Effects of occupational radiation exposure on peripheral blood lymphocyte count and cell cycle in logging workers / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the effects of prolonged low-dose neutron-γ radiation on peripheral blood lymphocytes of logging workers. Methods The health information of workers in a logging company was collected by on-site blood sample collection and questionnaire survey. Individual doses of γ and neutron radiation were recorded using LiF elements and CR-39, respectively. Lymphocyte count in peripheral blood was measured by blood cytometer. Cell cycle and cyclins were detected by flow cytometry. Results The annual dose of some logging workers exceeded 5 mSv. Lymphocyte counts showed a difference of 15% between the group exposed to the lowest annual dose of 0–1 mSv (mean: 2.45 × 109/L) and the group exposed to the highest annual dose of 5–25 mSv (mean: 2.08 × 109/L). In comparison to pre-shift workers, logging workers exhibited a G1-phase arrest in the lymphocyte cycle, along with increased expression of cyclins p21 and CDK2. Conclusion Prolonged exposure to low-dose neutron-γ radiation leads to reduced lymphocyte counts as well as changes in lymphocyte cycle and cyclin expression.

Radiation dose estimation and protective measure discussion of 241Am-Be neutron source logging / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the radiation dose to operators in the process of 241Am-Be neutron source logging, and discuss neutron source management and protective measures for operators in well logging. Methods Through on-site observation and measurement of 241Am-Be neutron source logging in a company, we obtained the surface γ dose rate and neutron dose rate of the neutron source, as well as the operating time and distance of various processes including source taking, transfer, and loading, calculated the radiation dose to operators in various processes, and analyzed the source and proportion of the personal effective dose to operators. Results The effective doses of neutron irradiation and γ irradiation were 94.17 μSv and 2.72 μSv, respectively, for the combined processes of source tank inspection, transfer, and detection; 36.66 μSv and 24.08 μSv, respectively, for source loading and unloading; and 130.83 μSv and 26.80 μSv, respectively, for the whole neutron source logging process. The total annual effective dose of neutron source logging was 15.78 mSv, as estimated by logging 100 times per year. Conclusion In the process of 241Am-Be neutron source logging in the company, the effective dose to operators mainly arises from neutron irradiation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen neutron source management and take effective protective measures against neutron radiation.

Evaluation of the impact of logging operations on vegetation in the context of slaughtering and skidding in the sicofor forestry business unit

The study on the assessment of the impact of forest operations on vegetation is carried out in the Gouongo Forest Exploitation Unit (UFE) located in Komono District, Lekoumou Department, part of the Southern Forest Sector. The whole of the UFE is covered by the dense rain forest of the Guineo-Congolese region, except for a few rare non-forest areas: savannas, cultural complex, anthropised zones, stream beds and bare ground. The hydrographic network is relatively dense. Unfortunately, harvesting of forest products for the benefit of loggers is often accompanied by direct or indirect environmental impacts, resulting in the modification or disappearance of biodiversity. The methodology recalls the evaluation of the measures of the destroyed areas by counting the number of damaged stems compared to the two operations, in particular the felling and skidding of the woods in the forest. The results of this assessment show that there are differences in the average areas affected by the felling of trees, which is 2383.08m2, resulting in a number of damaged young stems of: 990 broken stems, 112 uprooted stems and 168 debarked trees, ie a total of from 1270 feet. For the skidding operation, the average area destroyed was 33329 m2 with a number of damaged stems of: 372 including 82 uprooted stems, 140 broken stems and 150 stems with bark. It can be seen that the harvest rate at the level of the slaughter is 1.84 feet per hectare in this 2017 Annual AAC. It is thought that if this rate had reached or exceeded the Exploitation standard. Reduced Impact Forest (EFIR) estimated at 2.5 feet per hectare, then damage to vegetation and the number of damaged young stems would still be enormous.

Optimal selective logging regime and log landing location models: a case study in the Amazon forest / Regime de corte seletivo ótimo em modelos de locação de pátios de estocagem de madeira: um estudo de caso na floresta amazônica

ABSTRACT Reduced-impact logging is a well known practice applied in most sustainable forest management plans in the Amazon. Nevertheless, there are still ways to improve the operational planning process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create an integer linear programming (ILP) to fill in the knowledge gaps in the decision support system of reduced impact logging explorations. The minimization of harvest tree distance to wood log landing was assessed. Forest structure aspects, income and wood production were set in the model, as well as the adjacency constraints. Data are from a dense ombrophylous forest in the western Brazilian Amazon. We applied the phytosociological analysis and BDq method to define the selective logging criteria. Then, ILP models were formulated to allow the application of the constraints. Finally, 32 scenarios (unbalanced forest, UF, and balanced forest, BF) were generated and compared with real executed plans (RE). Robust results were achieved and the expected finding of each scenario was met. The feasibility to integrate ILP models in uneven-aged forest management projects was endorsed. Consequently, the UF and BF scenarios tested were efficient and concise, introducing new advances for forest management plans in the Amazon. The proposed models have a high potential to improve the selective logging activities in the Amazon forest.

RESUMO A exploração de impacto reduzido é uma prática bem conhecida e aplicada na maioria dos planos de manejo florestal sustentável na Amazônia. Todavia, ainda há a possibilidade de melhoria do processo de planejamento da operação. Diante da falta de métodos auxiliares à tomada de decisão, o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver modelos de programação linear inteira (PLI) para suprir esta demanda. Considerou-se a minimização da distância entre as árvores exploradas e os pátios de estocagem de madeira. Aspectos estruturais, econômicos e produtivos foram incorporados ao modelo, bem como restrições de adjacência. Os dados derivam de uma floresta ombrófila densa na Amazônia Ocidental. Previamente, utilizou-se uma análise fitossociológica e o método BDq como critério de remoção. Posteriormente, modelos de PLI foram formulados para exemplificar as aplicações. Finalmente, 32 cenários (para floresta desbalaceada, UF, e floresta balanceada, BF) foram gerados e comparados com o plano executado no campo (RE). Resultados robustos foram obtidos e atenderam às expectativas de cada cenário. A viabilidade da integração dos modelos de PLI em projetos de manejo de florestas ineqüiâneas foi testado. Os cenários UF e BF testados foram eficientes e concisos, confirmando seu potencial para aumentar a eficiência de planos de exploração madeireira e manejo florestal na Amazônia.

