Mechanism of Polysaccharides from Two Spleen-invigorating Chinese Medicine Prescriptions in Regulating Growth of Bacteroides fragilis in vitro： Based on Differential Expression of Polysaccharide Utilization Loci / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of using the polysaccharides from two Chinese medicine compound prescriptions as the carbon source on the growth of Bacteroides fragilis and to decipher the mechanism from the perspective of differential expression of polysaccharide utilization loci （PULs） based on transcriptomics. MethodThe media with different carbon sources ［20% polysaccharides of Lizhongtang， polysaccharides of Shenling Baizhusan， glucose， and brain heart infusion （BHI） Broth］ were used for the anaerobic culture of B. fragile ATCC25285. The effects of different carbon sources on the growth of B. fragilis ATCC25285 were determined by continuous sampling and spectrophotometry. Then， transcriptome sequencing was performed for the cultures obtained with different carbon sources to study the mechanism of different carbon sources in regulating bacterial growth. ResultThe concentration of bacteria with the polysaccharide of Lizhongtang， polysaccharide of Shenling Baizhusan， BHI Broth， and glucose as the carbon sources peaked at 26， 32， 26， 38 h， respectively， and the bacteria in all the four groups achieved robust growth. Gene ontology （GO） enrichment indicated that the differentially expressed genes in the Lizhongtang polysaccharide group and Shenling Baizhusan polysaccharide group were concentrated in the transport and transmembrane transport of dicarboxylic acid. The Shenling Baizhusan polysaccharide and BHI Broth groups showed high expression of PUL 4 and 27， glycoside hydrolase 13 （GH13）， and glycosyl transferases 5 （GT5）. PUL9 was highly expressed in Shenling Baizhusan polysaccharide group， and PUL 17， 19， and 20， GH3， and GH144 in the BHI Broth group. PUL27 and GT5 were highly expressed in Shenling Baizhusan polysaccharide and glucose groups. PUL 4 and 9 and GH13 were only highly expressed in Shenling Baizhusan polysaccharide group， and PUL 2， 17， and 19 and GH2 in the glucose group. Both Lizhongtang polysaccharide group and BHI group highly expressed PUL 4， 17， 19， 20， and 27， GH3， and GH144. PUL 2， 8， 23， and 27， GH2， and GH57 were highly expressed in Lizhongtang polysaccharide group， while GH13 showed high expression in the BHI group. Both the glucose and Lizhongtang polysacharride groups showed high expression of PUL 4 and 27 and GH2. PUL 4， 8， 20， and 23， GH3， and GH144 were highly expressed in Lizhongtang polysaccharide group， while PUL30 was highly expressed in the glucose group. ConclusionThe in vitro experiments and transcriptome sequencing results confirmed that the expression of PULs and GH may provide benefits or costs to the adaptive growth of Bacteroides fragilis ATCC25285 cultured with different carbon sources， which may be one of the mechanisms by which polysaccharides from Chinese medicine compound prescriptions regulate the growth of B. fragilis ATCC25285. The findings can provide a reference for further research on the relationship between B. fragilis metabolic pathway and polysaccharides of Chinese medicine compound prescriptions.

Establishment and Modification of Ninety-seven Pneumococcal Serotyping Assays Based on Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To establish and modify quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based serotyping assays to distinguish 97 pneumococcal serotypes.@*METHODS@#A database of capsular polysaccharide ( cps) loci sequences was generated, covering 97 pneumococcal serotypes. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the cps loci structure and target genes related to different pneumococcal serotypes with specific SNPs. A total of 27 novel qPCR serotyping assay primers and probes were established based on qPCR, while 27 recombinant plasmids containing serotype-specific DNA sequence fragments were constructed as reference target sequences to examine the specificity and sensitivity of the qPCR assay. A panel of pneumococcal reference strains was employed to evaluate the capability of pneumococcal serotyping.@*RESULTS@#A total of 97 pneumococcal serotyping assays based on qPCR were established and modified, which included 64 serotypes previously reported as well as an additional 33 serotypes. Twenty-seven novel qPCR serotyping target sequences were implemented in the pneumococcal qPCR serotyping system. A total of 97 pneumococcal serotypes, which included 52 individual serotypes and 45 serotypes belonging to 20 serogroups, could not be identified as individual serotypes. The sensitivity of qPCR assays based on 27 target sequences was 1-100 copies/µL. The specificity of the qPCR assays was 100%, which were tested by a panel of 90 serotypes of the pneumococcal reference strains.@*CONCLUSION@#A total of 27 novel qPCR assays were established and modified to analyze 97 pneumococcal serotypes.

