Clinical observation on cluster acupuncture at scalp points combined with exercise therapy in treatment of limb spasm after stroke / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of cluster acupuncture at scalp points in treating limb spasm after stroke on the basis of conventional exercise therapy.@*METHODS@#A total of 72 patients with limb spasm after stroke were randomly divided into an observation group (36 cases, 5 cases dropped off) and a control group (36 cases, 6 cases dropped off). The control group was treated with exercise therapy. In the observation group, on the basis of the control group, penetrating technique of acupuncture was exerted at Qianding (GV 21) to Baihui (GV 20), Xinhui (GV 22) to Qianding (GV 21), etc. once a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the changes of the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), simplified Fugl-Meyer motor assessment (FMA), and modified Barthel index (MBI) scores of the two groups were compared.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the MAS scores of upper and lower limbs in the two groups were lower than before treatment (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of FMA and BMI in the two groups were higher than before treatment (P<0.05), and the score of MBI in the observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#On the basis of conventional exercise therapy, cluster acupuncture at scalp points can reduce the spasm, improve motor function and activities of daily living in patients with limb spasm after stroke.

Prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores de empresa termoeléctrica, Choloma, Honduras. Diciembre 2019 / Prevalence of Burnout syndrome in thermoelectric company workers, Choloma, Honduras. December 2019

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores de empresa termoeléctrica en Choloma, Honduras, diciembre 2019. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en empresa termoeléctrica, Choloma, Honduras, con una muestra a conveniencia de 35 trabajadores del departamento de Mantenimiento Mecánico Motores, tomando en cuenta los criterios de inclusión, utilizando un cuestionario que incluyó los elementos sociolaborales y los componentes del Maslach Burnout Inventory- General Survey. Resultados: La prevalencia de síndrome de burnout obtenida al aplicar la Escala de Maslach Burnout Inventory en los trabajadores técnicos de empresa termoeléctrica es de 14% (5); con puntuaciones altas en las dimensiones de agotamiento emocional y cinismo/despersonalización y puntuaciones bajas en eficacia profesional. De los trabajadores encuestados, un 29% (10) se encuentra en riesgo moderado, pues presentan niveles altos en las dimensiones agotamiento o cinismo/despersonalización, o baja en eficacia profesional. El 43% (15) se encuentra en riesgo leve, debido a que puntuaron medio en 1 o 2 dimensiones. Conclusiones: A pesar de que la prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout definido es baja, es importante resaltar que existe un porcentaje considerablemente alto de trabajadores en riesgo de desarrollar síndrome de burnout. Además, se evidencia que los trabajadores con Síndrome de Burnout oscilan entre los 20 y los 39 años, siendo la población más joven afectada por el síndrome de burnout. Palabras clave: Síndrome de burnout, síndrome de quemado, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General survey, Personal Técnico, empresa termoeléctrica, MBI-GS

Deterioro Conductual Leve (MBI), Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (MCI) y desarrollo de la demencia: implicancias diagnósticas y clínicas / Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and development of dementia: diagnostic and clinical implications

Tanto el Deterioro Conductual Leve (MBI) y el Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (MCI) han sido identificados como estados o fases predemenciales. Estas entidades constituyen factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de las demencias y en muchos casos, una manifestación temprana de las mismas. En este contexto, los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos que caracterizan al MBI no solo podrían presentarse concurrentemente con el MCI, sino también antes de su aparición o incluso sin que este se llegara a presentar. Esta aparición selectiva del MBI sigue representando un gran desafío en términos de la comprensión de su etiología y el sustrato neurobiológico que podría compartir con el MCI. En este artículo se presentan las características centrales del MBI, los criterios que se emplean para su diagnóstico, las relaciones que guarda con el MCI y sus posibles biomarcadores, para discutir algunos aspectos relacionados con su diagnóstico clínico

Universalidad del constructo del Maslach Burnout Inventory en un contexto latinoamericano / Universality of the construct Maslach Burnout Inventory in a Latin American context

