A STUDY ON INTERNET AWARENESS, INTERNET ATTITUDE AND INTERNET BROWSING BEHAVIOUR AMONG B.ED., TRAINEES IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT.

The main objective of the study is to find the Internet awareness, Internet attitude, Internet browsing behavior among the B.Ed., Trainees in thanjavur district with their different dimensions of Age, Gender, Major subject ,Qualification ,Type of college, Gender of college ,Locality of college and Internet usage time. To analyse Internet awareness, Internet attitude, Internet browsing behavior among the B.Ed., Trainees by collecting the data from thanjavur district B.Ed., college students. For this investigation, a questionnaire developed the scholar to seek the information from the student teachers. we took 300 samples to investigate and the result shows there is no significant difference in the Internet awareness of the B.Ed., trainees and in all dimensions with respect to the variables. The study also showed a significance difference in men and women student teacher related to the Internet attitude. The Internet browsing behavior have significant influence on the B.Ed., trainees in thanjavur district.

CREATIVITY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The world is defined by the innovations and exploration of nature to the maximum extent by the inquisitiveness of man. Creativity is the act of generating novel solutions to critical problems or redefining things in a new way, generating new ideas, exploring new avenues, and making discoveries or inventions that make life comfortable and luxurious. An attempt has been made by the investigator to analyze the Verbal Creativity of students. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the creativity of secondary school students. Objective: The objective is to study the differences between gender, locality, and class of study on the creativity of secondary school students. Sample: The sample of the present study consists of 600 high school students in the erstwhile Warangal district of Telangana state. Tool: The creativity battery test developed and standardized by Baqer Mehdi (2019) was administered. Conclusion: Results revealed the significant difference between gender, locality, and class of study with regard to the creativity of secondary school students.

Socio-demographic Characteristics, Risk Factors and Awareness of Adults Hypertensive Population in Khartoum Locality, 2014

Aims: To identify the prevalence of hypertensions, socio demographic characteristics, risk factor and awareness of the study population about hypertension in Khartoum Locality.Study Design: A descriptive community-based cross-sectional study.Place of Study: Khartoum locality, Sudan.Methodology:A total of 587 adult participants were interviewed using structured close ended questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured considering hypertension as ≥ 140 mmHg and ≥ 90 mmHg for systole and diastole blood pressure respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and the cutoff points were derived from World Health Organization (WHO) reference criteria to classify BMI as normal, overweight and obese. Chi square test was used to assess the association of socio demographic characteristics and risk factors with hypertensive population.Results: The prevalence of hypertensive accounted to 216 (36.8%). Thirty seven hypertensive participants (17%) were not aware about having hypertension, 86 (40%) were not aware about at least one complication of HTN and 117(54%) were not aware about the normal measures of blood pressure. The hypertensive participants were significantly high in the age group 25-64 years of age and above. Females were significantly having hypertension more than males, 155 (72%) versus 61 (28%). Married participants were significantly having hypertension more than non-married, 169(78%)and 47(22%) respectively. Unemployed participants were significantly having hypertension more than employed ones, 168 (77.8%) and 48 (22.2%) respectively.Risk factors among hypertensive participants were significantly found among overweight 67 (31%) and obese 115 (53%), positive family history of hypertension 139 (65%), increase salt in food149 (69.3%) and physical inactivity 166 (77%). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension among Khartoum locality was high. Hypertensive population awareness was low. Age, sex, marital status, education andemployment weresignificantly associated with hypertensive population. Obesity and overweight, family history of hypertension, increase salt in food and physical inactivity were risk factors among hypertensive study population.Keywords: Socio-demographic;awareness;risk factors;hypertension;Khartoum locality.1. INTRODUCTIONHypertension is positioning the first rank of causes of deaths worldwide [1]. It is a public health problem with an increasing global prevalence, especially in low and middle income countries [2,3]. Attributable factors related to the increasing prevalenceof hypertension includefast population growth and ageing, consumption of unhealthy diets, lack of physical exercise, obesity and increasing life stresses[2]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of hypertension has been increasing continuously with prevalence varying widely between 15% and 70 % [4-6].Sudan witnessed rising prevalence of hypertension during the past few years [7,8]. Hypertension is the silent killer that screening and early detection could prevent or reduce its serious complications, including stroke, ischemic heart disease, congestive cardiac failure, sudden cardiac death, peripheral vascular disease and renal insufficiency [9].Most persons with hypertension are not aware of their hypertensive disease, which increase the chance of being presented for the first time to health institution by complications [10,11]. Awareness of population about hypertension is high in developed countries compared to developing nations. Awareness of population about their hypertensive status is an important determinant of adherence to anti-hypertensive medication as well as increasing the knowledge regarding the risk factors and modifying the negative lifestyle habits [11-13]. The increase prevalence of hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa could be related to inadequate information about the disease that contributes to low awareness of population about their hypertensive status [14]. It was found thatawareness about hypertensive status was low among hypertensive population with low socio-demographic characteristics [15]. Few recent studies in Sudan were carried and did not emphasize the association of socio demographic characteristics to hypertensivestatus and the awareness of hypertensive adults about their hypertensiondisease.The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of hypertension, socio demographic characteristics, risk factor and awareness of the study population about hypertensionin Khartoum Locality.2.POPULATION AND METHODS2.1 Study DesignThis was a descriptive community-based cross-sectional study.2.2 Study AreaThe study was carried out in Khartoum locality which spread approximately across 176 square kilometers area and inhibited by 639,598 of the population. Khartoum locality is one of the seven localities in Khartoum State. It consists of six local administrative units and 157 blocks.

