Evolução da coinfecção de peritonite bacteriana espontânea e vírus da imunodeficiência humana em pacientes cirróticos / Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection's development in cirrhotic patients

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cirrose hepática é um processo patológico irreversível do parênquima hepático, caracterizado pela presença de fibrose hepática, nódulos de regeneração e reorganização da arquitetura lobular. A evolução do paciente cirrótico é insidiosa, inicialmente assintomática ou com sintomas inespecíficos, como perda de peso e fraqueza, até quadros graves decorrentes da necrose hepatocelular e hipertensão portal. A insuficiência hepática gera maior suscetibilidade às infecções, desde a diminuição da remoção de endotoxinas e bactérias até quadros de imunossupressão. Uma possível consequência desta deficiência imunológica é a peritonite bacteriana espontânea (PBE), atingindo cerca de 30% dos pacientes cirróticos descompensados. A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) tem como característica o tropismo por células de defesa, especialmente os linfócitos TCD4, comprometendo assim a função do sistema imunológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a evolução da coinfecção da PBE e o HIV, em pacientes cirróticos com diagnóstico de PBE (controle) e pacientes cirróticos com PBE e portadores do HIV, correlacionando etiologia da hepatopatia, grau de comprometimento da função hepática, contagem de linfóMédicacitos TCD4 e tratamento. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo, analisando-se 143 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Escola Hélvio Auto, no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2008, com diagnóstico de cirrose hepática complicada com PBE. RESULTADOS: A etiologia mais frequente da cirrose foi hepatite C (41,3%). O grupo com coinfecção PBE/HIV apresentou níveis menores de albumina (2,9 ± 0,6 g/dL) em relação ao grupo controle (3,4 ± 0,6 g/dL), com valor de p = 0,001, além de apresentar maior mortalidade (37% versus 21%), com p = 0,026. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados coletados confirmaram pior evolução clinica quando há coinfecção de PBE/HIV.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The liver cirrhosis is an irreversible pathological process in liver parenchyma characterized by the presence of hepatic fibrosis, regenerative nodules and lobular architecture's reorganization. Cirrhotic patients' evolution is insidious, initially asymptomatic or nonspecific symptoms such as weight loss and weakness, due to severe hepatocellular necrosis and portal hypertension. Liver failure results in an increased susceptibility to infections, since the decrease of endotoxins and bacteria's removal to immunossupression. A possible consequence of this immunodeficiency is the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), reaching about 30% of decompensated cirrhotic. The human immunodeficiency virus' (HIV) infection has as characteristic tropism for immune cells, especially CD4 T lymphocytes, thus compromising immune system?s function. This study objective was to observe the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and HIV co-infection in patients with liver cirrhotic and controls, to correlate the etiology of hepatic's disease, degree of impairment of liver function, CD4 count and treatment. METHOD: Analysis of data taken from 143 patients records attended in Hospital Helvio Auto, in the period of January 2004 to December 2008, with diagnosis of liver cirrhotic complicated with SBP. RESULTS: The most common etiology of cirrhosis was hepatitis C (41.3%), and the group coinfected with SBP/HIV had lower levels of albumin (2.9 ± 0.6 g/dL) p = 0.001, and higher mortality (37% versus 21%) p = 0.026, compared the group with SBP. CONCLUSION: The data collected confirm a worse outcome when there is clinical co-infection SBP/HIV.

MR Features of Regenerative Nodules and Dysplastic Nodules in the Cirrhotic Liver / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to study MR features of the regenerative nodule (RN) and dysplastic nodule (DN) of the cirrhotic liver, 26 cases of cirrhotic liver with RNs and DNs, of which 8 cases accompanied with hepatocellular carcinoma, were subjected to MRI. Eighteen of 26 cases underwent additional enhanced MRI with administration of Gd-DTPA on TlWI and 10 of the 18 cases did additional SPIO (Feridex) enhancement on T2WI. Clinical data showed normal level of α-fetoprotein in 18cases except 8 cases accompanied with HCC. The results showed that 12 cases had RNs with nodules measuring ＜1 cm. The MR appearance of those RNs showed isointensity on T1WI and hypointensity on T2WI. The intensity of those RNs was isointense to the surrounding hepatic parenchyma on enhanced MRI with administration of Gd-DTPA or SPIO. Among the 14 cases of DNs, 8cases had nodules measuring 1-3 cm in size and 6 had macroregenerative nodule measuring ＞3 cm.In 8 cases with DNs measuring 1-3 cm in size, 5 cases appeared hyperintense on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI as well as the enhancement as that of nodules with ＜1 cm in size; and the remaining 3 cases appeared hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI, and were not isointense to the surrounding hepatic parenchyma on enhanced MRI but hyperintense on SPIO enhanced MRI.In 6 cases of macroregenerative nodule measuring ＞3 cm in size, 2 cases appeared hyperintense to the surrounding hepatic parenchyma on T1, T2WI and enhanced MRI; 4 cases showed hyperintense on T1WI, and hypointense on T2WI and enhanced MRI. Sometimes, normal vessels were seen to pass through the surface of macroregenerative nodules. It was suggested that RNs of cirrhosis had features on MRI that usually allow distinction from hepatocellular carcinoma but not always from dysplastic nodules (DNs). A helpful distinction between HCC and DNs is that the latter are almost never hyperintense on T2WI. Additionally, low grade DNs appear hypointense on SPIO enhanced MRI.