Avances en la genética del síndrome de ovario poliquístico

Introducción: Los primeros estudios realizados en familiares de mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico demostraron un patrón de agregación familiar y por tanto, la posibilidad de un componente genético en su etiopatogenia. Desde entonces, mucho se ha investigado al respecto. Objetivo: Realizar una actualización en las evidencias según la literatura de las bases genéticas del síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los últimos 10 años sobre aspectos de genética en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico en las bases Pubmed, Google Académico, EMBASE y MEDLINE. Conclusiones: Se demostró que en este periodo se ha avanzado en el esclarecimiento y participación de múltiples genes y loci en la patogenia del síndrome. Existe una asociación importante en diferentes poblaciones y etnias del gen DENND1A y TADHA, los cuales se localizan en los cromosomas 9 y 2, respectivamente. Además, se han realizado estudios de asociación del genoma completo (GWAS) que han identificado otros genes en cromosomas como 9q22.32, 11q22.1, 12q13.2, 19p13.3, 16 q12.1, 20q13.2, 12q14.3 (C9orf3, YAP1, RAB5B, INSR, TOX3, SUMO1P1 y HMGA2). Esta revisión permite una actualización del tema y ampliar el conocimiento sobre aspectos relacionados con el origen genético del SOP, así como concluir que el SOP tiene un origen poligénico y es de las denominadas enfermedades complejas(AU)

Introduction: Early studies in relatives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome demonstrated a pattern of familial aggregation and thus the possibility of a genetic component in its etiopathogenesis. Since then, much research has been done on this subject. Objective: To update the evidence according to the literature on the genetic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: A literature review of the last 10 years on genetic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome was performed in Pubmed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases. Conclusions: It was shown that in this period progress has been made in the elucidation and involvement of multiple genes and loci in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. There is a significant association in different populations and ethnicities of the DENND1A and TADHA gene, which are located on chromosomes 9 and 2, respectively. In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed and have identified other genes on chromosomes such as 9q22.32, 11q22.1, 12q13.2, 19p13.3, 16 q12.1, 20q13.2, 12q14.3 (C9orf3, YAP1, RAB5B, INSR, TOX3, SUMO1P1 and HMGA2). This review allows an update of the subject and to expand the knowledge on aspects related to the genetic origin of PCOS, as well as to conclude that PCOS has a polygenic origin and is one of the so-called complex diseases(AU)

Mutagénesis inducida en plantas de Solanum betaceum Cav. mediante el uso de dietil sulfato (DES) / Induced mutagenesis in Solanum betaceum Cav. plants by the use of diethyl sulphate (DES)