Methods for assessing resources of forestry residues / 生物工程学报

In this study, models for assessing resources of forestry residues were improved based on analysis of previous studies and current forest production in China. And novelties are highlighted: this study covered the models for the calculation of 10 secondary forestry residues from woody nursery, forest woody pruning, wood logging, firewood, wood bucking, wood handling, waste wood, banana and pineapple plants, bamboo processing and waste bamboo; the residues produced from fast-growing forest for logging and processing of imported wood were taken into consideration to calculate woody residue potential; the calculation of pruning residue included woody fruit trees, and herbaceous fruit plants from the management of orchard and other economic forest; the consistency of parameter terminology and definition which referred from their literature resources have been ensured; more studies focused on the coefficient values, industrial standard, forestry residue amount and spatial distribution are recommended for future researches.

Definition and assessment of coefficients for the calculation of forestry residues / 生物工程学报

Organic waste is an important biomass resource. In this study the definition of coefficients for the calculation of all the secondary 10 forestry residue categories was improved and established according to literature reviewing of previous reports between 1982 and 2017. The rationality of value-taking for each coefficient in previous literature was examined by tracing to its citation sources. The irrational, or unstudied coefficients were assessed using the data in previous reports or questionnaire surveys. Lastly, values of the coefficient for the calculation of woody nursery residue, forest woody pruning residue, wood logging residue, firewood, wood bucking residue, wood handling residue, waste wood, banana and pineapple plant residue, bamboo processing residue and waste bamboo were reasonably assessed in this study.

Efecto del manejo forestal en la herpetofauna de un bosque templado del occidente de Oaxaca, México / Effect of forest management on the herpetofauna of a temperate forest of western Oaxaca, Mexico

ResumenEl desarrollo de técnicas y tratamientos silvícolas tiene como objetivo principal el aumento de la productividad forestal, al mismo tiempo que minimiza el impacto sobre la diversidad. A pesar de ello, estas actividades modifican la estructura de la vegetación, así como el clima local, alterando la composición de las comunidades. El efecto de estos cambios puede ser mayor en aquellos grupos taxonómicos con alta sensibilidad a las alteraciones del hábitat, como es el caso de los anfibios y reptiles, que al ser los únicos vertebrados terrestres ectotermos, pueden verse seriamente afectados por las variaciones de clima local. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer las diferencias en diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en un bosque templado bajo dos tratamientos silvícolas (uno intensivo y otro de baja intensidad) y con diferentes tiempos de regeneración (uno, cinco y diez años) en la Sierra Sur del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se obtuvieron registros de 21 especies de herpetofauna (seis anfibios y 15 reptiles). La riqueza total de especies fue similar en ambos tratamientos; sin embargo, la composición varió entre sitios con diferentes tiempos de recuperación. La mayor abundancia de anfibios se presentó en los sitios con el tratamiento de baja intensidad, mientras que los reptiles fueron más abundantes en los sitios con el tratamiento intensivo. Se observó un mayor número de especies raras en los sitios intervenidos con el tratamiento intensivo, aunque los valores de diversidad verdadera de anfibios fueron similares entre tratamientos con intensidades diferentes, mientras que en los reptiles se observó una diversidad 33 % menor en los sitios bajo el tratamiento intensivo y un 28 % en los sitios con baja intensidad respecto al sitio control. Un Análisis de Complementariedad mostró una diferencia de hasta 86 % de disimilitud entre la composición de especies en sitios con el tratamiento intensivo. La intensidad del tratamiento estuvo asociada con un aumento en el número de especies, sin embargo la manera en que responden ante las modificaciones de hábitat depende en gran medida de las características poblacionales de cada especie, así como su habilidad de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones del hábitat.

Abstract:The development of silvicultural techniques has as main objective to maximize the production of timber, whereas at the same time minimize the impact generated during and after forest intervention in the local diversity. However, these activities change local climate, and this, in turn, alter the composition of natural communities. The effect of these changes may be greater in those taxonomic groups with high sensitivity to habitat disturbance, such as amphibians and reptiles, which are the unique terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates. The present study aims to know the differences in diversity of amphibians and reptiles in a temperate forest under two silvicultural treatments, one of low and the other of high intensity, as well as from one, five and ten years of regeneration since the last logging event, Sierra Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Records of 21 species of herpetofauna (six amphibians and 15 reptiles) were obtained. The total species richness was similar in both treatments; however, the composition varied between sites with different recovery times. Higher abundance of amphibian was presented on sites with the low-intensity treatment, while reptiles were more abundant at sites with intensive treatment. Compared to a mature forest without management, sites with intensive treatment have more rare species, although the values of true diversity of amphibians were similar between treatments with different intensities, while for reptiles sites under treatment showed less diversity that unmanaged site: 33 % for intensive treatment and 28 % at sites with low intensity with respect to one control site. Complementary Analysis showed a difference of 86 % between the compositions of species in sites with intensive treatment. The treatment intensity was associated with an increase in the number of species, but the way they respond to changes in habitat depends largely on the population characteristics of each species and its ability to adapt to new conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 931-943. Epub 2016 September 01.

Diversidad y abundancia de primates y sus amenazas en el interfluvio de los ríos Napo y Putumayo, Amazonía peruana / Diversity and abundance of primates and their threats in the interfluvium of the Napo and Putumayo rivers, Peruvian Amazonia

En el nororiente de la Amazonía peruana todavía existen áreas con escasa información sobre primates, siendo una de ellas el interfluvio entre los ríos Napo-Putumayo, lo que motivó la conducción de este estudio para determinar su diversidad y abundancia, así como identificar las amenazas para sus poblaciones. Para este propósito se realizaron censos por transectos en octubre del 2007, setiembre del 2013 y noviembre del 2014 en tres sitios de muestreo. En 1040 km de transectos recorridos fueron observados 308 grupos pertenecientes a nueve especies, siendo Leontocebus nigricollis el más común (109 grupos) y Alouatta seniculus el más escaso (16 grupos). Grupos más pequeños de Lagothrix lagothricha lagothricha (8-11 individuos) y A. seniculus (3-5 individuos) fueron observados en Tamboryacu considerado como el sitio de muestreo de mayor perturbación. Asimismo, la densidad poblacional más baja estimada para L. l. lagothricha y A. seniculus también correspondió a este sitio de muestreo con 3.8 indiv./km² y 1.6 indiv./km², respectivamente, mientras que para el resto de especies no hubo mayores diferencias entre los sitios de muestreo. Entre las actividades, la caza y extracción de madera son las principales amenazas y responsables para la escasa población de A. seniculus y l. l. lagotricha, principalmente en la cuenca del río Napo.

