Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Chrysophyllum albidum Collected in Nsukka, South East Nigeria

Background: Chrysophyllum albidum is widely used by African people for the treatment of various types of diseases such as ear infection, sore throat, typhoid, cellulites, septicaemia, bactericemia, abscesses and tooth infections. Aim: The study was conducted to investigate the chemical components and antibacterial activity of the extract and fractions from the root bark of Chrysophyllum albidum from Nsukka, South-east Nigeria. Methodology: The fresh roots were collected, washed, cut into small pieces, air dried and pulverized to powder using mechanical grinder. Extraction and fractionation were done by cold maceration method and technique of liquid–liquid extraction respectively. The phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract and, n-hexane, butanol, aqueous and ethylacetate fractions of the plant part was carried out using standard method. The antibacterial activities were determined using cup-plate agar diffusion and agar dilution methods. Results: The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, reducing sugar and cardiac glycosides. The inhibition zone diameter (IZD) produced by the agents against some selected Gram positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram negative bacteria (GNB) pathogens ranged from 6 – 25 mm and 6 – 12 mm respectively. The MIC and MBC values produced by the extract and fractions of the plant’s part against the GPB ranged from 1.25 – 40 mg/ml and 5 – 80 mg/ml respectively Many of the GNB were not sensitive to the agents tested except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp that exhibited mild to moderate sensitivity to the agents. Conclusion: These agents, therefore, exhibited a potent antibacterial activity against all the GPB and a few GNB pathogens tested due to their potent phytochemicals. The results of this work have corroborated the trado-medical use of root of Chrysophyllum albidum for treating ear infection, sore throat, typhoid, cellulites, septicaemia, bactericemia, boils and tooth infection/decay.

Evaluation of the effects of Albizia lebbeck bark extracts on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Oral diseases continue to be a major and common health problem worldwide and affect the quality of life by causing considerable pain and discomfort. While the mechanistic methods of caries prevention and treatment are in vogue, the concern about adverse effects of the constituents of these methods persists. Thus, there has always existed a need to develop effective and safe strategies to combat oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Aim: To examine the action of Albizia lebbeck (A. lebbeck) bark extracts on the growth and virulence factors of S. mutans such as- biofilm formation, surface adherence, cell surface hydrophobicity and acid production. Materials and Methods: Ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform extracts of the bark of A. lebbeck was prepared and tested for their activity against the ATCC 25175 S. mutans. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were determined by biochemical assays and the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were obtained using the well diffusion assay. The effect of the sub-MIC concentrations of extracts on biofilm formation & eradication, microbial growth, adherence of the strain to glass surfaces, cell surface hydrophobicity and acid production were also determined. Results: All extracts inhibited the organism’s growth, and MIC was determined as 25 mg/ml. the sub-MIC concentrations of the extracts were found to- inhibit the formation of biofilms, eradicate formed biofilms and interfere with the adherence and acid production of S. mutans. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts were found to be active at low concentrations (0.02mg/ml) and demonstrate a potential to be used in the formulation of anti-caries preparations.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens / Atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de extratos metanólicos de Salix alba L. contra vários patógenos que causam doenças

