of CD8 and GrB in carcinomas suggests that that PD-L1 may appear as an escape mechanism against an active antitumor response (AU).

Retalho de rotação para reconstrução de lábio cutâneo superior após cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs / Rotation flap for the reconstruction of the cutaneous upper lip after Mohs micrographic surgery

Introdução: O lábio cutâneo superior é frequentemente acometido por neoplasias malignas da pele. O tratamento cirúrgico é o preferível para a maioria das lesões nesse local. Sempre que disponível, a cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs deve ser considerada para essa área. Relato de caso: Descreve-se aplicação de retalho de rotação para lábio cutâneo superior em paciente submetido à cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs. Discussão: Há diferentes opções para restaurar defeitos cirúrgicos no lábio cutâneo superior. Quando fechamento primário não é possível, o retalho de rotação pode ser considerado. Ele permite camuflar o arco da rotação no sulco nasogeniano e as demais incisões nas rítides periorais.

Introduction: The cutaneous upper lip is often affected by malignant skin neoplasms. Surgical treatment is preferred for most lesions in this site. Whenever available, tumors in the perioral area should be managed with Mohs micrographic surgery. Case report: The author of the present article describes the implementation of a rotation flap in the cutaneous upper lip of a patient who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery. Discussion: There are a number of options for repairing surgical defects in the cutaneous upper lip. When primary closure is not possible, rotation flaps are considered because they allow camouflaging of the rotation arc in the nasolabial fold, and the other incisions in the perioral rhytids.

Sobrevida en carcinoma espinocelular de labio / Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip survival rate

Background: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the lip represents about 20% of all oral carcinomas. It is more common in men, peaking during their sixth and seventh decade, and is more prevalent in the lower lip. Aim: To determine the five years survival rate of Chilean patients with lip SCC. Material and Methods: The registry of the Chilean National Cancer Institute was reviewed to retrieve the clinical records of patients with lip SCC. Information about age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, degree of pathological differentiation, lip location, type of treatment and metastases was recorded. Survival was determined with death certificates from the National Identification Service. Results: Seventy four patients were identified. Their 5-year survival was 73%. Conclusions: The survival rate of this group of patients is lower than that of patients from Unites States who have an 89.5% survival, according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the North American National Cancer Institute.

Lower lip reconstruction with nasolabial flap - going back to basics

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip is frequent, and radical excision sometimes leads to complex defects. Many lip repair techniques are aggressive requiring general anesthesia and a prolonged post-operative period. The nasolabial flap, while a common flap for the repair of other facial defects, is an under-recognized option for the reconstruction of the lower lip. We describe the use of nasolabial flap for the repair of a large defect of the lower lip in a ninety year-old male, with good functional results and acceptable cosmetic outcome. We believe the nasolabial flap is a good alternative for intermediate-to-large lower lip defects in patients with impaired general condition.

Adenoma de células basales en el labio superior: reporte de un caso / Basal cell adenoma in upper lip: case report

Basal cell adenoma is a rare benign salivary gland neoplasm that accounts for 1 to 3 percent of all salivary gland tumors. Most cases occur in major salivary glands and are rare in minor salivary glands. Describe a clinical case of basal cell adenoma. A 76-year-old Caucasian Brazilian woman presents with a slow-growing asymptomatic lesion of the upper lip. Physical examination revealed a nodular lesion 1.1 cm in size. The lesion was firm to palpation and the surrounding mucosa had normal color and appearance, without any ulceration. The tumor was surgically removed by excisional biopsy. Biopsy confirmed basal cell adenoma. A systematic literature review was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO databases. The review included all articles published before 1992. Until 1991 no differentiation was made between basal cell adenoma and canalicular adenoma. Both pathologies were classified as monomorphic adenoma. This is the seventh case of upper lip basal cell adenoma reported in the literature between 1992 and 2014. Three of the seven cases reported were from Brazil(AU)

El adenoma de células basales es una neoplasia de la glándula salival raro benigno que representa a 1 a 3 por ciento de todos los tumores de las glándulas salivales. La mayoría de los casos ocurren en las glándulas salivales mayores, siendo poco frecuente en las glándulas salivales menores. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir un caso clínico de adenoma de células basales. Una mujer brasileña de raza caucásica de 76 años de edad, quien se queja de un crecimiento lento y asintomático de una lesión en el labio superior. El examen físico reveló una lesión nodular de 1,1 cm de tamaño. La lesión era firme a la palpación y la mucosa circundante tenía color normal y la apariencia, sin ulceración. El tumor fue extirpado quirúrgicamente mediante una biopsia por escisión. La biopsia confirmó adenoma de células basales. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura se en las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs y SciELO. Incluimos en esta revisión todos los artículos publicados antes de 1992. Hasta 1991, no se hizo la diferenciación entre adenoma de células basales y adenoma canalicular. Ambas patologías fueron clasificadas como adenoma monomórfico. Este es el séptimo caso de adenoma de células basales de labio superior reportado en la literatura entre 1992 y 2014. Tres de los siete casos reportados provinieron de Brasil(AU)

