Consideration of the relationship between menstrual pain, menstruation accompanying symptoms and personality / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objectives] Psychological factors are mentioned as one of the causes of menstrual pain and menstruation-associated symptoms. In this study, the relationship between menstrual pain, menstruation-associated symptoms, and personality was examined. [Methods] We targeted women who were menstruating and had provided informed consent. A questionnaire was conducted to obtain information on age, height, weight, degree of menstrual pain, menstruation-associated symptoms, and new personality inventory. Correlation analysis of Spearman was conducted on the relationship between menstrual pain, menstruation-associated symptoms, and personality.[Results] We distributed questionnaires to 250 persons and obtained responses from 166 persons. "Anxiety" correlated with menstrual pain and multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms, "depression" correlated with multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms. In addition, "aggression," "inferiority complex," and "non-cooperativeness" correlated with negative emotional factors of menstruation-associated symptoms.[Discussion] For "anxiety" and "depression," it was speculated that the symptoms became stronger due to poor circulation and serotonin deficiency during menstruation. In addition, the depressive aspects of "aggression," "non-cooperativeness," and "inferiority complex" were also considered to have an influence on negative emotional factors of menstruation-associated symptoms.[Conclusions] "Anxiety" correlated with menstrual pain and multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms, and "depression" correlated with multiple factors of menstruation-associated symptoms.

Postpartum depression: bipolar or unipolar? Analysis of 434 Polish postpartum women

Objective: To assess the prevalence of soft bipolar features in a sample of women with postpartum depressive symptoms, as well as to compare the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of subjects with bipolar or unipolar postpartum depressive symptomatology. Methods: Four hundred and thirty-four participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), while the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) was used to screen for bipolarity features. Results: Of the 434 participants, 66 (15.2%) scored ≥ 13 points on the EPDS, thus fulfilling the screening criteria, and 103 scored ≥ 7 points on the MDQ. In comparison with non-depressed subjects, the women who scored positively on the EPDS were significantly more likely to exhibit symptoms of bipolar spectrum disorders (38 vs. 21%; chi-square test, p = 0.015). Women with bipolar PPD symptomatology were significantly younger than those exhibiting unipolar PPD symptoms (31.0±4.8 years vs. 28.5±4.1 years; t-test, p = 0.03). The groups did not differ in terms of obstetric characteristics. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that patients with PPD symptomatology may be more likely to exhibit soft bipolarity features as compared with non-depressed women.

A randomised controlled trial of exercise and hot water bottle in the management of dysmenorrhoea in school girls of Chandigarh, India.

Objectives : To estimate the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among school girls and to compare the impact of exercise and hot water bottle on the occurrence and severity of primary dysmenorrhoea among the study population. Material and methods : A cross sectional study was done to estimate the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in two schools of Chandigarh, India. For the Randomised Controlled Trial, group randomisation of the two schools was done into 2 intervention groups (exercise & hot water bottle groups). 53 girls in school 1 and 75 girls in school 2 participated in the intervention. Comparison of baseline Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) scores & Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VASP) scores were done with 1st, 2nd & 3rd month post intervention scores using mean, standard deviation, t-test. Results : Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea was 60.7%. Median age of the school girls was 14 years. The mean VASP score decreased from 5.75 to 2.96 (P<0.0001) and from 5.16 to 2.06 (P<0.0001) at 3 months, in the exercise and hot water bottle group respectively. The mean MDQ score decreased from 14.53 to 7.85 (P<0.0001) and from 14.92 to 8.16 (P<0.0001) at 3 months, in the exercise and hot water bottle group respectively. Conclusion : Both exercise & hot water bottle can be used in dysmenorrhoeic girls in home setting to provide relief from pain and menstrual distress.