Abstract The present study was aimed to manifest the antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and three fungal isolates from the air such as Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Two different serotypes of S. aureus and E. coli were used. The agar well-diffusion method results showed the dose-dependent response of plant extracts against bacterial and fungal strains while some organisms were found resistant e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus and R. stolonifer. The highest antibacterial activity was recorded at 17.000±1.732 mm from 100 mg/mL of leaves methanolic extracts against S. pyogenes while the activity of most of the pathogens decreased after 24 h of incubation. The highest antifungal activity was reported at 11.833±1.0 mm against A. ornatus at 50 mg/mL after 48 h of the incubation period. These experimental findings endorse the use of S. alba in ethnopharmacological formulations and suggest the use of methanolic extracts of the said plant to develop drugs to control the proliferation of resistant disease causing pathogenic microbes.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo manifestar a atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de extratos metanólicos de Salix alba L. contra sete patógenos bacterianos Gram-positivos e Gram-negativos. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae e três isolados de fungos do ar, como Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, e Rhizopus stolonifer. Dois sorotipos diferentes de S. aureus e E. coli foram usados. Os resultados do método de difusão em ágar mostraram a resposta dependente da dose de extratos de plantas contra cepas de bactérias e fungos, enquanto alguns organismos foram considerados resistentes, e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus e R. stolonifer. A maior atividade antibacteriana foi registrada em 17.000 ± 1.732 de 100 mg/mL de extratos metanólicos de folhas contra S. pyogenes, enquanto a atividade da maioria dos patógenos diminuiu após 24 h de incubação. A maior atividade antifúngica foi relatada em 11,833 ± 1,0 contra A. ornatus a 50 mg/mL após 48 h do período de incubação. Esses achados experimentais endossam o uso de S. alba em formulações etnofarmacológicas e sugerem o uso de extratos metanólicos da referida planta para o desenvolvimento de fármacos que controlem a proliferação de doenças resistentes que causam micróbios patogênicos.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens

Abstract The present study was aimed to manifest the antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and three fungal isolates from the air such as Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Two different serotypes of S. aureus and E. coli were used. The agar well-diffusion method results showed the dose-dependent response of plant extracts against bacterial and fungal strains while some organisms were found resistant e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus and R. stolonifer. The highest antibacterial activity was recorded at 17.000±1.732 mm from 100 mg/mL of leaves methanolic extracts against S. pyogenes while the activity of most of the pathogens decreased after 24 h of incubation. The highest antifungal activity was reported at 11.833±1.0 mm against A. ornatus at 50 mg/mL after 48 h of the incubation period. These experimental findings endorse the use of S. alba in ethnopharmacological formulations and suggest the use of methanolic extracts of the said plant to develop drugs to control the proliferation of resistant disease causing pathogenic microbes.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo manifestar a atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de extratos metanólicos de Salix alba L. contra sete patógenos bacterianos Gram-positivos e Gram-negativos. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (1), S. aureus (2), Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli (1), E. coli (2) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae e três isolados de fungos do ar, como Aspergillus terreus, A. ornatus, e Rhizopus stolonifer. Dois sorotipos diferentes de S. aureus e E. coli foram usados. Os resultados do método de difusão em ágar mostraram a resposta dependente da dose de extratos de plantas contra cepas de bactérias e fungos, enquanto alguns organismos foram considerados resistentes, e.g. E. coli (1), S. sonnei, A. terreus e R. stolonifer. A maior atividade antibacteriana foi registrada em 17.000 ± 1.732 de 100 mg/mL de extratos metanólicos de folhas contra S. pyogenes, enquanto a atividade da maioria dos patógenos diminuiu após 24 h de incubação. A maior atividade antifúngica foi relatada em 11,833 ± 1,0 contra A. ornatus a 50 mg/mL após 48 h do período de incubação. Esses achados experimentais endossam o uso de S. alba em formulações etnofarmacológicas e sugerem o uso de extratos metanólicos da referida planta para o desenvolvimento de fármacos que controlem a proliferação de doenças resistentes que causam micróbios patogênicos.

Inhibitory Activity of Ceiba' Honey against Escherichia Coli ATCC 33218

Escherichia coli is a type of bacteria that has evolved yearly, such as resistance to various antibiotics. Honey consumption can improve the quality of individual health. It has the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. This study aimed to characterize the Escherichia coli ATCC 33218, and to investigate the inhibitory activity of Ceiba' honey against this strain. We obtained Ceiba' honey from the honey farm of Ceiba petandra. The antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the strain used in this study is not ESBL strain. Even it is resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, and Oxacillin and is sensitive to Cefotaxime. This study runs inhibition zone, MIC, MBC, and time-kill growth experiments to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Ceiba' honey. It showed a strong inhibition zone. Its MIC and MBC were 30 and 40%, respectively. The time-kill growth experiments revealed its inhibition by lowering the lag phase, slowing the growth rate, and decreasing the biomass yield of strain. In conclusion, Escherrichia coli ATCC 33218 is not an ESBL strain. Furthermore, Ceiba' honey has inhibitory and killing power against Escherichia coli ATCC 33218.