Resumen El uso universal del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), y sus versiones, ha creado un marco de inferencias polémicas sobre el cimiento anglosajón del MBI. El estudio analiza la universalidad del constructo de burnout del MBI en un contexto latinoamericano, examinando su validez, mediante análisis factorial exploratorio, confirmatorio y de fiabilidad. Un total de 505 docentes nicaragüenses participaron en el estudio. El 41% de los ítems no superaron las cargas factoriales. El mayor cuestionamiento acopia las inferencias de las dimensiones Despersonalización y Realización personal, apuntando a la probable falta de correspondencia cultural del constructo. El Agotamiento emocional resultó consistente y con la fiabilidad aceptable. El modelo del análisis factorial confirmatorio con el mejor ajuste mostró que el burnout puede ser interpretado como parte de una sola variable latente. Se concluyó que el constructo del MBI, tal como se plantea, no muestra suficiente peso para asumir su universalidad entre culturas heterogéneas. Las inconsistencias encontradas en la Despersonalización y la Realización personal dan indicios que se trata de un fenómeno específico ligado a contextos culturales determinados.

Abstract The universal use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and its versions has created a framework of controversial inferences about the MBI's Anglo-Saxon foundation. The study analyzes the universality of the MBI burnout construct in a Latin American context, examining its validity, through exploratory, confirmatory factor analysis plus reliability; 505 Nicaraguan teachers participated in the study; 41% of the items did not surpass the factorial loads. The major inquiring points out to the inferences of the Depersonalization and Emotional exhaustion was consistent and with acceptable reliability. The model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis with the best fit showed that burnout can be interpreted as part of a single latent variable. It was concluded that the MBI construct, as proposed, does not show enough weight to assume its universality among heterogeneous cultures. The inconsistencies found in Depersonalization and Personal Realization give indications that it is a specific phenomenon linked to particular cultural contexts.

Effect of Acupuncture at Huatuo Jiaji Points plus Virtual Balancing Game on Balance Function in Stroke Patients / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points plus virtual balancing game on balance function in stroke patients.Methods Fifty patients with poststroke balance dysfunction were randomly allocated: 25 cases to the treatment group and 25 cases to the control groups. The treatment group received acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points plus virtual balancing game-based rehabilitation training and the control group, virtual balancing game-based rehabilitation training alone. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score, the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) score, the COP offset distance indices (EO2, EC2, EOTS and EO1) and the modified Barthel Index (MBI) score were recorded in the two groups before and after treatment.Results There were statistically significant pre-/post-treatment differences in the BBS score, the TUGT score, the COP offset distance indices and the MBI score in the two groups of patients (P<0.05). There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in the BBS score, the TUGT score, the COP offset distance indices and the MBI score between the treatment and control groups (P<0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture at Huatuo jiaji points plus virtual balancing game is an effective way to treat poststroke balance dysfunction.

Clinical Study on Acupuncture plus Medication and Kinesiotherapy for Cerebral Stroke / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus medication and kinesiotherapy in treating cerebral stroke.Method A total of 126 patients with cerebral stroke were randomized into a treatment group of 42 cases, control group 1 of 40 cases and control group 2 of 44 cases. The treatment group was intervened by acupuncture, Chinese medication plus kinesiotherapy, control group 1 by acupuncture alone and control group 2 by kinesiotherapy alone. Before the intervention and respectively after 2-week and 4-week treatment, the three groups were observed by adopting the modified Barthel Index (MBI) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), as well as the Activities of Daily Living (ADL).Result After the treatment, the MBI score, FMA score and ADL grading were significantly changed in the three groups (P<0.01). After 4-week treatment, the MBI score in the treatment group was significantly different from that in control group 2 (P<0.05). After 4-week treatment, the FMA score and ADL grading in the treatment group were significantly different from those in both control group 1 and 2 (P<0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture plus medication and kinesiotherapy is an effective approach in treating cerebral stroke and it can improve the ADL.