RESUMEN La materia prima del fitomejoramiento es la variabilidad genética, que se presenta baja, en especies en proceso de domesticación, que no han sido sometidas a selección, como en Solanum betaceum. Una de las tecnologías para incrementar la variabilidad genética es la inducción de mutagénesis. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar, a través de marcadores RAMs, las variaciones moleculares presentes en plántulas de S. betaceum, provenientes de semillas sometidas a diferentes concentraciones del agente mutante dietil sulfato (DES). Los loci polimórficos oscilaron entre 87,5 y 100 % y el número de alelos efectivos (Ne), entre 1,0 y 1,99. Los loci más polimórficos se observaron en TG, AG, ACA y CGA, que mostraron una heterosis media insesgada entre 0,34 y 0,51, que permite establecer que estos marcadores sean útiles para obtener mayor discriminación entre mutantes en S. betaceum. Las distancias genéticas oscilaron entre 0,30 y 1,0. El 81,28 % de estos registros se dieron entre 0,60 y 0,90; esto revela bajo nivel de cambios, debido al DES. Estos pequeños cambios contribuyeron a enriquecer la variabilidad genética de la muestra tratada con DES. Los marcadores RAMs fueron útiles para detectar cambios entre plantas provenientes de semillas tratadas con DES y plantas normales. La variabilidad genética entre tratamientos con DES fueron más altos que tratamientos sin DES. Las similitudes genéticas fueron bajas entre plantas tratadas y no tratadas y fueron altas, entre no tratadas. Los cambios producidos por DES fueron de baja magnitud; sin embargo, produjeron cambios en los niveles de variabilidad genética.

ABSTRACT The raw material for plant breeding is genetic variability, which is low in species in the process of domestication that have not been subjected to selection, as is the case with Solanum betaceum. One of the technologies to increase genetic variability is mutagenesis induction. The objective was to evaluate, through RAMs markers, the molecular variations present in S. betaceum seedlings from seeds previously subjected to different concentrations of the mutant agent diethyl sulfate (DES). The polymorphic loci ranged from 87.5 to 100%, number of effective alleles (Ne) between 1.0 and 1.99. The most polymorphic loci were observed in TG, AG, ACA, and CGA, which showed a mean unbiased heterosis between 0.34 and 0.51 with an average of 0.44, which allows establishing that these markers are useful to obtain greater discrimination between mutants in S. betaceum. Genetic distances ranged from 0.30 to 1.0. The 81.28% of these records were between 0.60 and 0.90. This reveals a low level of changes due to DES. These small changes contribute to enriching the genetic variability of the DES-treated sample. The RAMs markers were useful for detecting changes between plants from DES treated seeds and normal plants. Genetic variability between DES treatments was higher than non-DES treatments. Genetic similarities were low between treated and untreated plants and were high among untreated plants. The changes produced by DES were of low magnitude, however, they produced changes in the levels of genetic variability.

Interaction between ischemic stroke risk loci identified by genome-wide association studies and sleep habits / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the relationship between sleep habits (sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep onset timing) and ischemic stroke, and whether there is an interaction between sleep habits and ischemic stroke susceptibility gene loci.@*METHODS@#A questionnaire survey, physical examination, blood biochemical testing and genotyping were conducted among rural residents in Beijing, and the gene loci of ischemic stroke suggested by previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were screened. Multivariable generalized linear model was used to analyze the correlation between sleep habits, sleep-gene interaction and ischemic stroke.@*RESULTS@#A total of 4 648 subjects with an average age of (58.5±8.7) years were enrolled, including 1 316 patients with ischemic stroke. Compared with non-stroke patients, stroke patients with sleep duration ≥9 hours, sleep efficiency < 80%, and sleep onset timing earlier than 22:00 accounted for a higher proportion (P < 0.05). There was no significant association between sleep duration and risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.04, 95%CI: 0.99-1.10, P=0.085). Sleep efficiency was inversely associated with the risk of ischemic stroke (OR=0.18, 95%CI: 0.06-0.53, P=0.002). The risk of ischemic stroke in the subjects with sleep efficiency < 80% was 1.47-fold (95%CI: 1.03-2.10, P=0.033) of that in the subjects with sleep efficiency ≥80%. Falling asleep earlier than 22:00 was associated with 1.26 times greater risk of stroke than falling asleep between 22:00 and 22:59 (95%CI: 1.04-1.52, P=0.017). Multifactorial adjustment model showed that rs579459 on ABO gene had an interaction with sleep time (P for interaction =0.040). When there were two T alleles for rs579459 on the ABO gene, those who fell asleep before 22:00 had 1.56 times (95%CI: 1.20-2.04, P=0.001) the risk of stroke compared with those who fell asleep between 22:00 and 22:59, and there was no significant difference when the number of pathogenic alleles was 0 or 1. In the model adjusted only for gender, age and family structure, sleep duration and the number of T allele rs2634074 on PITX2 gene had an interaction with ischemic stroke (P for interaction=0.033).@*CONCLUSION@#Decreased sleep efficiency is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke, and falling asleep earlier than 22:00 is associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke. Sleep onset timing interacted with rs579459 in ABO gene and the risk of ischemic stroke. Sleep duration and PITX2 rs2634074 may have a potential interaction with ischemic stroke risk.