Effect of acupuncture treatment on menstrual disorders / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objective]Menstrual disorders are generic symptoms that appear during a menstrual cycle. In this study we examined three years of medical records retrospectively in order to investigate the effects of acupuncture treatment on menstrual disorders. We compared a group of women with diseases 'D'with to no diseases 'N'with respect to the effects of short-term acupuncture treatment.<BR>[Methodology]Subjects for this research were 203women with menstrual disorders who came to our office during the period January 2009 -March 2012. The only treatment they were given was traditional Chinese medicine. We used BL 32, BL 35, GV 2, GV 4, and SP 6 as acupuncture points. We inserted stainless steel acupuncture needles (40 mm long, 1.8 mm in diameter) to a depth of 20 mm at BL 32 and 10 mm at SP 6. Other points were treated three times with kyubu-moxibution (burnt 90%). Treatment was provided once every 1-2 weeks. A Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) was used to judge treatment effectiveness. We classified the 203women into two groups;one was 'D'group (n = 46) and the other was 'N'group (n = 157). Concerning the eight items from the MDQ we compared each woman's condition before the first treatment after one menstrual cycle. This time we paid attention to premenstrual and menstrual periods. 'D'group was observed through three menstrual cycles.<BR>[Results]The average number of treatments during one menstrual cycle was 2.2. Both groups had reduced scores for 6 prementstrual symptoms (p < 0.05). During menstrual period, 'D'had reduced scores for 3items, 'N'had reduced scores for 5 items;(p < 0.05). 'D'confirmed continuous effects of treatment. The effects on premenstrual symptoms were confirmed, "Pain"during all three menstrual cycles, "Water retention"during the second and third menstrual cycles, and "Concentration"during the third menstrual cycle. The effects during the menstrual period were also confirmed, "Pain"for all three menstrual cycles, and "Water retention"and "Behavioral change"during the third menstrual period (p < 0.05).<BR>[Discussion]Concerning the effects of acupuncture treatment for menstrual disorders, 'D'had higher MDQ scores than 'N'. After one menstrual cycle, 'D'showed less improvement of MDQ items than 'N'. But continuous acupuncture treatments reduced menstrual disorder symptoms for 'D'.<BR>[Conclusion]We have confirmed the effects of acupuncture treatment on menstrual cycle symptoms. In one menstrual cycle, 'N'showed more improvement than 'D'. But during three menstrual cycles 'N'experienced continuous effects of treatment.

The Association Study between Mood Disorder Questionnaire and Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in Major Depressive Disorder / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate the frequency of bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD) among patients who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. In addition, authors assessed the practical usefulness of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) to investigate the frequency of bipolar spectrum disorder in major depressive disorder. METHODS: The participants were 70 depressive patients who have never been diagnosed with bipolar disorders. The subjects were interviewed for diagnosis using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision criteria and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview to exclude bipolar disorders from the subjects. BSD criteria (as defined by Ghaemi, et al. 2002), and Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ) was used to investigate their bipolarity. Data were collected including family history of affective disorder, number of previous depressive episode, age of onset, history of suicide attempt, comorbid psychiatric illness, and drug and alcohol use. RESULTS: Among 70 subjects, 25 patients (35.7%) were classified as having bipolar spectrum disorder on BSD criteria, while other 45 patients (64.3%) as unipolar depression. Among the 25 patients who meet the BSD criteria, 24 patients (34.3%) scored more than 7 and only 1 patient (1.4%) scored less than 6 on K-MDQ. Among the 45 patients who don't meet BSD criteria, 40 patients (57.1%) scored less than 6 and only 5 patients (7.1%) scored more than 7 on K-MDQ. Early age of onset, recurrent depressive episode, brief depressive episode, bipolar family history, history of suicide attempt, antidepressant induced hypomania, hyperthymic temperament, atypical depressive symptom, psychotic depressive symptom, and antidepressant "wear off" were found to be highly related with MDQ positive subjects and BSD subjects among the depressive subjects. CONCLUSION: The result of this study demonstrates the high frequency of BSD in depressive patients who have never been diagnosed with bipolar disorders. Some BSD criteria can be used to differentiate BSD subjects from the subjects with major depressive disorder. Also these results indicate that K-MDQ is useful for screening of bipolar spectrum disorder.