Survival rates of patients with cancer of the lip, mouth and pharynx: a cohort study of 10 years / Sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de lábio, boca e faringe: um estudo de coorte de 10 anos

Introduction: Cancer of the lip, mouth and pharynx is a serious health problem. High incidence rates are found worldwide. In Brazil, the Southern and Southeastern regions have the highest incidences in the country. Objective: To describe 5 and 10-year survival rates in patients with cancer of the lip, mouth and pharynx at a referral center in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from patients diagnosed between January 1st and December 31st, 2001, with follow-up until December 31st, 2011. Descriptive analysis was performed and survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Cox semi-parametric model was used to estimate death risk. Results: Survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 33.3 and 26.9%, respectively. Advanced clinical stage in the diagnosis increased death risk by 2.88 and 2.51, respectively. Sex, ethnicity, level of education, previous diagnosis and treatment, as well as age, did not show significant association. Conclusion: Survival rate at 5 years was 33.3% and, at 10 years, was 26.9%. Advanced stage was an independent risk factor for death due to cancer of the lip, mouth and pharynx in both periods analyzed. .

Introdução: O câncer de lábio, boca e faringe é um sério problema de saúde. Altas taxas de incidência são encontradas no mundo. No Brasil, as regiões Sul e Sudeste são as que apresentam maiores taxas de incidência. Objetivo: Descrever a taxa de sobrevida em cinco e dez anos em portadores de câncer de lábio, boca e faringe atendidos em um centro de referência de Florianópolis, SC. Métodos: Estudo de coorte histórica, realizado com dados de pacientes que tiveram diagnóstico entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2001 e acompanhados até 31 de dezembro de 2011. Foi realizada análise descritiva e estimada a sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. O modelo semiparamétrico de Cox foi utilizado para estimar o risco de óbito. Resultados: As taxas de sobrevida ao final de 5 e 10 anos foram de 33,3 e 26,9%, respectivamente. O estadio clínico avançado ao momento do diagnóstico aumentou em 2,88 e 2,51 o risco de óbito, respectivamente. Sexo, etnia, nível de escolaridade, diagnóstico e tratamento prévios, bem como idade, não se mostraram significativamente associados. Conclusão: As taxas de sobrevida aos 5 anos foi de 33,3% e, aos 10 anos, foi de 26,9%. O estadio avançado mostrou-se como fator de risco independente para o óbito por câncer de lábio, boca e faringe nos dois períodos analisados. .

Utilidade do retalho de Karapandzic na reconstrução de grandes defeitos do lábio inferior / The usefulness of Karapandzic flap in the reconstruction of large defects of the lower lip

A reconstrução dos defeitos resultantes das ressecções tumorais constitui um desafio para o cirurgião, que deve buscar bom resultado tanto funcional quanto estético. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a técnica cirúrgica usada em homem de 78 anos com diagnóstico de carcinoma de células escamosas no lábio inferior e que foi submetido à excisão da lesão e reconstrução com a técnica de Karapandzic. Esse retalho é usado na reconstrução de defeitos cirúrgicos que ocupam de 40 a 75% de extensão do lábio.

The reconstruction of defects resulting from tumor resection is a challenge for the surgeon, who should get good results both functional and aesthetic. The objective of the present study is to describe the surgical technique used in a 78-year-old male patient with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the lower lip and who underwent excision of the lesion and reconstruction with the Karapandzic technique. This flap is employed in the reconstruction of surgical defects that cover 40-75% of the lip's extension.

Reconstrução do lábio inferior com técnica de Camille Bernard após excisão de carcinoma basocelular infiltrativo / Reconstruction of the lower lip with Camille Bernard's technique after excision of infiltrative basal cell carcinoma

Os tumores labiais correspondem a 15% das neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço. O retalho de Camille-Bernard é indicado para a reconstrução do lábio inferior, quando o defeito é maior do que um terço do lábio. Demonstra-se caso com resultado final satisfatório, tendo-se obtido preservação funcional, estética e sensorial, com a utilização dessa técnica para reconstrução cirúrgica do lábio inferior após excisão de tumor localmente avançado.

Lip tumors account for 15% of head and neck neoplasias. When the defect is greater than one third of the lip, the Camille Bernard's flap is suitable for the reconstruction of the lower lip. The present study describes a case with a satisfactory outcome, where functional, aesthetic, and sensory preservation of the lower lip was obtained by using this technique in its surgical reconstruction, following excision of a locally advanced tumor.