THE ENDANGERED SPECIES Aristelliger georgeensis (SQUAMATA: SPHAERODACTYLIDAE) IN RONCADOR CAY, COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN / La especie amenazada Aristelliger georgeensis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) en el Cayo Roncador, Caribe colombiano

Aristelliger georgeensis, previously known to occur in the Yucatan peninsula (Mexico), the coasts and islands from Belize and Honduras, and the oceanic islands of Colombia in the Caribbean (San Andres, Providence and Saint Catalina) was registered for the first time in Roncador Cay, a flat and small island of coralline origin, located in the southwest of the Caribbean. Being considered as an endangered species at the national level, the new locality for this gecko constitutes an opportunity for its conservation. Some topics regarding the possible origins of this new population are discussed. This new locality represents the eastern most documented record of this species so far.

Aristelliger georgeensis, previamente conocido de la península de Yucatán (México), las costas e islas de Belice y Honduras y de las islas oceánicas de Colombia en el Caribe (San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina), fue registrado por primera vez en el Cayo Roncador, una isla plana y pequeña de origen coralino, ubicada en el suroccidente del Caribe. Siendo considerada como una especie amenazada a nivel nacional, la nueva localidad para este geco constituye una oportunidad para su conservación. Se discuten algunos tópicos relacionados con el posible origen de esta nueva población. Esta nueva localidad representa el registro documentado más al Este para la especie.

A new species of hemigrammus gill, 1858 (characiformes: characidae) from the rio Madeira and rio Paraguai basins, with a redescription of H. lunatus

A new Hemigrammus is described from the rio Paraguai and rio Madeira basins, Mato Grosso and Rondônia States, Brazil. The new species is characterized by possessing a wide dark horizontal stripe across the eye, a vertically elongated humeral blotch, and 4-5 gill-rakers on upper branch and 9-10 on lower. The new species can be easily diagnosed from H. lunatus, the sympatric and morphologically most similar congener, by the shape of humeral blotch and the number of gill rakers. Data of the type material of both Hemigrammus lunatus and H. maxillaris, as well as extensive examination of specimens, allowed us to conclude that H. maxillaris is a junior subjective synonym of H. lunatus. A redescription of H. lunatus, as well as a formal restriction of its type locality, is provided. A putative monophyletic group within Hemigrammus, composed by H. barrigonae, Hemigrammus lunatus, H. machadoi new species, and H. ulreyi, named Hemigrammus lunatus group, is proposed based on overall body morphology and color pattern. Additionally, a discussion on the biogeographical relationships between the rio Paraguai and rio Guaporé basins is provided.

Um Hemigrammus novo é descrito das bacias dos rios Paraguai e Madeira, estados de Mato Grosso e Rondônia, Brasil. A espécie nova é caracterizada por possuir uma ampla faixa escura horizontal atravessando o olho, mancha umeral verticalmente alongada, 4-5 rastros branquiais no ramo superior e 9-10 no inferior. A espécie nova pode ser facilmente diferenciada de H. lunatus, a congênere simpátrica e mais semelhante morfologicamente, pela forma da mancha umeral, e pelo número de rastros branquiais. Dados do material-tipo de Hemigrammus lunatus e H. maxillaris, bem como o exame de extenso material, levou à conclusão de que H. maxillaris é um sinônimo júnior de H. lunatus. É apresentada a redescrição de H. lunatus com a restrição formal de sua localidade-tipo. Um presumível grupo monofilético dentro de Hemigrammus, composto por H. barrigonae, H. machadoi espécie nova, Hemigrammus lunatus, and H. ulreyi, chamado grupo Hemigrammus lunatus, é proposto baseado na morfologia geral do corpo e padrão de colorido. Adicionalmente, uma discussão das relações biogeográficas entre as bacias dos rios Paraguai e Guaporé é apresentada.

Variation in wood fibre traits among eight populations of Dipterocarpus indicus in Western Ghats, India.