Antimicrobial properties of heterocyclic compounds against clinical mastitis isolates / Propriedades antimicrobianas de compostos heterocíclicos contra isolados de mastite clínica

Mastitis causes significant economic losses to the dairy cattle industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of 39 heterocyclic derivatives (1,3-thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones) against clinical mastitis isolates from dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from cows with clinical mastitis and the bacterial species were identified by PCR. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method. First, 39 heterocyclic compounds were tested against four bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Escherichia coli) randomly chosen from those recovered from the milk samples (Study 1). Subsequently, the compounds with the strongest antibacterial activity were tested against all the bacterial isolates recovered from the milk samples (Study 2). 1,3-thiazoles showed the strongest antibacterial activity, specially compounds 30 and 38, which also showed bactericidal properties according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Corynebacterium spp. and Enterobacteriaceae isolates were the most susceptible to compounds 30 and 38. Compounds 30 and 38 are promising targets for new antimicrobial agents.(AU)

A mastite causa significativas perdas econômicas à indústria leiteira bovina. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades antibacterianas de 39 derivados heterocíclicos (1,3-tiazóis e 4-tiazolidinonas) contra isolados clínicos de mastite em vacas leiteiras. Amostras de leite foram coletadas de vacas com mastite clínica e as espécies bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas por PCR. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Primeiramente, os 39 compostos heterocíclicos foram testados contra quatro isolados bacterianos (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis e Escherichia coli) escolhidos aleatoriamente dentre os recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 1). Posteriormente, compostos com atividade antibacteriana mais forte foram testados contra todos os isolados bacterianos recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 2). Os compostos 1,3-tiazóis apresentaram a maior atividade antibacteriana, principalmente os compostos 30 e 38, que também apresentaram propriedades bactericidas de acordo com seus valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Os isolados Corynebacterium spp. e Enterobacteriaceae foram os mais suscetíveis aos compostos 30 e 38. Os compostos 30 e 38 mostraram-se promissores como novos agentes antimicrobianos.(AU)

Antimicrobial properties of heterocyclic compounds against clinical mastitis isolates

ABSTRACT: Mastitis causes significant economic losses to the dairy cattle industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of 39 heterocyclic derivatives (1,3-thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones) against clinical mastitis isolates from dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from cows with clinical mastitis and the bacterial species were identified by PCR. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method. First, 39 heterocyclic compounds were tested against four bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Escherichia coli) randomly chosen from those recovered from the milk samples (Study 1). Subsequently, the compounds with the strongest antibacterial activity were tested against all the bacterial isolates recovered from the milk samples (Study 2). 1,3-thiazoles showed the strongest antibacterial activity, specially compounds 30 and 38, which also showed bactericidal properties according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Corynebacterium spp. and Enterobacteriaceae isolates were the most susceptible to compounds 30 and 38. Compounds 30 and 38 are promising targets for new antimicrobial agents.

