200-m front crawl performance over a training season in 12 years and underage-group swimmers: growth and kinematics effects

Abstract Aims: analyze kinematics, anthropometrics, and maturation during a training season in 12 y and underage-group swimmers, quantifying changes and estimating their contributions to the 200-m maximal front crawl time trial test (T200) (time trial/fixed distance), as an event representative of the swimming performance. Methods: Nineteen age-group swimmers (11 girls and 8 boys; age 10.0 ± 1.3 y and 10.6 ± 1.0 y) performed a T200 four times during the training season. Changes in kinematic and anthropometric variables throughout the season were calculated. We applied generalized estimating equations to compare the variables over the four experimental tests. Multiple linear regressions were applied to identify the most influential variables and the relative contribution of anthropometrics and kinematics to swimming performance of T200 at baseline (pre-season) and after (using delta values) each macrocycle. Results: Large improvements (d = 1.76) were observed in the T200's performance (from 85.5 ± 38.2 at pre-season to 175.2 ± 50.1 FINA points at the end season). A gender effect was not identified. Stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index explained, respectively 59, 23, and 17% of the T200 performance changes along the season (R2 = 0.81; F = 26.9; p < 0.001; Durbin-Watson: 1.5). Anthropometric was not related to performance changes, with kinematic being the most determinant factor. Conclusion: Kinematical approaches must be carefully considered by coaches when planning 12 y and underage-group swimmers training programs.

Changes in physical activity among university students after the lifting of the COVID-19 emergency declaration issued in April 2020 / 体力科学

The aims were to investigate the changes in physical activity of university students after the COVID-19 emergency declaration was lifted, and to determine whether there were any differences in these changes between academic years. The subjects were 81 students attending university or graduate school in Kochi Prefecture who completed a baseline survey (May 2020). Analysis 1, included 51 subjects who responded to both the baseline survey and the retrospective survey (October 2020) on physical activity at 1 year prior. In Analysis 2, 71 subjects who participated in at least one follow-up examination (August 2020, November 2020) were included. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Long Form was used to assess physical activity and sitting time per week. Between October 2019 and May 2020, the total (-47.7%), vigorous (-59.3%) and moderate (-42.1%) physical activity decreased, and sitting time (+36.9%) increased. The interaction between the time of the survey and year of university (first-year, ≥second-year), analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model, on total, vigorous, walking physical activity and sitting time was significant. Especially, the estimate of least squares mean after inverse square root transformation of total physical activity in first-year students was higher in November 2020 (8192.4 METs·min/week) compared to baseline (3388.5 METs·min/week). Vigorous physical activity in first-year students was also higher in November 2020 (4773.3 METs·min/week) compared to baseline (1060.3 METs·min/week). The emergency declaration in April 2020 inhibited physical activity among university students, and the impact was particularly strong among first-year students.

Factors affecting changes in the intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To assess the changes in anterior chamber parameters and examine the factors associated with changes in the intraocular pressure(IOP)in individuals who have undergone phacoemulsification surgery.<p>METHODS: It was a longitudinal analysis of secondary clinical data collected from 105 non-glaucomatous eyes(of 82 patients)undergoing a cataract surgery. We studied the association between anterior chamber parameters, grade of cataract, demographics, and changes in the IOP over a period of 3wk. We also evaluated the association between the pressure-depth(PD)ratio and changes in the IOP during this time.<p>RESULTS: The mean age [standard deviation(SD)] of the 82 patients was 60.1(7.8)years. The mean SD IOP was 15.06(3.36)mmHg pre-operatively; it increased to 15.75(4.21)mmHg on day one(<i>P</i>=0.20). In the multifactorial models, the mean IOP was -1.715 \〖95% confidence intervals(<i>CI</i>): -2.795, -0.636\〗 mmHg on day 21(±5)compared with the pre-operative values. The anterior chamber depth(ACD), axial length, age, sex, and grade of cataract were not significantly associated with changes in the IOP. Each unit increase in the PD ratio was associated with an increase in the mean IOP by 1.289 mmHg(95% <i>CI</i>: 0.906, 1.671). After adjusting for pre-operative PD ratio, none of the other variables(ACD, axial length, temporal angle)were significantly associated with changes in mean IOP.<p>CONCLUSION: The PD ratio was the single most important factor associated with the changes in post-operative IOP over 3wk post surgery.

