ABSTRACT
<p> The roles of behavioral science in current medical education are examined in terms of its origin and the deregulation of the university establishment standards. Based on modern disease structures, the basic elements of behavioral science education are summarized from the viewpoint of human relationships that support holistic medicine. Specific examples of learning attitudes using laboratory training are also examined.</p>
ABSTRACT
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is composed of catalytic A and non-catalytic homo-pentameric B subunits and causes diarrheal disease in human and animals. In order to produce a nontoxic LT for vaccine and adjuvant development, two novel derivatives of LT were constructed by a site-directed mutagenesis of A subunit; Ser63 to Tyr63 in LTS63Y and Glu110, Glu112 were deleted in LT delta 110/112. The purified mutant LTs (mLTs) showed a similar molecular structural complex as AB5 to that of wild LT. In contrast to wild-type LT, mLTs failed to induce either elongation activity, ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, cAMP synthesis in CHO cells or fluid accumulation in mouse small intestine in vivo. Mice immunized with mLTs either intragastrically or intranasally elicited high titers of LT-specific serum and mucosal antibodies comparable to those induced by wild-type LT. These results indicate that substitution of Ser63 to Tyr63 or deletion of Glu110 and Glu112 eliminate the toxicity of LT without a change of AB5 conformation, and both mutants are immunogenic to LT itself. Therefore, both mLTs may be used to develop novel anti-diarrheal vaccines against enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Subject(s)
Female , Mice , Amino Acid Substitution , Animals , Bacterial Toxins/toxicity , Bacterial Toxins/metabolism , Bacterial Toxins/immunology , Bacterial Toxins/genetics , CHO Cells , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Enterotoxins/toxicity , Enterotoxins/metabolism , Enterotoxins/immunology , Enterotoxins/genetics , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Escherichia coli/genetics , Cricetinae , Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/blood , Ileum/metabolism , Immunity, Mucosal , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , ADP Ribose Transferases/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/toxicity , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Recombinant Proteins/chemistryABSTRACT
A mucocele-like tumor(MLT) is a spectrum lesion of the breast, which is usually associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia and mucinous carcinoma. We report here a case of MLT, with micropapillary hyperplasia.