RESUMO: A mastite causa significativas perdas econômicas à indústria leiteira bovina. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades antibacterianas de 39 derivados heterocíclicos (1,3-tiazóis e 4-tiazolidinonas) contra isolados clínicos de mastite em vacas leiteiras. Amostras de leite foram coletadas de vacas com mastite clínica e as espécies bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas por PCR. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Primeiramente, os 39 compostos heterocíclicos foram testados contra quatro isolados bacterianos (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis e Escherichia coli) escolhidos aleatoriamente dentre os recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 1). Posteriormente, compostos com atividade antibacteriana mais forte foram testados contra todos os isolados bacterianos recuperados das amostras de leite (Estudo 2). Os compostos 1,3-tiazóis apresentaram a maior atividade antibacteriana, principalmente os compostos 30 e 38, que também apresentaram propriedades bactericidas de acordo com seus valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Os isolados Corynebacterium spp. e Enterobacteriaceae foram os mais suscetíveis aos compostos 30 e 38. Os compostos 30 e 38 mostraram-se promissores como novos agentes antimicrobianos.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Crude Extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 against Foodborne Bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica

The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of crude extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromaeIBRL OS-64 was studied and tested against a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, Yersinia enterocolitica. The ethylacetate extract exhibited favorable antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition was 20.3±0.6 mm compared to dichloromethane (15.0±0.3 mm) and butanol (9.0±0.3 mm) extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the extract were 125 and 250 μg/mL, respectively. Structural degeneration studies through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs exhibited major abnormalities that occurred on thebacterial cells after exposureto the extract were complete alterations in their morphology and collapsed of the cells beyond repair. The findings showed that the extract possesses antibiofilm activity against the initial and preformed biofilm of Y. enterocoliticawith the highest inhibition value of 69.12% and 58.70%, respectively The results also revealed the initial biofilm was more susceptible to the extract as compared to pre-formed biofilm. The light microscopy (LM) and SEM photomicrographs proved that thefungal extract significantly eliminates extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrices and hinder the attachment of the bacterial cells for biofilm formation. Therefore, the current study suggested the ethyl acetate crude extract from an endophytic fungus, L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 may be an effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent to treat foodborne pathogens

Antimicrobial Activity of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum on Enterococcus faecalis Viability

@#Introduction: Root canal treatment often fails because of bacteria that grow back after obturation, such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The previous study has found the percentage of root canal treatment failure as much as 32-70%. It was because the facultative anaerobic bacteria are able to penetrate into the dentinal tubules and found to be resistant. Ambonese banana stem is one of the herbal plants in Indonesia that has been widely used, including the sap on the stem. Active substances in the sap of Ambonese banana stems such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins have antimicrobial efficacy. The purpose of this study is to prove the antibacterial activity of Ambonese banana stems extract on E. faecalis and analyzing bacterial viability through a fluorescent microscope. Methods: The sample of this study was E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) which bred on BHIB media, then serially carried out dilution with Ambonese banana stem extract with a composition of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125 %, 1,563%. and 0.781%. Cultured in the Agar Mueller-Hinton medium and then calculate the number of bacterial colonies. This examination was continued using a fluorescent microscope for determining the viability of bacteria. Results: We obtained MIC at a concentration of 1.563% and MBC at a concentration of 3.125%. The ability of Ambonese banana stem extracts to kill E. faecalis in MIC was 92.22%, while in MBC it was 100%. Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem extract effectively inhibited the growth of E. faecalis bacteria.

Time-kill study and morphological changes of Proteus mirabilis cells exposed to ethyl acetate crude extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64

@#Aims: To investigate time-kill curve and morphological changes of Proteus mirabilis cells exposed to ethyl acetate crude extract of endophytic fungus, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64, isolated from Ocimum sanctum. Methodology and results: Inhibitory effect of the fungal extract against the test bacteria via disc diffusion assay showed a fair antibacterial activity with diameter of inhibition zone was 12.0 ± 0.4 mm. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of the ethyl acetate extract against P. mirabilis was 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The value of MBC which is two-fold higher than MIC value indicated that the fungal extract exerted bactericidal effect on bacterial cells of P. mirabilis. Time-kill curve study revealed that the bactericidal effect of the crude extract towards test bacteria was both dose and time dependent. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation revealed that the bacterial cells of P. mirabilis exposed to fungal crude extract resulted in formation of pits, irregular shape of the bacterial cell and ultimately cell death beyond repair. Conclusion, significance and impact of the study: The time-kill curve study, and cell morphological changes suggested the potential of ethyl acetate extract of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 against P. mirabilis infection by formation of cavities, irregular bacterial cell that leads to ultimate cell death and the extract may have pharmaceutical potential to be develop as antibacterial agent.