Effects of Spleen-warming and Kidney-tonifying Therapy on TLR4 Signaling Pathway of Cerebral Infarction Sequelae Patients / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To observe the effect of spleen-warming and kidney-tonifying therapy on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway of cerebral infarction sequelae patients. Methods A total of 60 cerebral infarction sequelae patients with spleen and kidney(yang) deficiency were divided into control group and treatment group, 30 cases in each group. The two groups were given function rehabilitation training following by the theory of modern rehabilitation medicine, and additionally the treatment group was treated with spleen-warming and kidney-tonifying herbs orally. The treatment period for the two groups averaged 3 months. Before and after treatment, the scores of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms and signs, peripheral blood TLR4 mRNA expression level, and the inflammation-related factors in the two groups were observed, and the observation parameters were compared with 30 healthy volunteers. Meanwhile, the changes of modern rehabilitation evaluation indexes were also evaluated before and after treatment. Results (1) After treatment, the Fugl-Meyer scores for motor function and Modified Barthel Index(MBI) scores for activities of daily living in the treatment group were obviously increased(P 0.05). (2) After treatment, the predominant symptoms and signs of hemiplegia, facial distortion and dysphasia in the two groups were much improved(P 0.05 compared with those before treatment); the treatment group had obvious effect on the above symptoms and signs, and the effect was superior to that in the control group(P 0.05), and TNF-α level in the control group was decreased but did not arrive to the normal level(P < 0.05); levels of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6 and TLR4 mRNA in the two groups were decreased but did not arrive to the normal(P < 0.01), and the decrease in the treatment group was superior to that in the control group(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (4) During the treatment period, no obvious adverse effect was found in the two groups. Conclusion Oral use of spleen -warming and kidney –tonifying Chinese medicine combined with modern rehabilitation therapy is effective for the treatment of the sequelae of cerebral infarction patients by relieving the clinical TCM symptoms, and one of the therapeutic mechanisms is probably related with the TLR4 signaling pathway through regulating the expression of inflammatory factors.

Investigation on Job Burnout in Doctors of Oral Health in Hainan Province / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective In order to find out the properly corresponding solutions of stomatology doctors' profession exhaustion,we investigated and analyzed the current situations and the influential factors.The solutions would help stomatology doctors improve the working efficiency and the enthusiasm to job.Methods The survey was conducted using MBI-GS questionnaire.Results Among all the participants 52％ had a certain degree of emotional exhaustion,58％ had emotional exhaustion,61％ were cynic and had doubts about personal accomplishments.Females were even worse than the male in emotional exhaustion.Significant correlation was found between wage satisfaction and oral health care provider's emotions (P＜0.05) No significant relationship was seen between the marital status and different nature of the unit,and the score was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).No obvious difference wss observed in different professional titles.Concltsion In Hainan Area,the stomatology doctors have partly job burnout,according to these surveys,we now taking diversified and adjusted measures to make corrections and prevent the job burnout.

Valoración de las Subescalas de Maslach Burnout Inventory en Personal de Enfermería

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout y su relación con factores sociodemográficos y laborales en personal de enfermería del Servicio de Clínica Médica del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (IPS) entre noviembre del 2010 a enero del 2011. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal y para la medición del síndrome de Burnout se utilizó el Maslach Burnout Inventory. Participaron 106 personas con una edad media ± DE de 31 ± 7 años. Los valores promedios ± desvío estándar obtenidos en las distintas subescalas del MBI fueron en cansancio emocional 25,9 ± 13,6; despersonalización 10,8 ± 7,4; y realización personal 34,0 ± 9,1. La prevalencia del síndrome de Burnout fue del 18,9%, que estuvo asociado a mayor edad y a mayor número de pacientes que atiende. Se recomienda implementar estrategias de prevención del Burnout para un mejor desempeño del personal de enfermería del IPS.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome and its relationship to work and socio-demographic factors in the nursing personnel of general medicine area at the Central Hospital of the Social Security Institute. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using the Maslach Burnout Inventory to determine the presence of burnout. A total of 106 individuals participated in the study with a mean age ± SD of 31 ± 7 years. The mean values ± standard deviation for the MBI subscales were as follows: 25.9 ± 13.6 for emotional exhaustion, 10.8 ± 7.4 for depersonalization, and 34.0 ± 9.1 for personal accomplishment. The prevalence of burnout syndrome was 18.9%, which was associated with age older than 30 years and higher number of patients under their care. Implementation of burnout prevention strategies for better performance of nursing staff of IPS is recommended.