Parkinson genetico: Reporte de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Genetic Parkinson disease: a case report and literature review

RESUMEN El parkinsonismo constituye un conjunto de signos y síntomas clínicos caracterizados por bradicinesia y temblor en reposo o rigidez, cuya causa más frecuente es la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). La gran mayoría de los casos de EP son esporádicos, sin embargo, existe una minoría en la cual la etiología se debe a una mutación heredada, ya sea autosómica dominante (AD), autosómica recesiva (AR) o herencia ligada al X. La identificación de estas causas heredables es importante para una adecuada consejería genética y tratamiento. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con EP de inicio temprano en el que se identificó una mutación AD en el gen GIGYF2 o PARK11, asociado a una breve revisión de la literatura

SUMMARY Parkinsonism constitutes a set of clinical signs and symptoms characterized by bradykinesia and tremor at rest and / or rigidity. The main etiology is Parkinson's disease (PD), but there are other causes such as atypical parkinsonism. The vast majority of PD cases are sporadic, however, there is a minority where the etiology is due to an inherited mutation, either autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (RA), or X-linked inheritance. Identifying these heritable causes is important for proper genetic counseling and treatment. We present the case of a patient with early-onset PD where an AD mutation in the GIGYF2 gene (PARK11) was identified. We subsequently present a brief review of the literature.

Molecular markers based upon whole chloroplast genomes and identifying alpine Gentiana waltonii and G. lhassica (Gentianaceae) / 药学学报

As two original plants of Tibetan herb Jieji, Gentiana waltonii Burk. and Gentiana lhassica Burk. belong to Section Cruciata of Gentiana, Gentianaceae. Here, we report on whole chloroplast genome sequences in the alpine species, respectively, and the features of plastomes were investigated. The plastome of G. waltonii is 148 705 bp long (148 652 bp in G. lhassica) and encodes 112 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. Two pseudogenes, namely ψrps16 and ψinfA, were found in plastomes. In addition, two novel loci were detected, and a species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for differentiating G. waltonii and G. lhassica from 10 alpine species in Section Cruciata. Gentiana. Our study provides basic data for identifying Tibetan herbs, alpine species conservation and molecular phylogenetic studies of Gentiana and Gentianaceae.

Genome-wide association analysis reveals regulation of at-risk loci by DNA methylation in prostate cancer / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Epigenetic changes are potentially important for the ontogeny and progression of tumors but are not usually studied because of the complexity of analyzing transcript regulation resulting from epigenetic alterations. Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by variable clinical manifestations and frequently unpredictable outcomes. We performed an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis to identify the genomic regions that regulate gene expression in PCa and identified a relationship between DNA methylation and clinical information. Using multi-level information published in The Cancer Genome Atlas, we performed eQTL-based analyses on DNA methylation and gene expression. To better interpret these data, we correlated loci and clinical indexes to identify the important loci for both PCa development and progression. Our data demonstrated that although only a small proportion of genes are regulated via DNA methylation in PCa, these genes are enriched in important cancer-related groups. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis identified the locations of CpG sites and genes within at-risk loci, including the 19q13.2-q13.43 and 16q22.2-q23.1 loci. Further, an epigenetic association study of clinical indexes detected risk loci and pyrosequencing for site validation. Although DNA methylation-regulated genes across PCa samples are a small proportion, the associated genes play important roles in PCa carcinogenesis.