Antibacterial and antidiarrheal activity of Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark

The present study was conducted to determine the nutritional elements in Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueousextract (SAAE) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the in vitroantibacterial activity against pathogens enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcous aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory, and bactericidalconcentration. Then, antidiarrheal effect was studied on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice model. Recorded Mg > Fe> Cu > Zn elements in SAAE invariably found to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.Effective concentration of bark showed the zone of inhibition against enterotoxigenic E. coli (200 mg/ml), S. typhiand S. aureus (300 mg/ml), and P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia (100 mg/ml). The standard ratio between minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was meticulously recorded “one”against all pathogens, which confirms the bactericidal property. Results in mice model prominently showed that SAAEsignificantly (p < 0.05) reduced the frequency and number of diarrheal episodes, intestinal fluid accumulation, andintestinal transit time in dose-dependent manner. Inordinate delay in charcoal movement in the intestine positivelyconfirmed the antispasmodic effect by reducing propulsive movement. Confirmed findings in this study naturallysuggested that SAAE could be an effective antibacterial and antidiarrheal formulation.

Atividade bactericida e bacteriostática da casca do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) em bactérias deteriorantes e patogênicas isoladas de alimentos / Bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) against deteriorant and pathogenic bacteria from foods

O pequi é uma fruta nativa do Cerrado brasileiro que apresenta elevado teor de compostos antioxidantes e pode apresentar ação antimicrobiana. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a atividade bacteriostática e bactericida do extrato da casca do pequi. Das cepas estudadas 5 são padrões cedidos pela FIOCRUZ e 5 são bactérias de alta resistência a antimicrobianos isoladas de carne e frango. Foi determinada a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima do extrato da casca do pequi. O extrato da casca do pequi apresenta atividade antimicrobiana frente a bactérias patogênicas e deteriorantes. C. jejuni e C. colisão as mais sensíveis. S. aureus apresentou tolerância. E. coli O157:H7 e E. coli são menos sensíveis. O resíduo do pequi é uma potencial e importante fonte de antimicrobianos naturais.

Antimicrobial efficacy of novel ethanolic extract of morinda citrifolia against enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods - an invitro study / Eficácia de um novo antimicrobiano etanólico de extrato de Moringa citrifolia contra Enterococcus Faecalis por meio dos métodos de difusão em ágar e de diluição em caldo ­ um estudo in vitro

Objective: The long-term success of root canal treatment is ultimately related to the effective debridement and disinfection of the root canal system. Hence, the irrigants play an important role in achieving the good penetrability and bactericidal activity. The present study was mainly aimed at evaluating the invitro antimicrobial efficacy of Novel Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Material and methods: The antibacterial effect of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia was investigated against Enterococcus Faecalis (E. Faecalis). Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) Results: The MIC of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia extract was found to be 12.5 mg/ml and the MBC was found to be 25 mg/ml Conclusion: Novel Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia possess antimicrobial activity against E.Faecalis. But still, future studies are needed. (AU)

Objetivo: O sucesso a longo prazo do tratamento de canais radiculares está intimamente relacionada com a efi cácia do debridamento e desinfecção do Sistema do canal radicular. Consequentemente, os irrigantes têm um importante papel na capacidade de penetração e atividade bactericida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a avaliação in vitro da efi cácia antimicrobiana do novo extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia por meio dos métodos de difusão em ágar ou de diluição em caldo. Material e métodos: O efeito antibacteriano do extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia foi investigado contra Enterococcus Faecalis (E. Faecalis). Os métodos de diluição em ágar e de diluição em caldo foram usados para determinar a concentração inibitória minima (MIC) e concentração bactericida minima (MBC). Resultados: O MIC do extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia foi obtido na concentração de 12.5mg/ml e a MBC foi de 25mg/ml Conclusão: O novo extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra E.Faecalis. Porém, futuros estudos são necessários. (AU)