Functional Status of Post Stroke Survivors

Globally, stroke is the commonest cause of long-term disability. The residual disabilities among post stroke patients affect their daily living activities. The aim of rehabilitation therapy is to help stroke survivors to gain back their functional ability. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between post stroke duration with functionality status of post-stroke survivals at a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur. A cross-sectional study involved one hundred nine five post stroke patients who attended the Rehabilitation Clinic over a 4-month period. The data on post stroke duration was reveale from patient’s cleckship. Their functional status was assessed with Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Results showed the mean age of participants was 61 years (SD=13.86, range:22-87 years), with 118 males and 81 females having a median duration of 12 months post-stroke (range: 1–79 months). The prevalence 123 (63.1%) of stroke survivors are found to be dependent in their daily living activity. A Chi-square test for independence indicated there was significant relationship between post-stroke duration with levels of functioning, χ2 (2 , n=195) = 6.455, p<0.05,phi = 0.182. Patients in post-stroke duration of 13-24 months were independent (52.1) than ≤ 12 months and ≥ 24 months.

Clinical Study on Ginger-partitioned Moxibustion in Improving Blood Flow Velocity in Lower Limbs of Post-stroke Patients / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of ginger-partitioned moxibustion in improving blood flow velocity in lower limbs of post-stroke patients.Methods Ninety post-stroke patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 45 in each group. The treatment group was intervened by ginger-partitioned moxibustion, while the control group was by conventional acupuncture. Before and after intervention, the blood flow velocity in lower limbs, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) were evaluated.Results After 4-week treatment, the maximum blood flow velocity (Vmax) was significantly changed in the treatment group (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in comparing the Vmax between the two groups after intervention (P<0.05); the NIHSS and MBI scores were significantly changed after intervention in the treatment group (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in comparing MBI score between the two groups after intervention (P<0.05).Conclusions Ginger-partitioned moxibustion can accelerate the blood flow velocity in lower limbs of the post-stroke patients, improve blood circulation and the activities of life.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial y burnout en población económicamente activa de Lima, Perú / Psychosocial risk factors and burnout in economically active population of lima, Peru

El estudio de los factores de riesgo psicosocial recobra mayor relevancia ante las dinámicas impuestas por las economías globalizadas que generan entornos competitivos, aumentando las exigencias físicas, psicológicas y sociales de los trabajadores, quienes manifiestan diversas respuestas como el estrés laboral crónico también conocido como burnout o Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (SQT). El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia del burnout y su relación con la presencia de factores de riesgo psicosocial laborales, percibidos como negativos en trabajadores de la Población Económicamente Activa (PEA) de Lima, Perú. Se encuestaron 339 trabajadores con la aplicación del Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS)¹, instrumento en su nueva versión, y la escala de Factores Psicosociales en el Trabajo², encontrándose prevalencia de burnout muy alto en la dimensión desgaste emocional o agotamiento (6,22%), asociado con 4 diferentes factores de riesgo psicosocial. El mayor factor de riesgo lo representan las exigencias laborales (p<0,004) y (OR= 6,979) con la dimensión cinismo de burnout; lo anterior deja de manifiesto que ante las exigencias laborales, los trabajadores expresan actitudes cínicas como mecanismo de defensa, por lo que se concluye que la prevalencia del burnout se relaciona significativamente con los factores de riesgo psicosocial, de ahí que las organizaciones deben prestar especial atención en estos factores.