Detección de bipolaridad y predictores asociados en pacientes con depresión unipolar tratados en el sistema público de salud / Detection of bipolary and associated predictors in patients with unipolar depression in treatment in the public health system

Objectives: to detect possible bipolarity in patients diagnosed with unipolar depression (intermittent and recurrent) who are being treated trough the public health system, by means of a survey which has been validated in our country (MDQ), to make a comparison between the groups that responded positively to the surveys criteria and those who did not, in relation to the variables associated to bipolarity in the literature. Method: 101 depressive outpatients from the Depression Programs of the Main Hospitals of Chillán and Los Angeles self administered by psychiatrist in order to ascertain the bipolarity predictor factors. The acquired information was analysed through the statistics software SPSS 12.0. The descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic and clinic variables was carried out through the summary frequency and statistics. Results: 33.7 per cent of the patients responded to he MDQ positively whit the survey being adequately validated and trusted (Cronbachs alpha 0.75). A positive relationship was found between the following and probable bipolarity: younger age during the first depressive episode, suicidal attempts background, post partum depression and drug abuse/dependency . Conclusions: according to a survey validated by our country, one third of the studied patients, who were diagnosed with unipolar depression present a probable bipolar disorder. The factors known through foreign studies are confirmed to be related to bipolarity. The correct and early detection of the Bipolar Disorder are imperative in order to perform and adequate treatment which improves the patients quality of life.

Objetivos: detectar probable bipolaridad en pacientes que hayan recibido el diagnóstico de depresión unipolar (episódica o recurrente) y que se tratan en elsistema público de salud mediante la aplicación de una encuesta validad en nuestro país (MDQ). Realizar una comparación en tre los grupos que respondieron positivamente a los criterios de la encuesta y lo que no lo hicieron, frente a variables asociadas con bipolaridad en la literatura. Método: 101 pacientes depresivos ambulatorios de los Programas de Depresión de los Hospitales base de Chillán y Los Ángeles se autoaplicaron del MDQ y se les solicitó responder un cuestionario anexo, aplicado por médico psiquiatra, para pesquisar factores predoctores de bipolaridad. Se analizó la información obtenida mediante el programa estadístico SPSS 12.0. se efectuó el análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, a través de distribución de frecuencia y estadísticos de resumen. Resultados: 33.7 por ciento de los pacientes respondió positivamente el MDQ, con una adecuada validez y confiabilidad de la encuesta (a de Cronbach 0.75). se encontró relación positiva entre menor edad del primer episodio depresivo, antecedente de intentos suicidas, depresión post parto y de abuso/dependencia de drogas con probable bipolaridad. Conclusiones: un tercio de los pacientes estudiados, diagnosticados como depresivos unipolares, presenta un probable trastorno bipolar según una encuesta validada en nuestro medio. Se confirma como relacionados correcta y precoz de trastorno bipolar para realizar un tratamiento adecuado que mejore la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Validez de la versión venezolana del cuestionario de trastornos del estado de ánimo (MDQ) para detectar al trastorno bipolar tipo II en pacientes con depresión mayor / Validation of the spanish version of the mood disorder questionnaire to detect bipolar disorder type II in patients with major depression disorder

El Cuestionario de Trastornos del Estado de Ánimo (MDQ) ha sido validado en varios países para pesquisar al trastorno bipolar tipo II (TB II). Por esta razón los autores nos propusimos determinar la validez de criterio del MDQ -versión venezolana- en pacientes con el diagnóstico previo de trastorno depresivo mayor, episodio único o recurrente. Mediante un estudio realizado en dos etapas, fueron evaluados 199 pacientes provenientes de la Consulta Externa de Psiquiatría del Hospital Vargas de Caracas, Venezuela. Inicialmente fueron sometidos a una evaluación diagnóstica guiada por la Entrevista Clínica Estructurada para los Trastornos del Eje I del DSM-IV (SCID-I) y, posteriormente, se les pidió que contestaran el MDQ con un punto de corte 7/13. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética de la institución. La mayoría de los pacientes pertenecían al sexo femenino (78,4%). La edad media de las mujeres fue de 43,94 años (DE = 12,06) y la de los hombres fue de 43,60 años (DE = 14,19). La frecuencia de falsos unipolares fue de 28,1% (23,6% trastorno bipolar tipo I y 4,5 por ciento TB II). Al asociar los resultados obtenidos mediante la SCID-I y el MDQ, se encontró una sensibilidad de 100% (95% IC: 0,66-1,00) y una especificidad de 61,1% (95% IC: 0,53-0,68) para el diagnóstico de TB II. Sobre la base de los índices de validez obtenidos, los autores concluimos que el MDQ, con un punto de corte 7/13, es un instrumento válido para detectar al TB II en una consulta de psiquiatría general venezolana.