QTL identification for downy mildew resistance in cucumber using genetic linkage map based on SSR markers

Fourteen cucumber lines were tested for genetic homozygosity and performed pairwise comparison to identify a pair with the highest DNA polymorphic level. Cucumber accessions CSL0067 and CSL0139 were selected to generate 315 F2 populations. The genetic linkage map based on 66 polymorphic SSR markers was constructed. It composed of eight linkage groups (LGs) spanning 474.4 cM. Downy mildew disease reaction was evaluated in cotyledons, first and second true leaf on 7, 10, and 14 day after inoculation. The results showed that downy mildew resistance was controlled by multiple recessive genes. The susceptible to resistant ratio of F2 progenies fit 9:7 susceptible/resistant segregation types corresponding to duplicate recessive epistasis. Fourteen QTLs were detected. The phenotypic variance ranged from 5.0 to 12.5%, while LOD values ranged from 3.538 to 9.165. Two major QTLs and two QTL hotspots were identified. Moreover, the additive effects data explained that these QTL reduced downy mildew susceptibility

Genetic dissection of yield associated traits in a cross between cowpea and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) based on DArT markers

Both cowpea and yard-long bean belong to Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata but have diverged through human induced evolution in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, respectively. To map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield associated traits and derive new lines that may combine the attributes of both types, we developed a F2:3 mapping population derived from a cross between cowpea line TVu2185 and yard-long bean line TVu6642. Using DArT markers, a total of 30 QTLs accounting for 1.8–13.0% phenotypic variation was detected for pod and seed traits. Some novel major QTLs for peduncle number per plant (qPeN2.2), pod length (qPoL3), seed breadth (qSB4), length (qSL7.2) and thickness (qST9) identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9, respectively, are particularly interesting and need to be validated. Moreover, we confirmed previously reported QTLs for pod length (qPoL8) and 100-seed weight (qSW8) on chromosome 8 and for seed number per pod (qSN9.2) on chromosome 9 suggesting usefulness for marker-assisted-selection purpose. Notably, some QTLs for these traits were clustered especially on chromosomes 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 indicating the presence of the same QTL or linked loci in these regions. Moreover, the involvement of epistasis was observed for trait expressions, but compared with the main effect QTLs, the phenotypic effects of epistatic-QTLs detected were much less. The present QTL analysis may provide a useful tool for breeders to formulate efficient breeding strategy for introgression of the desirable alleles for yield related traits in cowpea using molecular markers.

Identification of genomic regions associated with early plant vigour in lentil (Lens culinaris)

Lentil is one of the most important food legume species, however its genetic and genomic resources remained largely uncharacterized and unexploited. In the past few years, a number of genetic maps have been constructed and marker resources have been developed in lentil. These resources could be exploited for understanding the extent and distribution of genetic variation in genus Lens and also for developing saturated and consensus genetic maps suitable for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection. The present study aims to enrich polymerase chain reaction-based linkage map of F10 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population of 94 individuals derived from cross WA8649090 9 Precoz and identification of QTLs linked to early plant vigour traits. Of the 268 polymorphic markers (93 simple sequence repeats (SSR), three inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and 172 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs)), 265 (90 SSRs, three ISSRs and 172 RAPDs) were mapped on seven linkage groups, varying in length between 25.6 and 210.3 cM, coverage of 809.4 cM with an average marker spacing of 3.05 cM. The study also reported assigning of 24 new cross-genera SSRs of Trifolium pratense on the present linkage map. The RILs along with the parents were screened for shoot length, root length, seedling length, dry weight, number of leaves and number of branches based on two replications under polyhouse conditions. A QTLhotspot consisting of six QTLs for shoot length (cm), root length (cm) and seedling length (cm) was observed between a map distances of 56.61 and 86.81 cM on LG1.

