ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effects of lupulone (LUP) and humulone (HUM) in Humulus lupulus L. on osteoblasts and osteoclasts of rats. Methods Osteoblasts and osteoclasts isolated from 24-h-old Wistar rats were studied and divided into control group, LUP-treated low (10－15 mol/L)-, medium (10－14mol/L)-and high (10－13 mol/L)-dose groups, and HUM-treated low (10－15 mol/L)-, medium (10－14 mol/L)-and high (10－13mol/L)-dose groups. After drug treatment, the proliferation, differentiation and bone mineralization of osteoblasts were determined by MTT assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and alizarin red staining, respectively. Osteoclasts were counted and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity was measured to evaluate the effects of LUP and HUM on the activity of osteoclasts. Osteocalcin (OCN) levels were measured by kit assay, and the expression levels of bone formation related proteins osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), bone resorption related proteins cathepsin K (CK) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were measured by Western blotting analysis to evaluate the effects of LUP and HUM on bone metabolism. Results At the osteoblast level, LUP at dosages of 10－15 and 10－14 mol/L could significantly promote the cell proliferation (P0.05). LUP at dosages of 10－14 and 10－13 mol/L could significantly improve ALP activity and bone mineralization (P0.05, P0.01). LUP at dosage of 10－13 mol/L could significantly induce the expression of OCN (P0.01). Furthermore, LUP at dosages of 10－14 and 10－13 mol/L could significantly increase the expression of BSP and BMP-2 (P0.05). HUM at dosages of 10－15-10－13 mol/L could also significantly promote the osteoblastic proliferation, ALP activity and bone mineralization (P0.01), and could significantly increase the expression of OCN and OPN (P0.05, P0.01). Additionally, HUM at dosages of 10－14 and 10－13 mol/L could significantly increase the expression of BSP and BMP-2 (P0.05). At the osteoclast level, both LUP and HUM at dosages of 10－15-10－13 mol/L could significantly reduce the number of osteoclasts (P0.01) and could significantly inhibit the expression of CK (P0.05, P0.01). HUM at dosages of 10－15-10－13 mol/L could also significantly inhibit the expression of MMP-9 (P0.05, P0.01). Conclusion This study preliminarily clarifies that LUP and HUM can prevent bone loss by promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption, which provides a new reference for the development of osteoporosis drugs.
ABSTRACT
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, still causes higher mortality than any other bacterial pathogen until now. With the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains, it becomes more important to search for alternative targets to develop new antimycobacterial drugs. Lupulone is a compound extracted from Hops (Hurnulus lupulus), which exhibits a good antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 10 µg/mL, but the response mechanisms of lupulone against M. tuberculosis are still poorly understood. In this study, we used a commercial oligonucleotide microarray to determine the overall transcriptional response of M. tuberculosis H37Rv triggered by exposure to MIC of lupulone. A total of 540 genes were found to be differentially regulated by lupulone. Of these, 254 genes were upregulated, and 286 genes were downregulated. A number of important genes were significantly regulated which are involved in various pathways, such as surface-exposed lipids, cytochrome P450 enzymes, PE/PPE multigene families, ABC transporters, and protein synthesis. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed for choosed genes to verified the microarray results. To our knowledge, this genome-wide transcriptomics approach has produced the first insights into the response of M. tuberculosis to a lupulone challenge.