Anti Bacterial Effect Of Silver Nanoparticle On Mrsa Isolates From Oral Infections

Aim of our study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of silver Nano particle(Ag-NPs) against MRSA strains recovered from patients with oral infections Material and Methods:- Samples were collected from Patients attending department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Jaipur dental college who were diagnosed with oral infections. The samples were subjected to culture and sensitivity and MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) screening. MRSAstrains were treated with Ag-Nanoparticles to know the antibacterial affect Results:- Out of 146 samples, 26 specimens showed Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) The MIC and MBC values of Ag-NPs against MRSA strains were observed to be very low (i.e. in the range of 12.5-100 μg/ml), indicating very well bacteriostatic (represented by the MIC) and bactericidal activity (represented by MBC). Conclusion:- In recent years, there is increase in MRSA in oral and perioral samples with emergence of new resistant strains of MRSA. In our study we have seen Ag-NPs size 5-10nm has inhibited growth of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro at nontoxic concentration, which makes it to use as anti-bacterial agent in oral infections

Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of antibacterial fluoride varnish / 대한치과재료학회지

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of fluoride varnish with antibacterial agents on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Experimental fluoride varnish (EFV) with 5% NaF was fabricated. Five antibacterial agents were tested with 1 mM and 10 mM concentrations, respectively: Bakuchiol (BAK), Bavachalcone (BCC), Isobavachromene (IBC), and Bavachromene (BCM). MIC and MBC test was performed by antibacterial agents with and without EFV using 1.1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/ml of S. mutans. Cell viability test were performed using MTT test. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test at α=0.05. In the antibacterial agents without EFV, the MIC of BAK, BCC, and IBC was the lowest (0.015 mM), and the MBC of BAK was the lowest (0.031 mM). For the antibacterial agents with EFV, the MIC (0.031 mM) and MBC (0.062 mM) of BAK was the lowest, respectively. In MTT test, 1 mM BCM showed the highest cell viability (P < 0.05). This study suggest that BAK can be applied the fluoride varnish under the control of the concentration to develop antibacterial fluoride varnish.

Study on in vitro Bacteriostatic Activity of the Extracts from Miao Medicine Polygonum runcinatum / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study in vitro bacteriostatic activity of the extracts from Miao medicine Polygonum runcinatum. METHODS:Using chloramphenicol and fluconazole as positive control,the inhibitory effects of water extract,95％ ethanol extract and its ethyl acetate and n-butanol fraction on 9 kinds of strains were determined by cup plate method, such as Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Shigella flexneri,Salmonella typhi,Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,type B Hemolytic streptococcus,Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The parts with bacteriostatic activity and trial strains sensitive to drug were screened. Micro-broth dilution method and agar culture medium plate method were used to determine MIC and MBC of 95％ ethanol extract and its fractions of P. runcinatum to sensitive strains. RESULTS:The water extract of P. runcinatum almost had no inhibitory effect. 95％ ethanol extract showed different degrees of bacteriostatic activity to strains;bacteriostatic effects of it to 6 kinds of bacteria as S. typhi was better than that of type B H. streptococcus and 2 kinds of fungus. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fraction of 95％ ethanol extracts showed good bacteriostatic effect and the ethyl acetate fraction had stronger effect,while all the fractions of 95％ ethanol extracts showed no inhibitory effect on fungus. MIC and MBC of 95％ethanol extract to above 6 kinds of bacteria were 6.25-12.5 and 12.5-25 mg/mL,respectively;MIC and MBC of ethyl acetate fraction were 3.13-6.25, 6.25-12.5 mg/mL; MIC and MBC of n-butanol fraction were 6.25-12.5, 12.5-25 mg/mL. CONCLUSIONS:95％ ethanol extract,ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Miao medicine P. runcinatum have obvious in vitro bacteriostatic activity to 6 common bacterias as S. typhi.