The study of psychosocial risk factors regains more relevance to the dynamics imposed by globalized economies that generate competitive environments, increasing the physical, psychological and social needs of workers who manifest different answers as chronic job stress also known as Burnout or Syndrome of burning for Work (SQT). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout and its relationship with the presence of occupational psychosocial risk factors, perceived as negative in workers of the Economically Active Population (EAP) in Lima, Peru. 339 workers were surveyed with the implementation of Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS)¹, instrument in its new version, and the scale of Psychosocial Factors in Work², finding high prevalence of burnout in the dimension emotional exhaustion (6,22% ), associated with 4 different psychosocial risk factors, the biggest risk factor is represented by work demands (p <0,004) and (OR = 6,979) with the cynicism of burnout dimension, the previous makes it clear that with work demands, workers expressed cynicism as a defense mechanism, so it is concluded that the prevalence of burnout was significantly related to psychosocial risk factors, hence that organizations should pay special attention to these factors.

Síndrome de burnout en población mexicana: Una revisión sistemática / Burnout Syndrome in Mexican population: A systematic review

El creciente número de publicaciones que abordan el tema del síndrome de burnout sugieren que se trata de la afección psicológica-laboral más investigada en las últimas décadas. Resulta importante valorar el estado del arte de este fenómeno y ubicar en su justa medida la dimensión problemática que ha alcanzado. Por ello, el objetivo general de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica para caracterizar la investigación sobre el síndrome de burnout en México. Método Se realizó una búsqueda en 12 bases de datos considerando las que incluyen revistas latinoamericanas. Se examinaron todos los artículos existentes hasta el mes de julio de 2012 y se definieron cinco criterios que aseguraran la comparabilidad entre los estudios. Se realizaron metaanálisis en los promedios de las dimensiones de burnout y los alfas de Cronbach reportados. Resultados Sesenta y cuatro estudios fueron seleccionados (n=13 801 empleados), los que en su mayoría se concentran en profesionales de la salud y poco más de la mitad en el Estado de Jalisco y el Distrito Federal. La revisión metodológica evidenció que más de 90% de dichos estudios son de diseño observacional-transversal y la mayoría con niveles de análisis que pueden ser vulnerables al efecto de variables confusoras. Destaca el hallazgo de la gran heterogeneidad existente en criterios para determinar la prevalencia. Los metaanálisis en 14 estudios seleccionados arrojaron valores promedio de "una vez al mes o menos" en la escala de frecuencia de síntomas de burnout. Discusión El balance general de la presente revisión muestra que la investigación del burnout en nuestro país tiene aún áreas de oportunidad. Es necesario ampliar el abanico de ocupaciones y regiones, así como mejorar los diseños de investigación, de análisis de información y asegurarse de las propiedades psicométricas de escalas utilizadas en su evaluación. Se sugieren recomendaciones para investigación futura.

The growing number of publications on the subject of burnout syndrome suggests this is the most widely researched psychological work-related outcome in the last decades. It is important to review the state of art in this phenomenon and to examine the challenging dimension that it has reached. The general objective of this paper was to carry out a systematic review of the published literature in order to characterize burnout research in Mexico. Methods A manual search was carried out in 12 databases including Spanish or Latin American journals. All the existent articles up to July 2012 were taken into account and five criteria were defined so as to assure the comparability among the studies. Meta-analyses were estimated with the averages of the burnout dimensions and the Cronbach alpha coefficients reported. Results Sixty-four studies were selected (n=13 801 employees); most of them were from health professionals and more than half were collected in Jalisco and Distrito Federal. The methodological analyses revealed that more than 90% of the studies were observational/cross-sectional designs, and most with data analyses that are vulnerable to the effect of confounding variables. A remarkable finding was the huge heterogeneity in the criteria used to determine the prevalence of burnout. The meta-analyses in 14 selected studies showed average burnout symptoms values of "once a month or less" within the frequency scale. Discussion The general balance of this review shows that the research on burnout in Mexico still has areas of opportunity. It is necessary to broaden the range of occupations and regions to improve the methodological designs and the information analyses, and to ensure the used scales have good psychometric properties. Some recommendations for future research are offered.

Validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) en profesionales chilenos / Factorial Validity of Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) in Chilean Professionals

Este estudio explora la validez factorial de una adaptación al castellano del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) en una muestra de 957 profesionales de servicios chilenos de diferentes unidades laborales. Se investigó la fiabilidad del MBI y su estructura factorial. Tanto los análisis factoriales exploratorios como los confirmatorios indican que el modelo original de tres factores del MBI muestra un buen ajuste a los datos, al igual que el valor del error de aproximación cuadrático medio (RMSEA, por sus siglas en inglés), aunque los ítems 12, 13, 14, 20 y 21 presentaron un comportamiento inadecuado en la matriz factorial resultante, por lo que se eliminaron. La consistencia interna de las dimensiones del inventario fue aceptable, aunque Despersonalización fue relativamente baja. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, el cuestionario se puede considerar válido y fiable en la versión adaptada al español.

The present study tested the factorial validity of an adjustment to the Spanish language of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a sample of 957 professionals of Chilean services of different labour units. The reliability and factor structure of the MBI were investigated. Exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis indicated that the original three-factor model of the MBI fit well with both the data and the Root Mean Standar Error of Aproximation (RMSEA) value, although the items 12, 13, 14, 20 and 21 presented an inadequate behavior in the original factorial resultant, so they were eliminated. The internal consistency of the dimensions of the inventory was acceptable, although the Depersonalization subscale was relatively low. So far, the results obtained show that the questionnaire appears to be valid and reliable in the version adapted to the Spanish language.

Evidencia de validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory y estudio de los niveles de burnout en profesionales sanitarios / Evidence for factorial validity of Maslach Burnout Inventory and burnout levels among health workers

En el presente trabajo se quieren conocer los niveles de burnout y variables relacionadas con el síndrome en un grupo de profesionales sanitarios. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron la obtención de evidencias de validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory, la estimación de la prevalencia y la identificación de factores de riesgo de burnout en un grupo de profesionales sanitarios. Se realizó un estudio transversal, cuantitativo y exploratorio. Los datos corresponden a una muestra de 435 profesionales que incluye auxiliares, enfermeros y médicos. Los resultados obtenidos indican un adecuado ajuste en la estructura trifactorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory; asimismo, se ha obtenido que la categoría profesional, edad y tipo de dedicación son factores de riesgo de padecimiento de burnout. Por otra parte, se obtiene que los enfermeros presentaban niveles de burnout más altos que el resto de grupos profesionales considerados. Lo anterior sugiere que los factores indicados deben ser tenidos en cuenta en la implantación de programas encaminados a la prevención del desarrollo del síndrome.

In this research we studied the levels and the associated variables with the burnout syndrome in health professionals. This research aimed to obtain evidences of factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), to estimate the prevalence of burnout, and to identify the risk factors for this syndrome among health professionals. A cross-sectional, quantitative, and exploratory study was conducted for this purpose. The sample consisted of 435 professionals including assistants, nurses and doctors. The results indicated proper adjustment in the tri-factorial structure of the MBI. It was also found that professional category, age and type of dedication, are risk factors for suffering from burnout. On the other hand, the results showed that nurses had higher burnout levels than the rest of the professional groups studied. The foregoing suggests that the above risk factors should be taken into account when implementing programs to prevent development of the syndrome.