Wood elements and anatomical ratio of Dipterocarpus indicus were studied to evaluate variation among populations and to recommend for end selection. The variation of wood element [fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD), lumen diameter (LD), cell wall thickness (CWT), double wall thickness (DWT), and lumen volume (LV)] and anatomical ratio [fibre lumen area (FLA), slenderness ratio (SR) and runkel ratio (RR)] were investigated in a girth class of 100 - 120 cm among eight populations of Dipterocarpus indicus in Western Ghats, India. The study revealed a significant variations in FL (0.2426), FD (4.7019), LD (3.1689), CWT (2.7104), DWT and (5.4298) among populations. The variations in anatomical ratios were significant among populations except in case of LV. The causes of variations among populations in their wood traits were attributed to the site factors. The interaction between genetic makeup of wood traits combined with effects of edaphic, local and regional climatic conditions reflect the amount of variation among populations. The highest coefficient of variation (CV %) for FL, FD, CWT and DWT was recorded in population of Gundya whereas low coefficient of variation were recorded in the population of Makuta (FL), Devimane (FD, CWT and DWT), and Sampaje (LD). The wood of Dipterocarpus indicus was found undesirable for pulp wood but can be utilized for plywood timbers.

Customers’ Satisfaction among Urban and Rural Public Health Clinics in State of Selangor, Malaysia

Health services are considered to be of good quality if customers’ expectations and perceptions are well balanced. Determinants confirming customers’ expectations will lead to satisfaction, while factors disconfirming it will result in customers’ dissatisfaction, reduced compliance to physicians’ treatment and deterioration in overall disease management. A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out from September till October 2008 to determine population satisfaction with health services provided by the public health clinics in Selangor. A total of 3840 respondents from the urban Health Clinics (HCs) and 4768 respondents from rural HCs were selected applying multi-stage random sampling from 54 HCs in nine districts from Selangor. Self-administrated questionnaires formulated by adopting SERVQUAL method based on modified five dimensions plus four dimensions of Clinics Corporation were used . Results showed the proportion of satisfaction among the population towards services provided by the public HCs was high at 86.1%. From X2 bivariate analysis; satisfied respondents were significantly from Indian and Chinese ethnic community more than the Malays, more among the less educated, the older age category (more than 33 years old) and males’ were slightly more satisfied than females. Patients who visited HCs more than three times were more satisfied than one time visitors. Occupation, marital status and HCs urban-rural locality were not significantly associated with customers’ satisfaction level. All dimensions showed high satisfaction level especially on treatment outcome, except on health care workers (HCWs) caring and professionalism domains. Working as a team was slightly higher in the urban areas compared to rural area. Overall, the SERVQUAL score of all dimensions were higher among the urban respondents albeit not significant. Clients’ perceptions were generally higher than expectations reflecting the high satisfactions among clients at 86.1%. Much improvement needs to be put into training HCWs to be more caring and adapting a professional attitude towards clients. Clients’ satisfactions in the urban and rural HCs were almost equal and did not reflect a decrease of health services priority in the rural areas.

Condições particulares de produção e reprodução da dengue em nível local: estudo de Itaipu, Região Oceânica de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Specific dengue transmission conditions at the local level: a study in Itaipu, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Analisar as condições particulares de produção da dengue em localidades de Itaipu, cidade de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com enfoque para os determinantes e condicionantes sócio-ambientais. Foram escolhidas quatro localidades com incidências semelhantes de dengue e padrões urbanísticos/sócio-econômicos diferentes. As características sócio-espaciais de cada localidade foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas com informantes-chave e observação sistemática. Identificou-se a existência de dois fatores distintos que podem condicionar o risco de transmissão da doença. O primeiro se refere à limitação da oferta do serviço de abastecimento de água e escassez de recursos financeiros, associado a uma população de menor renda. O segundo associa-se ao grupo de maior poder aquisitivo e relaciona-se ao risco decorrente da abundância de recursos, permitindo práticas de estocagem em reservatórios de maior capacidade de acúmulo de água. A implantação de uma infra-estrutura habitacional gerada pelo capital especulativo foi determinante para a criação de segregação sócio-espacial, resultando em formas diferenciadas de receptividade e vulnerabilidade à dengue. Nesse sentido, a instalação incompleta e desigual de uma infra-estrutura habitacional é determinante para geração diferenciada de criadouros do vetor e conseqüente difusão da doença.