Within the northeastern Peruvian Amazonia remain areas with scarce information on primates, one of them being the interfluvium between the Napo and Putumayo rivers. This lack of information motivated us to conduct a study to determine the diversity and abundance of primates within the area, as well as to identify the threats, which inhibit these primate species populations. For this purpose, we conducted transect censuses in three sampling sites in October 2007, September 2013 and November 2014. In 1040 km of transect walks we observed 308 groups of nine primate species, the most common being Leontocebus nigricollis (109 groups) and the rarest being Alouatta seniculus (16 groups). Smaller groups of Lagothrix lagothricha lagothricha (8-11 individuals) and A. seniculus (3-5 individuals) were observed in Tamboryacu, a majorly disturbed sampling site. Likewise, the lowest population densities estimated for L. l. lagothricha and A. seniculus corresponded to this same sampling site with 3.8 indiv. /km² and 1.6 indiv. /km², respectively, while for the remaining species there were no major differences among the sampling sites. Among the activities, hunting and logging are the predominant threats responsible for the scarce populations of A. seniculus and l. l. lagothricha, mainly in the Napo River Basin.

Occupational safety indicators for forest operations, sawmilling and wood-based panels manufacture: an international benchmarking / Indicadores de seguridad ocupacional para operaciones forestales, aserraderos y fabricación de tableros en base a madera: una evaluación comparativa internacional

BACKGROUND: Given the lack of updated comparison to establish safety levels at where Chilean forestry and wood companies are facing with foreign competitors, a study of international statistical benchmarking was performed to find the rankings on occupational accidents and international excellence levels to achieve. METHOD: A survey was sent to 79 institutions and 96 contacts specialized in OHS from 37 countries to request data from years 2010 to 2012. The sample represented the workforce exposed to labor accidents that produces around 50% of roundwood and sawnwood, but 30% of wood-based panel globally. RESULTS: The study reinforces that the most accurate, reliable and easy indicator to calculate, and also, to compare the accidentability, is fatal cases per million cubic meter harvested in the forest or processed in wood industries. Zero fatality was recorded only in some activities on forest operations (Belgium and Germany) and wood-based panels manufacture (Belgium, Finland, Italy, Lithuania and Sweden). Also, all countries improved their previous results on fatalities per 1 million m3 in the forest. CONCLUSIONS: Chile exhibits an intermediate international position for Fatality rate and Production v/s fatalities in forestry & logging, sawmilling and wood-based panels operations. There are no clear trends to build reliable rankings for Frequency rate, Severity rate, Production v/s nonfatal accidents and Production v/s lost time in wood processing. Also, to make obvious the impact of labor accidents in forest and wood products, the study provides updated data and proposes to establish comparative indicators for the occupational accidents footprint between companies and/or countries.

ANTECEDENTES: Ante la falta de datos actualizados para establecer niveles referenciales de seguridad laboral a los cuales las empresas forestales y madereras chilenas se enfrentan versus sus competidores extranjeros, se realizó un estudio estadístico internacional comparativo para definir rankings y establecer niveles de excelencia a lograr en accidentalidad ocupacional. MÉTODO: Se distribuyó una encuesta a 79 instituciones y 96 contactos especializados en SST de 37 países, solicitando datos del 2010 al 2012. La muestra representó a trabajadores expuestos a accidentes laborales que producen alrededor del 50% de la madera rolliza y aserrada y el 30% de paneles en base a madera del mundo. RESULTADOS: El estudio reconfirma que el indicador más preciso, fiable y fácil de calcular, y también para comparar la accidentabilidad, es cantidad de casos fatales por millón m3 cosechados en el bosque o procesado en industrias madereras. Cero mortalidad se registró sólo en algunas operaciones forestales (Bélgica y Alemania) y fabricación de paneles de madera (Bélgica, Finlandia, Italia, Lituania y Suecia). Además, todos los países mejoraron sus resultados de trabajadores fallecidos por millón m3 en el bosque respecto a estudios previos. CONCLUSIONES: Chile exhibe una posición internacional intermedia para tasas de Fatalidad y Producción v/s Casos Fatales en cosecha forestal, aserraderos y fabricación de paneles a base de madera. No hay tendencias claras para elaborar rankings fiables con tasas de Frecuencia, Gravedad, Producción v/s Accidentes no fatales y Producción v/s Tiempo perdido en procesamiento de la madera. Para evidenciar el impacto de los accidentes de trabajo en productos del bosque y elaborados de la madera, el estudio presenta datos actualizados y propone establecer indicadores comparativos para la huella de accidentalidad laboral entre empresas y/o países.

Litterfall production in intact and selectively logged forests in southern of Amazonia as a function of basal area of vegetation and plant density / Produção de serrapilheira em florestas intactas e exploradas seletivamente no sul da Amazônia em função da área basal da vegetação e da densidade de plantas

Nutrient recycling in the forest is linked to the production and decomposition of litter, which are essential processes for forest maintenance, especially in regions of nutritionally poor soils. Human interventions in forest such as selecttive logging may have strong impacts on these processes. The objectives of this study were to estimate litterfall production and evaluate the influence of environmental factors (basal area of vegetation, plant density, canopy cover, and soil physicochemical properties) and anthropogenic factors (post-management age and exploited basal area) on this production, in areas of intact and exploited forest in southern Amazonia, located in the northern parts of Mato Grosso state. This study was conducted at five locations and the average annual production of litterfall was 10.6 Mg ha-1 year-1, higher than the values for the Amazon rainforest. There were differences in litterfall productions between study locations. Effects of historical logging intensity on litterfall production were not significant. Effects of basal area of vegetation and tree density on litterfall production were observed, highlighting the importance of local vegetation characteristics in litterfall production. This study demonstrated areas of transition between the Amazonia-Cerrado tend to have a higher litterfall production than Cerrado and Amazonia regions, and this information is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of nutrient and carbon cycling in these transition regions.