The utility of NBS-profiling for characterization of yellow rust resistance in an F6 durum wheat population

Seedling and adult plant (field) resistance to yellow rust in the durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cross Kunduru-1149 x Cham-1 was characterized using a functionally-targeted DNA marker system, NBS-profiling. Chi-squared analysis indicated a four gene model conferring seedling yellow rust resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici isolate WYR85/22 (virulent on Yr2, Yr6, Yr7 and Yr9). Interval mapping located two QTL for yellow rust resistance on the long arm of chromosome 1B, while Kruskal–Wallis single marker regression identified a number of additional marker loci associated with seedling and/or adult plant, field resistance to yellow rust. These results suggested that much of the yellow rust resistance seen in the field may be due to seedling expressed resistance (R) genes. Characterization of the DNA sequence of three NBS marker loci indicated that all showed significant homology to functionally-characterized R-genes and resistance gene analogues (RGAs), with the greatest homology being NBS-LRR-type R-genes and RGAs from cereal species.

Baja variabilidad y diferenciación genética poblacional en la "lisa", Mugil incilis (Teleostei: Mugilidae) del Caribe colombiano

La "Lisa" Mugil incilis, es uno de los recursos ícticos más importante de la industria pesquera artesanal del Caribe de Colombia. Sin embargo, sus poblaciones llevan siendo sobreexplotadas por décadas, que en conjunto con el deterioro de su hábitat podrían estar causando un efecto negativo en la variabilidad genética de las mismas. Con el objetivo de generar información científica que permita apoyar decisiones y políticas más adecuadas de manejo pesquero y conservación se evaluó la variabilidad y la estructura genética de M. incilis a lo largo de la costa del Caribe de Colombia. Se seleccionaron seis sistemas costeros, entre ellos tres lagunas costeras de acceso abierto a la pesca (Ciénaga La Virgen, Ciénaga La Caimanera y Bahía de Cispatá) y tres santuarios de fauna y flora de la red de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (los santuarios de fauna y flora Los Flamencos, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y El Corchal). Se utilizaron siete loci microsatélites, los cuales revelaron 94 alelos con un promedio de 11.6 alelos por locus. Los valores de variabilidad genética en todos los sitios de muestreo fueron bajos (Ho = 0.108-0.402), aunque demostraron tener un alto potencial genético (He = 0.772-0.868). Se encontró que todos los loci presentaron desequilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg debido a una deficiencia de heterocigotos. Esto fue concordante con los eventos de cuellos de botellas recientes que se determinaron en todas las lagunas y las causas pueden ser la sobrepesca y la presencia de alelos nulos. Los resultados del análisis de estructuración genética demostraron la existencia de tres poblaciones, una conformada por las localidades ubicadas desde el sector de La Guajira hasta Sucre y una segunda en Bahía de Cispatá y la tercera en la Ciénaga La Caimanera. Este estudio sugiere que los procesos involucrados en el nivel de aprovechamiento pesquero, en el ciclo reproductivo y en las condiciones oceanográficas de la región del Caribe Sur determinan la variabilidad y estructura genética de M. incilis. Se proponen recomendaciones para el manejo y conservación de M. incilis.

