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Objective To analyze the clinicopathological features and lymph node metastases characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).Methods The retrospective case-control study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 1 321 ICC patients who were admitted to 12 hospitals from April 2007 to November 2017 were collected,including 182 in the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University,173 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,156 in the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),139 in the Cancer Center of Sun Yatsen University,128 in the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University,113 in the Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,109 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University,84 in the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,65 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,62 in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,58 in the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School and 52 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine.Treatment planning was respectively determined by comprehensive hospitals according to clinical features and results of related examinations.Surgical procedures were performed based on the results of intraoperative examinations and patients' conditions.Observation indicators:(1) laboratory examination and treatment situations;(2) relationship between clinicopathological features and primary tumor location and diameter;(3) diagnosis of lymph node dissection and metastases;(4) relationship between clinicopathological features and lymph node metastases.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as x±s,and comparison between groups was done by the t test.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Comparison of count data were analyzed using the chi-square test.Results (1) Laboratory examination and treatment situations:of 1 321 patients,cases and percentages of positive hepatitis B virus (HBV),positive serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (＞ 20 μg/L),positive serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (＞ 5 μg/L),positive serum alanine transaminase (ALT) (＞75 U/L),positive serum CA19-9 (＞37 U/mL) and positive serum total bilirubin (TBil) (＞20 μmol/L) were respectively 202,80,329,207,590,300 and 15.586％ (202/1 296),7.339％(80/1 090),26.299％ (329/1 251),16.587％ (207/1 248),49.789％(590/1 185),24.000％ (300/1 250).Of 1 321 patients,1 206 underwent surgery,including 904 with hepatectomy,193 with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE),72 with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD),3 with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),3 with PTBD + ERCP and 31 with other treatments;115 had missing registration of surgical procedures.(2) Relationship between clinicopathological features and primary tumor location and diameter:① Relationship between clinicopathological features and primary tumor location:cases with CA19-9 level ≤ 37 U/mL,38-200 U/mL and ＞ 200 U/mL were respectively 227,91,146 with primary tumor located in left liver and 282,134,137 with primary tumor located in right liver.Cases combined with hepatitis and intrahepatic bile duct stone were respectively 67,73 with primary tumor in left liver and 111,47 with primary tumor in right liver,with statistically significant differences in above indictors (x2 =6.710,5.656,12.534,P＜0.05).The results of further analysis showed that incidence age of ICC was (63± 10)years old in patients with hepatitis and (59± 10) years old in patients without hepatitis,with statistically significant differences (t =4.840,P＜0.05).② Relationship between clinicopathological features and primary tumor diameter:cases with primary tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm,with 3 cm ＜ primary tumor diameter ≤ 5 cm and with primary tumor diameter ＞ 5 cm were respectively 159,250,229 with CEA level ≤ 5 pg/L and 40,65,95 with CEA level ＞ 5 μg/L and 165,258,286 with ALT level ≤ 75 U/L and 34,57,36 with ALT level ＞ 75 U/L and 148,242,281 with TBil level ≤ 20 μmol/L and 51,73,43 with TBil level ＞ 20 μmol/L,and 37,70 and 131 patients had satellite loci of tumor,with statistically significant differences in above indictors (x2=8.669,6.637,15.129,34.746,P＜0.05).(3) Diagnosis of lymph node dissection and metastases:of 904 patients with hepatectomy,346 received lymph node dissection,total number,number in each patient and median number of lymph node dissected were respectively 1 894.0,5.5 and 4.0 (range,1.0-26.0);157 had lymph node metastases,with a rate of lymph node metastasis of 45.376％ (157/346),number and number in each patient of positive lymph node were respectively 393.0 and 2.5.Of 346 patients with lymph node dissection,114 had lymph node metastasis by preoperative imaging examination,postoperative pathological examinations confirmed 64 with lymph node metastasis and 50 without lymph node metastasis;232 didn't have lymph node metastasis by preoperative imaging examination,postoperative pathological examinations confirmed 93 with lymph node metastasis and 139 without lymph node metastasis.The sensitivity,specificity and diagnostic accuracy by imaging examination were respectively 40.8％,73.5％ and 58.7％.(4) Relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and lymph node metastases:lymph node metastasis rate was respectively 51.397％ (92/179) in patients with primary tumor located in left liver,39.103％ (61/156) in patients with primary tumor located in right liver,34.615％(18/52) in patients with primary tumor diameter ≤ 3 cm,42.500％(51/120) in patients with 3 cm ＜ primary tumor diameter ≤ 5 cm,52.980％(80/151) in patients with primary tumor diameter ＞ 5 cm,48.790％(121/248) in patients with CEA ≤ 5 μg/L,59.302％ (51/86) in patients with CEA ＞ 5 μg/L,40.234％ (103/256) in patients with TBil ≤ 20 μmol/L,35.106％ (33/94) in patients with TBil ＞ 20 μmol/L,with statistically significant differences in above indictors (x2 =5.078,6.262,9.456,5.156,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The related etiological factors may be different due to different primary location of ICC.Primary tumor in left liver is significantly associated with intrahepatic bile duct stone of left liver,and primary tumor in right liver is associated with combined hepatitis,while combined hepatitis could lead early occurrence of ICC.At present,there is a low rate of lymph node dissection in ICC patients and a high lymph node metastasis rate in patients receiving lymph node dissection.Lymph node metastasis is associated with primary tumor location and diameter,levels of CEA and TBil.Lymph node metastasis rate in left liver is higher than that in right liver,and is getting higher with increased primary tumor diameter.