Análisis de factores asociados a la asistencia a citas médicas preventivas. El caso de Bogotá, Colombia 2014

bjetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la asistencia a citas médicas preventivas en la ciudad de Bogotá en el año 2014.Métodos: se ajustaron dos modelos de Ecuaciones de Estimación Generalizadas (GEE) con función de enlace Bernoulli y estructuras de correlación independiente y simétrica compuesta para la variable de asistencia a citas médicas preventivas.Resultados: el nivel de ingreso, el estrato socioeconómico y el nivel educativo alcanzado por el jefe de hogar generan un aumento en la probabilidad de asistir a citas médicas preventivas: la razón de probabilidad de asistencia y no asistencia es por lo menos 1,5 veces mayor en miembros de hogares de estratos distintos al 1 y por cada 100 mil pesos adicionales en el ingreso mensual del hogar dicha razón se incrementa en 1 %. Aquellos miembros pertenecientes a hogares, cuyo jefe alcanzó un nivel educativo superior a primaria tienen una razón de probabilidad de asistencia y no asistencia a citas preventivas hasta 2,3 veces mayor.Conclusiones: los resultados coinciden con los de Grossman (1972) y Kenkel (1990); sin embargo, aspectos como el nivel educativo individual, la presencia de adultos mayores e infantes o inclusive de un cónyuge en el hogar no están relacionados con la asistencia a citas médicas preventivas.

bjective: Analyze factors involved in preventive medical appointments attendance in Bogota year 2014.Methods: two models were adjusted under GEE using a Bernoulli link function with independent and exchangeable correlation structures for preventive medical appointments attendance.Results: Income and socioeconomic stratum increase probability of preventive appointments attendance: Odds ratio of attendance and not attendance is at least 1,5 times higher in stratum 2 or higher households. Also, for every $100.000 additional pesos in monthly household income the reason increases by 1%. Household members which head reached an educational level higher than primary have an odds ratio of attendance and not attendance up to 2,3 times higher.Conclusions: Results are similar to Grossman (1972) and Kenkel (1990) nevertheless, individual educational level, presence in household of elder people or children and even presence of spouse are not related with preventive medical appointments attendance.

Narrativas compartidas en el hogar: Un estudio longitudinal de la estructura y el lenguaje evaluativo / Shared narratives at home: A longitudinal study about the narrative structure and the evaluative language

El objetivo del trabajo que se informa fue estudiar la estructura y el lenguaje evaluativo en narrativas producidas por díadas niño-cuidador principal, durante el período comprendido entre los 2 años y 6 meses y 4 años. El corpus estuvo conformado por 81 narrativas producidas en distintos contextos conversacionales -situaciones de lectura de cuentos, conversaciones en torno a eventos pasados y conversaciones en torno a eventos futuros- en los que participaron en el hogar 6 niños pertenecientes a un grupo de sectores medios de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se realizó un análisis de las narrativas con el fin de dar cuenta de su estructura y de los recursos evaluativos empleados por los niños y sus interlocutores. El estudio contempló también un análisis cuantitativo comparativo focalizado en la identificación de similitudes y diferencias en la estructura -atendiendo en particular el componente evaluativo en las mismas- y los recursos evaluativos entre las narrativas producidas longitudinalmente y en las diferentes situaciones (diferencia de medias y ANOVA). Los resultados mostraron el potencial de la elaboración de narrativas en colaboración para promover diferentes aspectos del desarrollo infantil, en particular aspectos relativos al desarrollo cognitivo y socioemocional de los niños. Tempranamente en la infancia y en los tres contextos estudiados los niños que participaron en el presente estudio elaboran junto con sus cuidadores, narrativas en donde se enfatiza la evaluación como componente estructural, esto es, la interpretación y el posicionamiento personal frente a los eventos.

The present study aims to analyze the structure and the evaluative language in narratives produced by child-caretaker dyads from Buenos Aires (Argentina), in different conversational contexts-storybook reading situations, conversations about past and future events- when children are 2 years and a half, 3 years, 3 years and a half and 4 years old. Narrative is not only a type of discourse that organizes communicative exchanges and the transmission and recreation of culture; it is also one of the most important ways in which thought is configured (Bruner, 1986; Nelson, 1996; Rosemberg, Silva & Stein, 2010). The narrative structure and the use of evaluative resources are particularly related to cognitive and socioemotional development (Fernández & Melzi, 2008). Narrative development begins during the preschool years (Nelson, 1996) and occurs through the social interactions that take place in diverse daily situations: play (Pellegrini, 1985), story-book reading (Snow, Porche, Tabors & Harris, 2007) and conversations about past (Nelson,1996) and future events (Hudson, 2002, 2006). A series of studies undertaken in the fields of Psychology and Psycholinguistics have analyzed the structure and the evaluative language in early narratives orally produced by mother-child dyads (Fivush, 1991; Haden, Haine & Fivush, 1997; Peterson & McCabe, 1992, 1994, among others). The results of these studies have shown a relationship between the type of information introduced by mothers when they produce narratives in collaboration with their children and the information provided by children in the production of independent narratives later on (Fivush, 1991; Peterson & McCabe, 1992, 1994). Other studies showed an increase of the information regarding actions as well as descriptive, orientative and evaluative components of the narratives as a function of children's age (Haden, Haine & Fivush, 1997). The great majority of this research has been done with English-speaking and Caucasian families. Although there are some studies with Spanish-speaking population in Latin America (Díaz Oyarce & Mendoza Saavedra, 2012; Fernández & Melzi, 2008; Romero Contreras & Gómez Martínez, 2013; Shiro, 2003) one can hypothesize there will be intra-group differences given the heterogeneity of Hispanic population. There are few studies focused on the comparative analysis of narratives produced in different conversational contexts (Curenton, Craig & Flanigan, 2008; Fernández & Melzi, 2008). The author did not find studies which analyzed the evaluative resources used during the production of narratives about future events. The corpus of the present study consists of 81narratives produced in different conversational contexts: storybook reading situations (34 narratives), conversations about past events (24 narratives) and conversations about future events (23 narratives). The situations, which took place in the homes of 6 middle-income children from Buenos Aires (Argentina), were audio-recorded and transcribed for their analysis. The narratives were analyzed regarding their structure and the evaluative resources used by the participants in order to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of the narratives collaboratively produced by children-caretakers dyads? In particular, which is the relative weight of the evaluative component regarding the other structural components referred to orientation, action and description? Which evaluative resources are employed by the children and their interlocutors? Are there any longitudinal and between conversation al contexts differences regarding each of the aspects analyzed (structure of the narratives, evaluative component, evaluative resources)? The results showed that the evaluative component of the narratives is the most predominant since 2:6 years and in the different conversational contexts considered. The children who participated in the study jointly produced with their caretaker (primarily their mothers) narratives where the interpretation and the personal stance on the events were emphasized. This fact reveals the potential of collaboratively produced narratives to promote different aspects of child development, particularly those related to cognition and socioemotional development.