A capacidade de reaproveitamento de nutrientes pela floresta está ligada à produção e decomposição da serrapilheira, sendo estes processos essenciais para manutenção da floresta, especialmente em regiões de solos nutricionalmente pobres. Intervenções humanas na floresta como a extração seletiva de madeira, podem ter fortes impactos sobre esses processos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar a produção de serrapilheira e avaliar a influência de fatores ambientais (área basal da vegetação, densidade de plantas, abertura de dossel, atributos físico-químicos do solo) e antrópicos (idade pós-exploração e área basal explorada) sobre esta produção, em áreas de floresta intactas e exploradas no sul da Amazônia, norte do estado de Mato Grosso. Este estudo foi conduzido em cinco áreas e a produção média anual de serrapilheira foi de 10,6 Mg ha-1 ano-1, superior aos valores geralmente encontrados para a floresta amazônica. Houve diferença entre a produção de serrapilheira entre as áreas de estudo. Os efeitos do histórico de exploração madeireira e da intensidade de exploração não foram significativos sobre a produção de serrapilheira. Foi observado o efeito da área basal da vegetação e da densidade de árvores sobre a produção de serrapilheira, destacando a importância das características da vegetação local para a produção de serrapilheira. Este estudo demonstrou que áreas de transição entre Amazônia-Cerrado tendem a apresentar uma maior produção de serrapilheira que regiões típicas de Cerrado e Amazônia, e estas são informações importantes para uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica de ciclagem de nutrientes e carbono nestas regiões de transição.

Evaluación de la seguridad radiológica en la práctica de perfilaje de pozos utilizando matrices de riesgo / Radiological safety assessment in the practice of well logging using risk matrixes

Las evaluaciones de seguridad radiológica requeridas por las regulaciones vigentes son un medio para verificar el cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos. Diferentes métodos se han venido utilizando con estos fines. En el trabajo se exponen los resultados de la aplicación del método de las Matrices de Riesgo, que se aplica por primera vez en la práctica del perfilaje de pozos. Incluyó la identificación de los principales fallos de equipos y errores humanos que pudieran conllevar a accidentes, así como las barreras de seguridad previstas. Para cada suceso iniciador se evaluó su frecuencia de ocurrencia, la severidad de sus consecuencias y la probabilidad de fallo de las barreras identificadas. Partiendo de estos presupuestos, se determinó el riesgo asociado a cada una de las secuencias accidentales identificadas, empleando para ello el código SEVRRA, “Sistema de Evaluación del Riesgo”, inicialmente diseñado para su aplicación en la radioterapia. Como resultado se identificaron las secuencias de mayor riesgo asociadas a la práctica del perfilaje de pozos, lo que constituye el punto de partida para la ulterior implementación de un programa coherente de optimización de las dosis en la práctica.

Radiological safety assessments are required by in force regulations as a means to verify compliance with the requirements. Different methods have been used for this purpose and this paper presents the results of applying the Risk Matrix method, which was first applied to the practice of well logging. The work included the identification of major equipment failures and human errors that could lead to accidents as well as safety barriers provided. For each initiating event, its frequency of occurrence, the severity of its consequences and the probability of failure of the barriers identified were evaluated. Starting from these assumptions, associated risks were determined for each of the identified accident sequences, using the SEVRRA, "Risk Assessment System", code originally designed to be used in radiotherapy. As a result of this research sequences of increased risk associated to the practice of well logging, were identified being the starting point for the further implementation of a coherent program of dose optimization in practice.

Logging impacts on forest structure and seedling dynamics in a Prioria copaifera (Fabaceae) dominated tropical rain forest (Talamanca, Costa Rica) / Impactos de la extracción en la estructura y la dinámica de plántulas en un bosque tropical dominado por Prioria copaifera (Fabaceae), (Talamanca, Costa Rica)

The factors that determine the existence of tropical forests dominated by a single species (monodominated forests) have been the subject of debate for a long time. It has been hypothesized that the low frequency of disturbances in monodominated forests and the tolerance to shade of the monodominant species are two important factors explaining the prolonged dominance of a single species. We determined the role of these two factors by examining the effects of logging activities on the floristic composition and seedling dynamics in a Prioria copaifera dominated forest in Southeastern Costa Rica. We determined the floristic composition for trees ≥2.5cm DBH and the associated recruitment, survival and mortality of tree canopy seedlings in two sites logged two (L-02) and 12 years (L-12) prior to sampling and an unlogged forest (ULF). Our results showed that L-02 stands had lower species richness (25 species) than the L-12 and ULF stands (49 and 46 species, respectively). As expected, we found significant logging effects on the canopy structure of the altered forests, particularly when comparing the L-02 and the ULF stands. Seedling density was higher in ULF (0.96 seedlings/m²) than in the L-02and L-12 stands (0.322 and 0.466 seedlings/m², respectively). However, seedling mortality was higher in the ULF stands (54%) than in the L-02 (26%) and L-12 (15%) stands. P. macroloba in L-02 was the only species with abundant regeneration under P. copaifera in L-02 stand, where it accounted for 35% of the seedlings. Despite the reduction in seedling abundance observed after logging, P. copaifera seems to maintain large seedling populations in these forests, suggesting that this species maintains its dominance after logging disturbances. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that the regeneration of monodominant species is not likely to occur under heavily disturbed canopy conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 347-357. Epub 2014 March 01.