Association between ABCB1 Polymorphisms and Ischemic Stroke in Korean Population

Neuronal expression of ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1 (ABCB1) has been demonstrated after brain ischemia. To investigate whether ABCB1 polymorphisms are associated with the development, risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus), severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS), and sequelae (Modified Barthel Index, MBI) of ischemic stroke (IS), four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ABCB1 gene [rs4148727, promoter, -154T>C; rs3213619, 5'-untranslation region (5'UTR), -129T>C); rs1128503, synonymous, Gly412 (C>T); rs3842, 3'UTR, A>G] were analyzed in 121 IS patients and 291 control subjects. SNPStats and SPSS 18.0 were used to obtain odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p values. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant1, codominant2, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models) were applied to analyze the genetic data. The rs3842 SNP was weakly associated with the development of IS (p=0.020 in codominant1 model and p=0.028 in dominant model). In the analysis of clinical phenotypes, ABCB1 polymorphisms were nominally associated with hypertension (rs3213619 and rs3842, p<0.05), dyslipidemia (rs1128503, p<0.05), diabetes (rs3842, p<0.05), and NIHSS (rs4148727, p<0.05). Interestingly, rs3842 showed statistically strong association between IS with hypertension and IS without hypertension (Fisher's exact p=0.003, OR=0.11, 95% CI=0.03-0.51 in recessive model). These results suggest that the ABCB1 gene may be associated with the development and clinical phenotypes of IS in Korean population.

Validez factorial del Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) en profesionales chilenos / Factorial validity of Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services (MBI-HSS) on Chilean professionals

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez factorial y la consistencia interna de las subescalas del “MBI-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). La muestra la formaron 957 profesionales de servicios chilenos de diferentes unidades laborales. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis factorial, con el método de Componentes principales y rotación Varimax. En el análisis factorial exploratorio se evidenció la extracción de tres factores. Los ítems de Agotamiento emocional se agruparon en el Factor I, los ítems de Realización personal en el trabajo cargaron en el Factor II y los ítems de Despersonalización en el Factor III. Los resultados presentaron una estructura factorial consistente con la estructura original. Sin embargo, dos ítems cargaron al igual que en sus respectivas dimensiones (determinadas originalmente por el instrumento), en otros factores anexos, con menores cargas factoriales (ítem 13 e ítem 12), y el ítem 14 no satura en el factor esperado (Agotamiento emocional), presentando una carga factorial de 0,57 en Despersonalización. Se concluye que los resultados del estudio apoyan la validez factorial del MBI-HSS, y la consistencia interna adecuada de sus dimensiones, por lo que es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (SQT) (burnout en denominación anglosajona) en profesionales de servicios humanos chilenos.

The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity and internal consistency of the subscales of “MBI Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)”. The sample was formed by 957 professionals of Chilean services from different labour units. The information was analyzed by means of factorial analysis, using the method of principal Components and Varimax rotation. Exploratory factorial analysis revealed the three factors extraction. Items of Emotional Exhaustion were grouped in Factor I, items of Personal Accomplishment at work loaded in Factor II, and items of Depersonalisation in the Factor III. The results showed a factorial structure consistent with the original one. Nevertheless, two items were loaded as in their respective dimensions (originally determined by the instrument), in other attached factors, with less factorials loads (item 13 and item 12), and the items 14 does not saturate in the expected factor (Emotional Exhaustion), presenting a factorial load of 0,57 in Depersonalisation. We conclude that the study results support the factorial validity of the MBI-HSS, and the internal suitable consistency of their dimensions, making it a suitable instrument to evaluate the Syndrome of Burning for the Work (SQT) (burnout in Anglo-Saxon denomination) in professionals of human Chilean services.

Adaptación y validación del Inventario Maslach para el Desgaste Profesional-encuesta para los Servicios de Salud en Cali, Colombia / Adaptation and validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey in Cali, Colombia

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer las propiedades psicométricas de fiabilidad y validez del®Inventario Maslach para el Desgaste Profesional-Encuesta para los Servicios de Salud¼ (Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS).Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción-retrotraducción del instrumento original, adaptación del instrumento,traducción y adaptación del manual de aplicación, estudio piloto y aplicación de la versión adaptada del instrumento a 314profesionales de la salud de Cali, de acuerdo con los lineamientos de la Comisión Internacional de Test (ITC). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la escala poseeuna buena consistencia interna (α=0.767). Sin embargo,la dimensión ®despersonalización¼ tiene la menor consistenciainterna (α=0.518). En relación con la validez, al compararla estructura factorial de la escala adaptada con la versiónoriginal, se identificó que las dimensiones de la versiónvalidada coinciden en buena medida con las de la versiónoriginal; en la dimensión cansancio emocional se excluye elpunto 6 que hará parte de la dimensión despersonalización yse eliminan los puntos 15 y 21 por su poca capacidaddiscriminativa.Conclusión: Es necesario superar los problemas de estabilidadde la subescala de despersonalización para el MBIHSSen profesionales de la salud, así como reformular lasopciones de respuesta para que sean más comprensibles paralos profesionales en el contexto de Colombia.