The "Mullet" Mugil incilis is one of the most important fish resources of the artisanal fishing industry of the Colombian Caribbean. However, their populations are being overexploited for decades, which together with the deterioration of their habitat could be causing a negative effect on the genetic variability of their populations. In order to generate scientific information to support decisions and more appropriate fisheries management and conservation policies, the variability and genetic structure of M. incilis along the Caribbean coast of Colombia was evaluated. Six coastal systems were selected, including three coastal lagoon systems with open access to fishing (Ciénaga La Virgen, Ciénaga La Caimanera and Bahía de Cispatá) and three coastal lagoons belonging to fauna and flora sanctuaries of the network of National Natural Parks of Colombia (Los Flamencos, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and El Corchal). Seven microsatellite loci were used, which revealed 94 alleles with an average of 11.6 alleles per locus. The values of genetic variability in all sampling sites were low (Ho = 0.108-0.402), although they showed a high genetic potential (He = 0.772-0.868). All the loci presented departures from the Hardy-Weinberg expectations due to a deficiency of heterozygotes. This was in agreement with the events of recent bottlenecks that were determined in all the lagoons and the causes could be overfishing and the presence of null alleles. The analysis of genetic structuring revealed the existence of two populations, one formed by the localities located from La Guajira to Sucre; a second in Bahía de Cispatá and the third one in Ciénaga La Caimanera. This study suggests that the processes involved in the level of fishing exploitation, in the reproductive cycle and in the oceanographic conditions of the South Caribbean region determine the genetic variability and structure of M. incilis. Recommendations for the management and conservation of M. incilis are proposed.

Detection of QTL for panicle architecture in F2 population of rice

Panicle traits are the most important agronomic characters which directly relate to yield in rice. Panicle length (PL) being one of the major components of rice panicle structure is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In our research, conducted at Research Farm of SKUAST-J, crosses of parental lines K343 and DHMAS were made for generating F2 mapping population, which were then transplanted into the field using augmented design-I. The F2 population was used for phenotypic evaluation, development of linkage map and identification of QTLs on the chromosomes by using SSR markers. A total of 450 SSR markers were used for screening both the parents of which 53 highly polymorphic markers were selected and used for genotyping of 233 genotypes of F2population. Linkage map was generated using MAPMAKER/EXP3.0 software, seven linkage groups were found distributed on 11 chromosomes of rice. QTLs were detected using QTL Cartographer (v2.5) software. Based on 1000 permutation tests, a logarithm of odds (LOD) threshold value 2.0 and 3.0 was set. Composite interval mapping was used to map QTLs in populations derived from bi-parental crosses. The phenotypic data, genotypic data and the genetic linkage map generated identified total three QTLs of which one was identified for PL qPL2, located at 85.01 cM position with 2.1 LOD value and in between the marker intervals RM324–RM208, this QTL explained the phenotype variation by 4.36%. The other two QTLs were identified for spikelet density (SD) qSD3.1 and qSD3.2, located at 28.91 and 39.51 cM, respectively, both with a flanking marker RM6832 on chromosome 3. The LOD value and phenotypic variation explained for qSD3.1 and qSD3.2 was 3.00 and 3.25; 9.70 and 12.34% respectively. The reported QTLs identified in the study suggested a less diversity in the parents used and also the rejection of not so useful markers from the used set of markers for PL and SD.

Personality traits of young men with different diplotypes

Background: Historically in psychogenetic research the attention has been paid to describing personality traits of the carriers of some sole genotypes; but in this work the characteristic traits of carriers of catecholaminergic system MAOA and COMT genes' genotypes different combinations are presented. Methods: A psychodiagnostic toolkit included 7 types of inventories. Genotyping was conducted with the help of DNA extraction from the buccal epithelium cells with subsequent PCR diagnostics and 3 types of statistical processing. Results: It was shown that carriers of a highly active diplotype have the lowest level of aggressiveness and are inclined to cooperate in the conflict; carriers of the highly active genotype MAOA in combination with the heterozygous genotype COMT have an average level of aggressiveness and high rates of emotional lability; carriers of low-level MAOA in combination with heterozygous genotype COMT have the highest rates of motivation to achieve success and verbal aggression; carriers of low-level MAOA and highly active COMT are emotionally labile and non-aggressive. Conclusion: We conclude that male carriers of a low-active diplotype have the highest level of aggressiveness and disposition to addictive behavior, which may indicate the association of this diplotype in a sample of young Russian men with social disadaptation.