La determinación de los factores responsables de la existencia de bosques tropicales dominados por una sola especie (bosques monodominados) ha sido motivo de debate por largo tiempo. Se ha propuesto que la baja frecuencia de alteraciones en esos bosques y la tolerancia a la sombra de las plántulas de la especie monodominante son dos de los factores que contribuyen a explicar la prolongada dominancia de una sola especie en estos bosques. Se estudió el rol de estos dos factores evaluando el efecto de la extracción de madera sobre la composición florística y la supervivencia y crecimiento de plántulas en un bosque dominado por Prioria copaifera en la región sureste de Costa Rica. Para ello se determinó la composición florística de los árboles con un diámetro a la altura de pecho (DAP) ≥2.5cm y el reclutamiento, supervivencia y mortalidad de las plántulas de especies arbóreas en sitios donde se extrajo madera dos (L-02) y doce años (L-12) antes de este estudio y un sitio del que nunca se ha extraído madera (ULF). Nuestros resultados muestran que los bosques L-02 tienen una riqueza de especies menor (25 especies) que los bosques L-12 y ULF (49 y 46 especies, respectivamente). Como era de esperar, la extracción de madera tuvo efectos significativos en la estructura del dosel del bosque, particularmente al comparar los bosques L-02 y ULF. La densidad de plántulas fue mayor en bosques ULF (0.96 plántulas/m²) que en L-02 y L-12 (0.322 and 0.466 plántulas/m², respectivamente). Sin embargo, la mortalidad de plántulas fue mayor en ULF (54%) que en L-02 (26%) y L-12 (15%). Pentachletra macroloba fue la única especie que mostró abundante regeneración bajo P. copaifera en parcelas L-02, representando el 35% las plántulas encontradas. A pesar de la reducción de la abundancia de plántulas observada después de la extracción de madera, P. copaifera parece capaz de mantener grandes poblaciones de plántulas en estos bosques. Estos resultados sugieren que P. copaifera puede mantener su dominancia después de las alteraciones causadas por la extracción de madera. Nuestros resultados no apoyan la hipótesis de que la regeneración de las especies monodominates es menos probable cuando el dosel del bosque sufre fuertes alteraciones.

Desmatamento no sul do estado de Roraima: padrões de distribuição em função de projetos de assentamento do INCRA e da distância das principais rodovias (BR-174 e BR-210) / Deforestation in the southern portion of the Roraima state: distribution with respect to INCRA settlement projects and distance from major highways (BR-174 and BR-210)

O desmatamento na Amazônia representa, atualmente, um dos principais problemas ambientais do Brasil. A contenção deste processo requer políticas públicas baseadas no entendimento das forças que controlam, aceleram e desaceleram a perda de floresta. Para avaliar ocorrências de desmatamento no sul do Estado de Roraima foram utilizados dois buffers de 20 km de largura subdivididos em oito faixas de 2500 metros ao longo das duas principais rodovias da região: BR-174 e BR-210 em um ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG. O período analisado foi entre 2001 e 2007, sendo utilizados dados de desmatamento do PRODES e análises visuais em imagens TM Landsat 5. Também foram utilizados arquivos shapefile da malha viária e de Projetos de Assentamento (PAs) do Sul do Estado de Roraima, junto com observações de campo. Os resultados mostraram que os desmatamentos do período estão fortemente relacionados com a disponibilidade de estradas e com o número de famílias dentro dos PAs. O desmatamento foi maior na área da BR-210 pela presença na região de grandes proprietários e invasões de terras. O pólo madeireiro, situado à margem da BR-174, pode ter influenciado na formação de pequenas áreas de desmatamento na região de Rorainópolis. A exploração madeireira predatória e novas ocupações de terras estão acontecendo de forma rápida e desordenada. Este quadro indica forte potencial para a perda de floresta em Roraima caso o fluxo de migração para esta área aumentar, como seria esperado se Roraima for conectada ao "Arco do Desmatamento" pela reabertura da Rodovia BR-319, ligando Manaus a Porto Velho.

Deforestation in the Amazon currently represents one of the greatest environmental issues in Brazil, and stopping this process requires public policies based on understanding the forces that control the forest loss in different parts of Amazonia. We evaluated deforestation in the southern portion of Roraima State using a Geographical Information System (GIS) to delineate buffers along each of the two main highways that cross the region: BR-174 and BR-210. Each buffer was 20 km wide and was divided into eight strips 2500 m in width. The study covered the 2001-2007 period using annual deforestation data from PRODES vector files and visual analysis of TM Landsat 5 imagery. We also used shape files of roads and settlement projects in the southern part of Roraima coupled with field observations. Deforestation in the period was strongly related to the availability of roads and to the number of families present in the settlement project. The occurrence of deforestation was highest in the area of the BR-210 where large landowners and land invasions were present. The logging center on the BR-174 may have influenced the formation of small clearings in the Rorainópolis city neighbor. Predatory logging and new land occupations by both small and large landholders are spreading quickly in a disorderly fashion. This situation has high potential for forest loss since migration is expected to increase if Roraima is connected to the "Arc of Deforestation" by reopening the BR-319 Highway, which would connect Manaus to Porto Velho.

Comportamento de Sterculia pruriens (Aubl) Schum. em floresta tropical manejada em Moju-PA / Behavior of Sterculia pruriens (Aubl) Schum. Sterculiaceae (axixá), in a managed tropical forest, Moju - PA

Foi avaliado o crescimento diamétrico de uma população de Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann (axixá) após exploração florestal seletiva, na Estação Experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Moju, Pará, localizada entre as coordenadas geográficas 02º 07' 30" e 2º 12' 06" de Latitude Sul e 48º 46' 57" e 48º 48' 30" de Longitude Oeste. Em cada uma das nove clareiras selecionadas foram instaladas faixas de 10m x 50m, começando na bordadura da clareira para o interior da floresta, nas direções Norte, Sul, Este e Oeste. Cada faixa foi dividida em parcelas quadradas de 10m de lado, que foram numeradas de 1 a 5 da borda para o interior da floresta e constituem o nível II de abordagem. Foi analisado a distribuição diamétrica da espécie com amplitude de DAP e" 5cm em intervalos de 5cm de diâmetro, até o valor máximo de 66,8cm encontrado no início do monitoramento. Na área de estudo foi encontrado densidade elevada da espécie, logo após a exploração florestal e após três anos desta. Ao final do estudo, foi observado um acréscimo de 9,8% na densidade dos indivíduos acima de 5cm de diâmetro. O crescimento diamétrico da espécie em três anos de observação foi de 0,37cm. Embora baixo ele é crescente, justificado pela abertura do dossel. A análise da distribuição diamétrica mostra que a abertura do dossel foi benéfica para o incremento diamétrico da espécie, aumentando o número de indivíduos em cinco das oito classes de diâmetro analisadas, mantendo-se ainda como uma distribuição decrescente.