The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is an inventory used to detect bipolar disorder type II (BD II) and it has been validated in several countries, other than Venezuela. For this reason, the authors tried to determine the criterion validity of the Venezuelan version of the MDQ in Venezuelan patients. The study was carried out in two stages at the Psychiatric Department of the Hospital Vargas of Caracas, Venezuela, which is a general teaching hospital. A group of 199 adult outpatients, who had been previously diagnosed as suffering from major depression disorder -single episode or recurrent- were evaluated. Initially, they were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Afterwards, they were asked to answer the MDQ using a cut-off point 7/13. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Hospital Vargas of Caracas. A total of 78.4% of the subjects were female. The mean age was 43.60 years for males (SD = 14.19) and 43.94 years for females (SD = 12.06). The frequency of false unipolar patients was 28.1% (23.6% bipolar disorder type I and 4.5% BD II). While comparing the results of the SCID-I and the MDQ, a sensibility of 100.0% (95% CI: 0.66-1.00) and a specificity of 61.1% (95% CI: 0.53-0.68) were found for the diagnosis of BD II. According to our results, the MDQ with a cut-off point 7/13 is a valid instrument to detect the bipolar disorder type II in Venezuelan depressed outpatients.

Effects of acupuncture treatment for menstrual pain.-Study by Ringheaded thumbtack needle- / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objective]We examined the effects of acupuncture treatment at Sanyinjiao (SP6) on menstrual pain in female students. In addition, the correlation between the effects of acupuncture treatment and the neurosis were evaluated.<BR>[Methods]Fifty-one female students were participated in this study as the subject. Acupuncture treatment using Ringheaded thumbtack needle were performed to bilateral SP6 for the three months. Non-treatment periods for three months were set in before and after acupuncture period, respectively. Patients received the Ringheaded thumbtack needle through four days in a week. The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated using the categorical scale for the severity of menstrual pain accompany with numbers of taking drugs for analgesic. To evaluate the correlation between effects of acupuncture and neurosis, the tendency of neurosis was confirmed by cornel medical index (CMI) and the perimenstrual symptoms were confirmed by menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ).<BR>[Results]Twenty-seven subjects were analyzed for evaluation in this present study. During Ringheaded thumbtack needle treatment periods (acupuncture periods), menstrual pain had reduced into 48%of subjects. The number of taking drugs for analgesic was decreased with the reduction of severity of menstrual pain during acupuncture periods (p<0.05). The correlation between the effect of acupuncture and the tendency of neurosis were observed. Acupuncture improved the menstrual pain in the subjects who belong to category I and/or II of CMI. However, no remarkable changes were observed in the III and/or IV subjects of CMI. Furthermore, the high score of fives specific pain into MDQ (shoulder pain, headache, etc) and negative feelings factor were obtained in subjects who accompany with strong menstrual pain still after acupuncture<BR>[Discussion]These findings suggest that menstrual pain was reduced by Ringheaded thumbtack needle to bilateral SP6. Additionally this result was influenced by a psychological factor and/or some kind of pain which is not only menstrual pain.