SSR loci information analysis in transcriptome of Cordyceps sinensis / 中国中药杂志

To analysis the SSR loci information in the transcriptome of Cordyceps sinensis and develop SSR molecular markers,MISA(MicroSatellite) software was used to analyze the microsatellites information from 16 875 unigene sequences and SSR primer designed by Primer 3. 0. In total,5 899 SSRs were detected in 4 252 unigene with the distribution frequency of 34. 99%,which was represented by 74 repeat motifs and SSR loci occurred per 7 952 bp in length. In the SSRs,the mono-nucleotide was the most abundant repeat motif(42. 5%),followed by tri-nucleotide(34. 48%),C/G and CCG/CGG were the dominant repeat motifs,respectively. The number of repetitions of the six SSR repeat types was concentrated on 5 to 12 times,and the length was mostly less than 24 bp. A total of 12 282 pairs of primers were screened and selected 20 pairs of primers for validity detection randomly,10 pairs of primers amplified the expected specific bands,and primer P1 has significant polymorphism. Moreover,it was found that unigene containing SSR loci is mainly related to genetic and environmental functions after GO and KEGG annotation. In conclusion,these SSR loci in the transcriptome of O. sinensis are high in frequency,rich in primitive types,high in polymorphism,and highly available,which will provides abundant candidate molecular markers for its genetic diversity analysis,resource identification protection,and gene function research.

Association analysis of EGR1 gene and Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese people / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To investigate the association between early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Han Chinese people. Methods: A total of 715 AD patients and 760 health controls were recruited in two independent samples from Eastern China (382 AD patients and 426 normal individuals) and Southwest China (333 AD patients and 334 normal individuals). SNaPshot technique was utilized to analyse the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs11743810. A public database was used to explore whether EGR1 gene was differentially expressed in the brain of AD patients and health controls. Then the protein-protein interaction (PPI) assessment was conducted using the STRING database, and the brain eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) analysis was used to explore the difference in rs11743810 expression between different genotypes in different brain regions. Results: Cross-platform normalized data showed that there was significant difference of EGR1 expression in temporal cortex between AD patients and control subjects (|log2FC|=0.780, P=0.000 before FDR corrected; P=0.001 after FDR corrected). PPI analysis revealed that EGR1 was physically connected with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and clusterin (CLU) protein in the network. However, different genotypes of rs11743810 showed no significant difference in expression in 10 brain regions, and no significant difference in the genotype and allele frequency of rs11743810 between AD patients and controls were found in our two independent samples. Conclusion: The rs11743810 in EGR1 may not be major susceptibility gene site for AD in Han Chinese people.

Research Progress of Polysaccharide Utilization Loci and Its Application in Pharmacological Research of Chinese Medicinal Herb / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) are a group of gene clusters related to polysaccharides catabolism and located in specific areas, including starch utilization system(SusC), SusD, encoding outer membrane glycoprotein binding proteins, and carbohydrate active enzymes. The wide existence of PULs in Bacteroides, and the extraordinary ability of utilizing polysaccharide is its survival strategy to adapt to the intestinal tract. On one hand, Bacteroides feature a high abundance and variety, making it the most important bacterial target group regulated by traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). On the other hand, polysaccharide is an important effective constituent among TCM chemicals, with a high content, and can also be used as a competitive carbon source for intestinal bacteria. Therefore, what is the mechanism of regulating the intestinal flora based on the carbon source of polysaccharide is an important part of the pharmacological research of TCM. According to the latest literatures, this paper introduces the gene and protein composition of PULs, reviews the latest developments in PULs research, and analyzes the structure of PULs in the genomes of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Furthermore, we also put forward a prospect for the pharmacological micro-ecological mechanism of TCM based on PULs based on our carbon source experiments, which focuses the effects of Bacteroides by TCM polysaccharides in vitro. This research is not only the new content of bacterial PULs researches, but also the important part of researches of "human-drug-bacteria" holistic view and TCM spleen-tonifying concept.