This study aims to evaluate the diameter growth of the Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) Schumann Sterculiaceae (axixá) population, after selective logging. The study was carried out in the Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Experimental Station in the Moju municipality, State of Pará - Brazil, situated between the coordinates 02º 07' 30" and 2º 12' 06" of South Latitude and 48º 46' 57" and 48º 48' 30" of West Longitude. In each of nine selected gaps, 10m x 50m strips were installed, starting from the gap boarder into the forest interior, in North, South, East and West directions. Each strip was divided into 10m square plots, numbered from 1 to 5, constituting sampling level II. We analyzed the species diameter distribution with an amplitude of more or equal to 5cm dbh, up to the maximum value of 66,8cm which was that measured in the beginning of the monitoring. In the study area, we found high density of Sterculia pruriens individuals immediately and three years after the forest exploitation. In the end of the study, we observed a 9.8% increase in density for individuals above 5cm dbh. The diameter growth for the species in three years of monitoring was 0.27cm. Although low, it is increasing, because of the canopy opening. The diameter distribution analysis shows that the opening was beneficial for the diameter increment of the species, increasing the number of individuals in five of the eight diameter classes analyzed; however, it remains a decreasing distribution.

Estructura, riqeeza y composición de plantasarbresentes en un bosque de nieblaa entresacadodel tolima (Colombia). / Structure, Richness and Composition of Arboreal Plants in a Cloud Thinning Forest of Tolima (Colombia).

Se presenta el estudio de la estructura, la riqueza y la composición florística del componente arborescente de un bosque entresacado, en la vereda Dantas, municipio de Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia, con base en el muestreo de los individuos con DAP ≥2,5 cm en 0,1 ha. El bosque se caracteriza por la escasez de lianas y de hemiepífitas, ausencia de familias típicas de bosques de niebla colombianos entre los 2.000 y 2.500 msnm (Ericaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae y Aquifoliaceae) y por un incremento en la riqueza de familias como Sabiaceae y Euphorbiaceae. Comparado con otros bosques de niebla de los Andes colombianos y del neotrópico, éste presenta una de las más bajas densidades de tallos (237 individuos con DAP ≥2,5 cm por 0,1 ha) y una pro-porción de árboles grandes muy alta (39,7% individuos con DAP ≥ 10 cm por 0,1 ha). Aparentemente, los efectos de la extracción selectiva de maderas sobre la riqueza, la estructura y la composición, fueron la disminución de la riqueza florística, del número de tallos del bosque, y de la densidad y la riqueza de lianas, así como un aumento en la densidad de especies secundarias como Hedyosmum goudotianum Slms-Laubach var. goudatianum, Miconia resima Naud. y Palicourea calophlebia Standl.

Structure, richness, and floristic composition of the woody elements of the selective logging forest of the Vereda Dantas, (Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia), where studied in a 0.1 ha plot sampled for all individuals ≥2.5 cm dbh. The forest is characterized by scarcity of lianas and hemiepiphytic, absence of typical families of the Colombian cloud forests between 2000 and 2500 m (Araceae, Ericaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae and Aquifoliaceae), and richness increment of the Sabiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Compared to others cloud forest from the Colombian Andes and the Neotropic, it has, fewer individuals (237 individuals ≥2,5 cm dbh per 0.1 ha) and more large trees (39,7% of individuals ≥10 cm dbh per 0,1 ha). The forest has a lower woody species richness (75 species ≥2,5 cm dbh per 0,1 ha). Apparently, the effects of -selective- timber extraction on structure, richness, and floristic composition are decrease floristic richness and density of individuals, decrease of lianas density and richness, and more individuals of secondary species, like: Hedyosmum goudotianum Slms-Laubach var. goudatianum, Miconia resima Naud. y Palicourea calophlebia Standl.

Phenology and recruitment of Caryocar costaricense (Caryocaceae), an endemic tree species of Southern Central America

Basic aspects of the reproductive biology are largely unknown for most tropical tree species, although they are important elements to understand the impacts of anthropogenic activities as logging and forest fragmentation on these populations. In this study, data are presented on leaf and reproductive phenology, fruit production and seedling demography of a population of an endemic tree species of Southern Central America, Caryocar costaricense. This species has been affected by selective logging and forest fragmentation of its habitat. Phenology was studied by observation of 15-22 tree crowns during two reproductive periods (2003 and 2005). Circular plots were established around 11 adult trees to count the number of fallen fruits and seedlings during three years (2003, 2004, 2005). Although reproductive phenology is restricted to the short dry season in this species, seed germination occurred year-round. Fruit and seedling production shows a strong inter-individual variation within the study populations, with two large trees producing nearly 50%-70% of the fruits and seedlings during two years. Most of the seeds that fall beneath the tree crown are covered by litterfall or removed by fauna. We found evidence that many of these seeds become part of a seed bank in the forest floor. Because of the observed reproductive dominance of few large trees in these populations, we propose that selective logging on reproductive trees can severely impact the recruitment of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 771-780. Epub 2009 September 30.

Los aspectos básicos de la biología reproductiva de árboles tropicales son en su mayoría desconocidos, aunque son conocimientos esenciales para entender el impacto de actividades antropogénicas como la tala selectiva y la fragmentación de bosques. En este estudio se presentan datos sobre la fenología foliar y reproductiva, la producción de frutos, y la demografía de plántulas de una población de Caryocar costaricense, una especie endémica del sur de América Central, afectada por tala selectiva y fragmentación de su hábitat original. La fenología fue estudiada por medio de la observación de las copas de 15 a 22 árboles adultos durante dos períodos reproductivos (años 2003 y 2005). Para estudiar la caída de frutos y la dinámica de germinación y supervivencia de plántulas, se establecieron parcelas circulares alrededor de 11 individuos adultos, donde se realizaron observaciones durante tres años (2003, 2004, 2005). Aunque la fenología reproductiva está limitada a la corta estación seca local, la germinación de semillas se da todo el año. La producción de frutos y plántulas mostró una alta variación inter-individual, con dos árboles produciendo 50-70% de todos los frutos y plántulas durante dos años. La mayoría de las semillas que caen bajo la copa son cubiertas por mantillo o removidas por la fauna. Muchas de estas semillas se vuelven parte de un banco de semillas latente en el piso del bosque. Debido a la dominancia reproductiva de unos pocos grandes árboles en estas poblaciones, se propone que la tala selectiva sobre individuos reproductivos puede provocar un impacto severo sobre el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos en estas poblaciones.