An assessment of the acetone extract from the leaves of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Abstract@#Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes nosocomial and community infections and is a global health concern. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of acetone extract from Canarium odontophyllum leaves against MRSA ATCC 33591 and Mu50 strains. The MIC/MBC ratio, determined using the broth micro dilution method, revealed the bacteriostatic effect of the extract against both strains. Time-kill assay against the Mu50 strain showed that the extract inhibited the growth of MRSA at low concentration but exhibited a concentration-dependent bacterial killing effect at 4× MIC. These findings confirm that an acetone extract from C. odontophyllum leaves inhibited growth of MRSA at low concentrations and could be utilised as an alternative anti-MRSA agent.

Antimicrobial Activities of Daucus Carota Seeds on Selected Pathogenic Micro-organisms

Background: The antibacterial/antifungal toxicity of Daucus carota (carrot) seeds was evaluated using selected multi-drug resistant bacteria and yeast of clinical origin. Methods: The active constituents of the Daucus carota seeds were extracted using conventional Plant Tissue Homogenization method using cold distilled water, Ethanol and Methanol as solvents. Varying concentrations (5-250 mg/ml) of the three extracts were assayed for antimicrobial activity against the selected isolates- Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae and Candida albicans; the agar well diffusion method was used. The antibiogram profile of the organisms was also obtained through disc diffusion method. Results: Similar activity was observed in the methanolic and ethanolic extracts while cold distilled water showed no activity on any of the isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility results showed that the isolates used are highly multi-drug resistant. Ofloxacin exhibited the most pronounced activity against all the isolates. Gentamicin and erythromycin both showed activity on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Lower concentrations of both extracts presented no inhibitory effects on the test organisms, thus resulting in high MIC values recorded for both extracts. Also, the extracts showed no bactericidal action against the isolates.  Conclusions: Observations from this research therefore affirm that Daucus carota seeds possess antimicrobial properties that may be explored as a source of future antimicrobial compounds.

Antimicrobial activity of Tunisian Euphorbia paralias L

Objective To examine the potential antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia paralias L. (Euphorbiaeae) leaves and stems extracts. Methods The antimicrobial activity was tested against six microbial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Salmonella enterica CIP 8039, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 by two different methods, the disk method and the dilution method. Results Our results showed the important antimicrobial activity of the chloroform extract of the stems towards the majority of the strains by using both methods. Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive strain (MIC = MBC = 15 μg/mL). Conclusion Thus, some extracts of Euphorbia paralias can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes.

Stem Bark of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (Dabai) as Potential Source of Antimicrobial Agent / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of methanol, acetone and distilled water stem bark extracts from Canarium odontophyllum against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25932, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Acinetobacter baumannii strain sensitive, Candida albicans ATCC 64677, Candida glabrata ATCC 90028, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani M2781. The extracts from C. odontophyllum stem bark from 3.125 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml were screened against the tested microorganisms using disc diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts against susceptible organisms were determined using microbroth dilution method and streak-plate technique, respectively. From the antibacterial screening assay, the growth of S. aureus, B. cereus and A. baumannii were inhibited by methanol extract whereas the acetone extract was capable of inhibiting all the tested microorganisms except E.coli, F. solani and A. niger. The lowest MIC value for methanol extract was against A. baumannii (0.195 mg/ml) whereas its MBC value was twice its MIC value (0.391 mg/ml), indicating that methanol extract was bacteriostatic against A. baumannii. While for acetone extract, S. aureus showed bactericidal effect with equal MIC and MBC values at 0.195 mg/ml. In conclusion, stem bark of C. odontophyllum has the potential to be the source of antibacterial agent and can be exploited as an alternative phytoantimicrobial.