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Objective To investigate the effect of the extent of postoperative prophylactic radiotherapy after radical surgery on the long-term survival in patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 201 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who received postoperative prophylactic radiotherapy after radical surgery from 2000 to 2007.The effect of the extent of radiotherapy on survival was evaluated,and the possible prognostic factors were subjected to multivariate Cox regression analysis.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival (OS) rates,and the log-rank test was used for survival difference analysis.Results The 5-year follow-up rate was 97.0％.The OS rates for patients who received radiotherapy to the whole mediastinum,whole mediastinum + lymph nodes along the left gastric artery,whole mediastinum + bilateral supraclavicular regions,upper and middle mediastinum + bilateral supraclavicular regions,and whole mediastinum + bilateral supraclavicular regions + lymph nodes along the left gastric artery were 21.7％,37.1％,38.7％,34.8％,and 19.8％,respectively (P =0.406).Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative N stage was the independent prognostic factor (P =0.009).After prophylactic irradiation,metastases to the supraclavicular lymph nodes,lymph nodes in the upper and middle mediastinum,and abdominal lymph nodes were observed in 11,34,and 10 patients,respectively.Conclusions The extent of postoperative prophylactic radiotherapy after radical surgery for thoracic esophageal carcinoma only includes upper and middle mediastinum and bilateral supraclavicular regions.
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Recorrências regionais dos carcinomas diferenciados de tiróide (CDT) são representadas por linfonodos cervicais em 60-75 por cento dos casos. Com a introdução da ultra-sonografia cervical (USC) no seguimento dos pacientes com carcinoma papilífero de tiróide (CPT) tornou-se freqüente o encontro de pequenos linfonodos (LNs) cervicais. Porém, apesar da USC apresentar alta sensibilidade, o estudo citológico obtido por punção aspirativa (PAAF), e nos últimos anos, a dosagem da tiroglobulina (Tg) no lavado da agulha da PAAF (Tg-PAAF), vêm assumindo papel importante no diagnóstico de LNs cervicais. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a importância do diagnóstico precoce das metástases em linfonodos cervicais no seguimento dos pacientes com carcinoma de tiróide.
Loco-regional recurrences of the differentiated thyroid cancer have been reported to be located in cervical lymph nodes in 60-75 percent of cases. The widespread use of neck ultrasonography (US) during the follow-up of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has led to the discovery of small cervical lymph nodes (LN). Although US has a high sensitivity for diagnosing LN, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and measurement of thyroglobulin in fine needle aspirates (FNA-Tg) have proven to be invaluable tools. The aim of this paper is to review the importance of the early diagnosis of lymph node metastases in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Carcinoma, Papillary/secondary , Head and Neck Neoplasms/secondary , Lymph Nodes , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Early Diagnosis , Head and Neck Neoplasms/blood , Lymphatic Metastasis , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymph Nodes , Neck , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Thyroglobulin/blood , Biomarkers, Tumor/bloodABSTRACT
The effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) on vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and the correlation between HIF-1α and lymphangiogenesis and lymph nodes metastases (LNM) in pancreatic cancer were investigated. Immunohistochemical SP method was used to detect the protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-C, and Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was determined by stain of VEGFR-3, collagen type Ⅳ in 75 pancreatic head cancers from regional pancreatectomy (RP) during Dec. 2001 to Dec. 2003. The relationship between HIF-1α and VEGF-C, lymphangiogenesis, LNM was analyzed statistically. The results showed that the positive expression rate of HIF-1α and VEGF-C in pancreatic cancer tissues was 48.00 % (36/75) and 65.33 % (49/75) respectively. In positive group of HIF-1α, the positive rate of VEGF-C and LVD, and LVD rate was 80.56 % (29/36), 13.22±3.76 and 88.89 % (32/36) respectively, and in negative group of HIF-1α,positive rate of VEGF-C and LVD was 51.28 % (20/39), 5.98±2.17 and 66.67 % (26/39) respectively (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). It was suggested that HIF-1α could promote the expression of VEGF-C, lymphangiogenesis and LNM in pancreatic cancer.