Projeção da distribuição diamétrica de uma floresta explorada seletivamente na Amazônia Ocidental / Projection of the diameter distribution in a selective logging forest in the western Amazon

Utilizando um modelo estocástico, foi projetada a distribuição diamétrica futura de uma floresta submetida à exploração seletiva de madeira na Amazônia Ocidental. Foram utilizados dados de cinco parcelas permanentes localizadas no PC Pedro Peixoto, no Acre. A primeira medição das parcelas ocorreu em 1996, a exploração florestal em 1997 e as re-medições em 1999 e 2001. A principal variável utilizada foi o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP). A matriz de transição probabilística (Cadeia de Markov) foi utilizada para fazer a projeção da distribuição diamétrica do número de árvores sobreviventes nas classes diamétricas. O modelo foi primeiramente testado para fazer a projeção para 2001, tendo como base as observações de 1999 e seu passado imediato (1997). Quando comparadas às projeções feitas para 2001 e as medições de campo (2001), o teste Qui-quadrado mostrou que não houve diferença significativa entre freqüências esperadas e observadas na distribuição diamétrica (p=0,05). A projeção para 2005 indica que a taxa de mortalidade será próxima a de 2001, e se repetida a taxa de recrutamento em 2005 o total de árvores será maior que o observado em 2001. Esse comportamento da floresta indica que não existe um padrão definido para a dinâmica nas classes diamétricas em termos de mortalidade ou crescimento, apresentando um comportamento aleatório ou probabilístico, justificando a eficiência da Cadeia de Markov para projetar a dinâmica da floresta estudada, podendo auxiliar na determinação do ciclo de corte ou mostrando as tendências que a floresta de hoje apresentará em um futuro próximo.

The diameter distribution of an experimental forest stand in the Western Amazon was projected using a stochastic model after selective logging. The study was developed using data from five permanent plots located in the colonization project Pedro Peixoto, in the state of Acre. Initial measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH) were taken in 1996. The forest was selectively logged in 1997 and DBHs were re-measured in two different occasions, 1999 and 2001. A probabilistic transition matrix (Markov Chain) was used to project the diameter distribution of the number of surviving trees in each diameter class. The model was first tested to project the diameter distribution in 2001, based on DBH measurements from 1997 and 1999. When the projected diameter distribution for 2001 was compared with the field data from the same year, a Chi-squared test (á = 0.05) showed that there was not significant difference between the expected and observed diameter distribution. After that, a projection for 2005 (four years in the future) was run using DBH measurements from 1997 to 2001, indicating that mortality rate was similar to 2001. If repeated the rate of recruitment of 2005, the total number of trees will be higher than observed in 2001. The dynamics of the studied forest suggests that there is not a definitive pattern to changes in diameter distribution and mortality, which indicates a stochastic or probabilistic pattern. This pattern is better modeled by the Markov Chain to project the forest dynamics of studied area, and can help on determination of timber harvesting or the tendencies of forest dynamics in a near future.

Avaliação da quantidade de resíduos lenhosos em floresta não explorada e explorada com técnicas de redução de impactos, utilizando amostragem por linha interceptadora, no Médio Mojú, Amazônia Oriental, Brasil

This work compares the volumes of coarse woody debris produced in an area, with the another one logged forest by reduced impact logging methods, in called property Farm Saint Marta (3º04'S, 49º14'W). This locates-itself in the hidrográfic basin of the medium river Moju, city homonym, Northeast of the State of Pará, Eastern Amazônia. The studies had been carried through in total area of 426Ha, referring the 4 Units of Work immediate of forest management areas. Two of these units had been explored by reduced impact logging, totalizing 217Ha, and the others two in undisturberd forest totalizing 209Ha. It was used line intercept sampling for as method to quantify the coarse woody debris in 6,000 m of lines for each situation, totalizing 12,000 m of sampling lines. The fallen woody debris was measured on the forest floor, with superior diameter 10 cm, considering the diameter and the state of decomposition of the measured parts. The estimated volume was 82 m³ha-1 in undisturbed forest and 137 m3ha-1 in logged forest by reduced impact logging methods.

Neste trabalho são comparados os volumes de resíduos lenhosos, produzidos em uma área de floresta não explorada, com os de outra de floresta explorada, na propriedade denominada Fazenda Santa Marta (3º04'S, 49º14'W). Localizada na bacia hidrográfica do médio rio Moju, município homônimo, Nordeste do Estado do Pará, Amazônia Oriental. Os estudos foram realizados em área total de 426 ha, referentes a 4 Unidades de Trabalho das Unidades de Produção, sendo duas exploradas utilizando técnicas de impacto reduzido, totalizando 217 ha e as outras duas em floresta não exploradas, totalizando 209 ha. Foi testada a metodologia "amostragem por linha interceptora" como método para coleta e processamento dos dados sobre os resíduos lenhosos, em que foram utilizados 6.000 m de transectos para cada situação, totalizando 12.000 m de linhas de amostragem. Mediu-se todo o material lenhoso ainda caído sobre o piso florestal, com diâmetro superior a 10 cm, considerando o estado de decomposição das peças medidas. O volume médio estimado foi 82 m³ha-1 para floresta não explorada e 137 m³ha-1 para floresta após exploração de impacto reduzido.