Burnout em profissionais que trabalham no atendimento a vítimas de violência / Burnout in professionals who work in caring for victims of violence

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais que atendem vítimas de violência em instituições. Também procurou identificar associações das dimensões de burnout com variáveis demográficas, laborais e psicossociais. Foi utilizado como instrumento de pesquisa o MBI - Maslach Burnout Inventory e um questionário elaborado especificamente para este estudo para as demais variáveis. A amostra de conveniência foi constituída de 30 profissionais que atendem diretamente vítimas de violência. Resultados obtidos através da prova t de student, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson revelam que as dimensões de burnout se associaram à carga horária desenvolvida, ao tempo de experiência na função e no local, ao pensamento de desistir da profissão, a satisfação percebida no trabalho e a percepção de que a profissão é estressante.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the Burnout Syndrome in professionals who work in caring for victims of violence. It also tried to identify associations of burnout dimensions with demographic, professional and psychosocial variables. The MBI- Maslach Burnout Inventory and a questionnaire specially designed for this study and other variables were used as a research tool. The sample was made up of 30 professionals and a protection foundation. Results obtained through the test of t de student, ANOVA and the correlation of Pearson reveal that the burnout dimension is associated with the amount of hours spent, the experience in the position and in the place, the thoughts of giving up the profession, job satisfaction, and the perception of how stressful the profession is.

Síndrome de Burnout em funcionários de uma fundação de proteção e assistência social / Burnout Syndrome in employees of a foundation for the protection and welfare

Burnout é um fenômeno psicossocial resultante da tensão emocional crônica, vivenciada pelos profissionais cujo trabalho abrange o relacionamento intenso e frequente com pessoas que necessitam de cuidado e (ou) assistência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre as dimensões de Burnout e variáveis demográficas, laborais, psicossociais e sintomas de estresse em funcionários que atuam em abrigos e casas de atendimento de uma Fundação de Proteção e Assistência Social. Foram utilizados, como instrumentos de pesquisa, o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) e um questionário para o levantamento das demais variáveis. A amostra foi constituída de 73 funcionários de uma Fundação de Proteção e Assistência Social. Os resultados apresentam um perfil de risco caracterizado por trabalhadores jovens, com filhos, que trabalham também em outro local, insatisfeitos com seu trabalho, salário, higiene local, possibilidade de promoção e participação e que percebem como fatores de estresse aspectos intrínsecos de seu trabalho, carga horária, escala, tipo de público a que atende, relação com superior e colegas, que têm de conciliar trabalho e família. Todos os sintomas de estresse foram relacionados às dimensões da síndrome. Sugestões para futuros estudos finalizam o artigo.

Burnout is a psychological phenomenon resulting from chronic emotional stress, experienced by professionals in the work that covers the frequent and intense relationship with people in need of care and / or assistance. This study aimed to evaluate the Burnout Syndrome on employees who work in shelters and homes to care for a Foundation for the Protection and Welfare. It also sought to identify associations of the dimensions of burnout with demographic variables, employment, psychosocial and symptoms of stress. Were used as instruments to search the MBI - Maslach Burnout Inventory and a questionnaire for the lifting of other variables. The sample consisted of 73 employees of a Foundation for the Protection and Welfare.The results obtained revealed a risk profile characterized by yourger workers, who have children, work in another institution, dissatisfied with his tasks, remuneration, hygiene in the workplace, promotion opportunities and that perceive as stress intrinsic factors of their work, workload, working hours, type of client, relationship with supervisor and co-workers, and to harmonize work and family. All symptoms of stress were related to the dimensions of the syndrome. Suggestions on further studies finish the job.