Screening of Bipolar Disorders in High School Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders among Korean high school students (individuals in late adolescence) using the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ). METHODS: Two thousand male and female participants were proportionately selected from among high school students nationwide. From November 2007 through February 2008, we conducted an epidemiological survey of, and administered the K-MDQ to, these participants, assessed their psychometric properties, and compared characteristics between K-MDQ-positive and K-MDQ-negative participants. RESULTS: The K-MDQ's internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.74. The item-total score correlations ranged from 0.35 to 0.57, and all were statistically significant (p<.001). Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed 3 factors that explained 42.6% of total variance. We found the cutoff endorsement of the K-MDQ score (7 or more in criteria 1) in 1207 students (60.4%) and found 104 (5.2%) subjects were K-MDQ-positive, meeting all 3 K-MDQ criteria. The mean K-MDQ total score was 7.2+/-2.9 and total scores of K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives were 9.9+/-1.7 and 7.0+/-2.9, respectively. K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives showed no differences in the sociodemographic variables we assessed. Endorsement of items in total subject ranged from 15.7% to 77.7%. All items except item 8 (more energy) differed significantly in endorsement between K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives. Items accounting for over 30% of the endorsement differences between K-MDQ-positives and K-MDQ-negatives were"feel so good," "so irritable," and"excessive, foolish, risky behavior." CONCLUSION: The K-MDQ was a relatively valid screening tool for Korean high school students. Per the result of the K-MDQ survey, suspected lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders for those in late adolescence (high school students) seems to be 5.2%, suggesting that systemic screening for bipolar spectrum disorder should be required for this age group.

A Validation Study of the Korean Version Mood Disorder Questionnaire(K-MDQ) / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to test the validity of the Korean version of Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ), a screening instrument for bipolar disorder. METHODS: A total of 238 subjects (126 DSM-IV bipolar outpatients and 112 controls without psychiatric history) completed the K-MDQ. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha, used to measure the internal consistency of the scale, was high (0.88). Principal component analysis with varimax rotation revealed three factors, which explained 59.5% of the variance. Individual item correlations with the total score were all statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean total score of the K-MDQ was 8.48 in bipolar disorder and 4.51 in non-clinical participants. A total K-MDQ score of 7 or more excluding further two questions was chosen as the optimal cutoff, as it provided good sensitivity (0.75) and specificity (0.69). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed adequate validity of the K-MDQ, suggesting that this instrument is useful for screening of bipolar disorder.

A Validation Study of the Korean Version Mood Disorder Questionnaire(K-MDQ) / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to test the validity of the Korean version of Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ), a screening instrument for bipolar disorder. METHODS: A total of 238 subjects (126 DSM-IV bipolar outpatients and 112 controls without psychiatric history) completed the K-MDQ. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha, used to measure the internal consistency of the scale, was high (0.88). Principal component analysis with varimax rotation revealed three factors, which explained 59.5% of the variance. Individual item correlations with the total score were all statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean total score of the K-MDQ was 8.48 in bipolar disorder and 4.51 in non-clinical participants. A total K-MDQ score of 7 or more excluding further two questions was chosen as the optimal cutoff, as it provided good sensitivity (0.75) and specificity (0.69). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed adequate validity of the K-MDQ, suggesting that this instrument is useful for screening of bipolar disorder.

Menstrual Discomfort and Dietary Habits in Adolescents / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify menstrual discomfort and dietary habits, and factors related to the menstrual discomforts. METHOD: Participants were 320 female middle school students in G city. The Menstrual Discomfort Questionaire(MDQ) and dietary habit lists were used as tools. RESULTS: Factors related to MDQ were found to be the VAS scores (r=.361, p=.002), a mount of menstrual bleeding (r=.131, p=.019), height (r=.134, p=.016), adequacy of meal time (t=7.19, p=.008), consumption of milk & milk products (F=3.20, p=.042) and, hot, salty & irritant foods (F=8.01, p=.000), eating more than 3 kinds of side-dishes with each meal (F=8.32, p=.000), and various protein foods (F=5.15, p=.006). In stepwise regression, 4 variables (VAS scores, height, hot, salty & irritant foods, more than 3 kinds of side-dishes with each meal) explained 20.3% of the variance in the total MDQ scores. CONCLUSION: Reduction of hot, salty & irritant foods and having more than 3 side-dishes with each meal would be effective in menstrual discomfort management. As well, good and, balanced dietary habits should be encouraged for early adolescent girls. To keep up with the ideal dietary habits, nutritional education & counseling should be continued. In a further study, a replication study with larger samples and more specified nutritional assessment are recommended.