This study analyzes the specific conditions involved in dengue transmission in various areas in Itaipu, a coastal neighborhood in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with a focus on socio-environmental determinants and conditioning factors. Four areas were selected with similar dengue incidence rates but different urban planning and socioeconomic patterns. The socio-spatial characteristics of each area were obtained through interviews with key informants and systematic observation. Two distinct factors were identified that may potentially condition the risk of dengue transmission. The first related to the limited water supply and scarce financial resources in a lower-income population. The second was associated with a group having better socioeconomic status, which allowed them to store water in larger tanks. The implementation of a housing infrastructure generated by real estate speculation was a determining factor for the creation of socio-spatial segregation, resulting in different forms of receptiveness and vulnerability to dengue. In this sense, the incomplete and unequal installation of housing infrastructure is a determining factor for the differentiated generation of vector breeding sites and thus for dengue transmission.

Isopods (Isopoda: Aegidae, Cymothoidae, Gnathiidae) associated with Venezuelan marine fishes (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii) / Isópodos (Isopoda: Aegidae, Cymothoidae, Gnathiidae) asociados a peces marinos venezolanos (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii)

The parasitic isopod fauna of fishes in the southern Caribbean is poorly known. In examinations of 12 639 specimens of 187 species of Venezuelan fishes, the authors found 10 species in three families of isopods (Gnathiids, Gnathia spp. from Diplectrum radiale *, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus *, Orthopristis ruber * and Trachinotus carolinus *; two aegids, Rocinela signata from Dasyatis guttata *, H. cruentatus *, Haemulon aurolineatum *, H. steindachneri * and O. ruber ; and Rocinela sp. from Epinephelus flavolimbatus *; five cymothoids: Anilocra haemuli from Haemulon boschmae *, H. flavolineatum * and H. steindachneri *; Anilocra cf haemuli from Heteropriacanthus cruentatus *; Haemulon bonariense*, O. ruber*, Cymothoa excisa in H. cruentatus *; Cymothoa oestrum in Chloroscombrus chrysurus, H. cruentatus* and Priacanthus arenatus ; Cymothoa sp. in O. ruber; Livoneca sp. from H. cruentatus *; and Nerocila fluviatilis from H. cruentatus * and P. arenatus *). The Rocinela sp. and A. cf haemuli in the southern Caribbean could represent new species. The abundance of A. cf haemuli appears to have drastically reduced from 1994 to 1999 in the Gulf of Cariaco. The Cymothoa sp. represents an undescribed species that is apparently host specific to O. ruber . It does not occur in the Gulf of Cariaco, but is relatively abundant on the Caribbean coast of Sucre State, Venezuela. The Livoneca sp. is an undescribed species host specific to Diapterus rhombeus, Cymothoa excisa and C. oestrum were thought to have distinct host preferences, but both infected the Heteropriacanthus cruentatus in the present study.Gnathia spp. are reported from Venezuelan waters for the first time. Twenty new host records* are noted. The fish-associated isopod fauna is much more extensive and important than has previously been suspected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 175-188. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

Se conoce muy poco acerca de la fauna de isópodos parásitos de peces en el Caribe Sur. Tras examinar 12 639 especímenes de 187 especies de peces de Venezuela, los autores encontraron 10 especies de isópodos distribuidos en tres familias. Los asteriscos indican nuevos registros (Gnátidos, Gnathia spp. en Diplectrum radiale*, Heteropriacanthus cruentatus*; Orthopristis ruber* y Trachinotus carolinus*; dos aégidos, Rocinela signata en Dasyatis guttata*, H. cruentatus*, Haemulon aurolineatum*, H. steindachneri * y O. ruber ; y Rocinela sp. en Epinephelus flavolimbatus*; cinco cimotoidos: Anilocra haemuli en Haemulon boschmae*, H. flavolineatum* y H.steindachneri*; Anilocra cf haemuli en Heteropriacanthus cruentatus*; Haemulon bonariense*, O. ruber*; Cymothoa excise in H. cruentatus*; Cymothoa oestrum en Chloroscombrus chrysurus, H. cruentatus* y Priacanthus arenatus; Cymothoa sp. en O. ruber; Livoneca sp. en H. cruentatus*; y Nerocila fluviatilis en H. cruentatus* y P. arenatus*). Las especies Rocinela sp.y A.cf haemuli en el Caribe sur podrían representar especies distintas. La abundancia de A. cf haemuli en el Golfo de Coriaco parece haberse reducido drásticamente entre 1994 a 1999. Cymothoa sp.es una especie no descrita que aparentemente parasita específicamente a O. ruber. No se le encuentra en el Golfo de Cariaco, pero es relativamente abundante en la costa Caribe del Estado de Sucre, Venezuela. Livoneca sp. (especie sin describir) parasita específicamente a Diapterus rhombeus. Anteriormente se pensaba que Cymothoa excisa y C. oestrum tenían distintas preferencias de hospedero, pero ambas infectan a Heteropriacanthus cruentatus. Gnathia spp. Son además primer registro en aguas venezolanas. Se informan en total 20 nuevos registros. La fauna de isópodos asociados a peces es mucho más extensa e importante de lo que se sospechaba.