A longitudinal analysis with CA-125 to predict overall survival in patients with ovarian cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the association of longitudinal CA-125 measurements with overall survival (OS) time by developing a flexible model for patient-specific CA-125 profiles, and to provide a simple and reliable prediction of OS. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 275 patients with ovarian cancer who underwent at least one cycle of primary chemotherapy in our institute. Serial measurements of patients' CA-125 levels were performed at different frequencies according to their clinical plans. A statistical model coupling the Cox proportional hazards and the mixed-effects models was applied to determine the association of OS with patient-specific longitudinal CA-125 values. Stage and residual tumor size were additional variables included in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1,601 values of CA-125 were included. Longitudinal CA-125 levels, stage, and the residual tumor size were all significantly associated with OS. A patient-specific survival probability could be calculated. Validation showed that, in average, 85.4% patients were correctly predicted to have a high or low risk of death at a given time point. Comparison with a traditional model using CA-125 half-life and time to reach CA-125 nadir showed that the longitudinal CA-125 model had an improved predicative value. CONCLUSION: Longitudinal CA-125 values, measured from the diagnosis of ovarian cancer to the completion of primary chemotherapy, could be used to reliably predict OS after adjusting for the stage and residual tumor disease. This model could be potentially useful in clinical counseling of patients with ovarian cancer.

A Longitudinal Study on the Causal Association Between Smoking and Depression / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between smoking and depression using longitudinal data. METHODS: Two waves of the Korea Welfare Panel collected in 2006 and 2007 were used. The sample consisted of 14 426 in 2006 and 13 052 in 2007 who were aged 20 and older. Smoking was measured by smoking amount (none/ or = two packs). Depression was defined when the summated CESD (center for epidemiological studies depression)-11 score was greater than or equal to 16. The causal relationship between smoking and depression was tested using logistic regression. In order to test the causal effect of smoking on depression, depression at year 2 was regressed on smoking status at year 1 only using the sample without depression at year 1. Likewise, smoking status at year 2 was regressed on depression at year 1 only using those who were not smoking at year 1 in order to test the causal effect of depression on smoking. The statistical package used was Stata 10.0. Sampling weights were applied to obtain the population estimation. RESULTS: The logistic regression testing for the causal relationship between smoking and depression showed that smoking at year 1 was significantly related to depression at year 2. Smoking amounts associated with depression were different among age groups. On the other hand, the results from the logistic regression testing for the opposite direction of the relationship between smoking and depression found no significant association regardless of age group. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed some evidence that smoking caused depression but not the other way around.

Longitudinal analysis of distance and annual increase curves and distribution of the age of maximum increment in height among junior high school athletes / 体力科学

A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the physical maturity characteristics of athletes engaged in the following extracurricular sports activities over the three-year junior high school period: basketball (N=40), baseball (N=130), volleyball (N=54), soccer (N=86) and a non-athletic group (N=37) which did not participate in sports.<BR>Each athlete's maturity was determined from the age of maximum increment in height (MIA) of each individual. Longitudinal stature measurements were recorded annually in April for 12 years period from 6 to 18 years of age.<BR>The study yielded the following results:<BR>1. The MIA distributions of all the sporting groups were distinctly larger than that of the non-athletic group, increasing with each chronological age step on the distance curve and annual increase in height curve. The MIA mean value for the soccer group was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the non-athletic and all the other sporting groups.<BR>2. The soccer group was significantly slighter (P<0.05) in stature than all the other sporting groups.<BR>3. Subjects who played baseball throughout high school reached physical maturity earlier than those who only played throughout junior high school. However, those who continued to play soccer throughout high school reached maturity later than those who only played throughout junior high school.