Efeito de duas intensidades de colheita de madeira na estrutura de uma floresta natural na região de Paragominas, Pará

Changes in the forest structure were analyzed considering two harvest intensities in 108ha of primary forest in the Rio Capim Forest Management Unit, belonging to Cikel Brasil Verde Madeiras Ltda., in the municipality of Paragominas, Pará. Data were collected in 2003 (before harvesting) and 2004 (after harvesting) in 36 0.25ha permanent sample plots, randomly distributed in the area (12 in unlogged forest, 12 in logged forest and 12 in logged forest plus extraction of coarse woody debris). Before logging (2003), 4469 trees with DBH > 10cm were recorded in the 36 plots (9ha sample). Seven months after logging (2004), the number of trees increased to 4531 but only 4330 were found alive. Lecythis idatimon, Poecilanthe effusa, Rinorea flavescens, Eschweilera grandiflora, Eschweilera pedicellata, Inga sp., Protium spp., Vouacapoua americana, Guatteria poeppigiana and Eschweilera coriacea were the ten most important species both before and after logging. Forest structure, in the two harvest intensities, had significant changes due to the logging. But there were no significant changes between the two logged areas, suggesting that the extraction of the coarse woody debris after logging did not cause significant damage to the remaining forest. Forest structure changed slightly after logging but these changes were not significant among the three communities. Despite the reduction in adult tree stock of commercial species due to logging and coarse woody debris extraction, the stand kept characteristics similar to the original forest. Studies on natural regeneration (DBH 10cm), pos-harvesting silviculture and growth of the forest are recommended.

Foram estudadas as mudanças na estrutura de 108ha de uma floresta primária submetida a duas intensidades de colheita de madeira, na Fazenda Rio Capim, pertencente à Cikel Brasil Verde Madeiras Ltda., no município de Paragominas, Pará. Os dados foram coletados, em dois períodos (2003, antes da exploração, e 2004, após a exploração) em 36 parcelas permanentes quadradas de 0,25ha, estabelecidas aleatoriamente na área, sendo12 em floresta não-explorada: Testemunha - T0; 12 em floresta explorada com colheita apenas do fuste comercial das árvores: Tratamento - T1; e 12 em floresta explorada com colheita do fuste e dos resíduos lenhosos: Tratamento - T2. Em 2003 foram registrados 4469 indivíduos com DAP > 10cm, nas 36 parcelas amostradas (9ha). Sete meses após a exploração (2004), foram observados na área 4531 indivíduos com DAP > 10cm, sendo 4330 vivos. Lecythis idatimon, Poecilanthe effusa, Rinorea flavescens, Eschweilera grandiflora, Eschweilera pedicellata, Inga sp., Protium spp., Vouacapoua americana, Guatteria poeppigiana e Eschweilera coriacea foram as dez espécies mais importantes, tanto antes como após a exploração. A estrutura da floresta, tanto no T1 como no T2, sofreu alterações significantes devido à exploração a que foi submetida. Entretanto, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os três tratamentos, sugerindo que com a intensidade de exploração aplicada, mais a retirada adicional dos resíduos, a floresta manteve as características semelhantes à floresta original, apesar do menor estoque de árvores adultas de espécies comerciais. Recomendam-se estudos sobre a regeneração natural (DAP 10cm), silvicultura pós-colheita e crescimento da floresta.

Efeito da exploração madeireira sobre o número de indivíduos férteis de três espécies arbóreas comerciais na Amazônia oriental / Effects of logging on the number of fertile individuals of three commercial tree species in Eastern Amazonia

Estudos da ecologia reprodutiva de árvores são fundamentais para compreender os possíveis impactos da exploração madeireira e para subsidiar o aperfeiçoamento das práticas de manejo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: 1) estimar a proporção e o número de indivíduos reprodutivos por classe de diâmetro de Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum, Lecythis lurida e Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya, três espécies madeireiras, em uma floresta em Paragominas (PA) e; 2) estimar o impacto da exploração de 90 por cento dos indivíduos com DAP > 50 cm sobre o número de indivíduos reprodutivos das mesmas espécies no local. Durante uma estação reprodutiva de cada espécie, foram amostradas 80 árvores de L. lurida, 76 de P. psilostachya e 76 de C. lucentifolium. Foi estimado que 14,9 por cento de todos os indivíduos férteis de C. lucentifolium, 35,9 por cento de L. lurida e 72,4 por cento de P. psilostachya tinham DAP > 50 cm no ano de amostragem. Assim, o corte de 90 por cento dessas árvores causaria uma redução de 13,4 por cento, 32,6 por cento e 65,2 por cento do número de indivíduos férteis de C. lucentifolium, L. lurida e P. psilostachya, respectivamente. Se as proporções de indivíduos férteis fossem constantes ao longo do tempo, para preservar metade dos indivíduos férteis de P. psilostachya seria necessário manter 30 por cento e não 10 por cento daqueles com DAP > 50 cm. Os resultados indicam que, adotando-se um único diâmetro mínimo de corte e retendo-se a mesma proporção de árvores acima desse diâmetro, o efeito em termos de porcentagem de indivíduos reprodutivos retirados da população pode variar entre espécies na ordem de aproximadamente cinco vezes.

Studies concerning the reproductive ecology of trees are important so as to better understand the impacts of logging and for the definition of guidelines to improve management practices. The aim of this study was to estimate (1) the number and proportion of reproductive individuals of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum, Lecythis lurida e Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya per size class, and (2) the impact of harvesting 90 percent of individuals > 50 cm dbh on the number of reproductive trees. We sampled 80 L. lurida, 76 P. psilostachya and 76 C. lucentifolium trees during one reproductive season. We estimated that 14.9 percent of all fertile individuals of C. lucentifolium, 35.9 percent of L. lurida and 72.4 percent of P. psilostachya were > 50 cm dbh in that year. Therefore, the harvest of 90 percent of these trees would cause a 13.4 percent, 32.6 percent, and 65.2 percent reduction in the number of fertile individuals of C. lucentifolium, L. lurida and P. psilostachya, respectively. If these proportions were stable over time, it would be necessary to keep 30 percent instead of 10 percent of individuals > 50 cm dbh in order to preserve half of the P. psilostachya fertile individuals. The results indicate that the effects of adopting a single minimum cutting diameter and of setting aside the same proportion of trees above that diameter on the proportion of remaining fertile individuals may vary by a factor of five among species.