Policía Comunitaria y Sistema de Dirección por Objetivos en la Policía Municipal de Madrid / Community police and System of Management by Objectives in the Madrid Municipal Police / Polícia Comunitária e Sistema de Administração por Objetivos na Polícia Municipal de Madrid

Resumen En el ámbito de la organización policial, fundamentalmente durante las décadas comprendidas entre los 70, 80 y 90, numerosas investigaciones criminológicas, principalmente, en Estados Unidos empezaron a cuestionar el modelo tradicional de actuación policial. Las principales críticas se centraron en aspectos relacionados con la efectividad de las estrategias policiales tradicionales, pero también en el distanciamiento existente entre policía y comunidad. En este contexto y en consonancia con el auge de las políticas neoliberales apoyadas en la Nueva Gestión Pública, las organizaciones policiales van progresivamente incorporando sistemas de gestión del rendimiento, descentralización, rendición de cuentas, dirección por objetivos, entre otros. El presente artículo toma como estudio de caso la Policía Municipal de Madrid y pone de manifiesto las contradicciones existentes entre su sistema de Dirección por Objetivos y la pretendida implantación de un modelo de Policía Comunitaria. Las dificultades y deficiencias se hacen evidentes debido a la complejidad del sistema, a la naturaleza cuantitativa de los indicadores encargados de medir la calidad del trabajo, y también al componente económico ligado al cumplimiento de dichos indicadores. Todo lo cual hace que un sistema a priori encargado de mejorar la calidad del servicio pueda llegar a ser contraproducente para la propia función policial.

Abstract In the field of the police organization, mainly during the 70s, 80s and 90s decades, numerous criminological investigations, mostly in the United States, began to question the traditional model of police action. The main criticisms were centered in aspects related with the effectiveness of the traditional police strategies, but also in the existing aloofness between police and community. In this context and in line with the rise of the neoliberal policies supported in the New Public Management, the police organizations are progressively incorporating management systems of performance, decentralization, accountability, management by objectives, among others. This article takes as case study the Madrid Municipal Police and reveals the existing contradictions between its system of Management by Objectives and the so-called implementation of a model of Community Police. The difficulties and deficiencies become evident due to the complexity of the system, to the quantitative nature of the indicators in charge of measure the work quality, and also to the economical component linked to the fulfillment of those indicators. All of this makes that a system a priori in charge of improve the quality of the service may be grow into counterproductive for the police function itself.

Resumo No âmbito da organização policial, fundamentalmente durante as décadas compreendidas entre os 70, 80 e 90, numerosas investigações criminológicas, principalmente em Estados Unidos, começaram a questionar o modelo tradicional de atuação policial. As principais críticas centraram-se em aspectos relacionados com a efetividade das estratégias policiais tradicionais, mas também no afastamento existente entre polícia e comunidade. Neste contexto e em consonância com o auge das políticas neoliberais apoiadas na Nova Gestão Pública, as organizações policiais vão progressivamente incorporando sistemas de gestão do rendimento, descentralização, rendição de contas, administração por objetivos, entre outros. O presente artigo toma como estudo de caso a Polícia Municipal de Madrid e revela as contradições existentes entre o seu sistema de Administração por Objetivos e a pretendida implantação de um modelo de Polícia Comunitária. As dificuldades e deficiências se fazem evidentes devido à complexidade do sistema, à natureza quantitativa dos indicadores encarregados de medir a qualidade do trabalho, e também ao componente económico ligado ao cumprimento de tais indicadores. Tudo isso faz que um sistema a priori encarregado de melhorar a qualidade do serviço possa chegar a ser contraproducente para a própria função policial.

Salud Cardiovascular En Población Migrante Ecuatoriana En Madrid (España). ¿Debemos Preocuparnos? / Cardiovascular Health In An Ecuadorian Migrant Population To Madrid (Spain). Should We Worry?

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La comunidad ecuatoriana es la tercera comunidad extranjera más numerosa en España. Sin embargo, es poco lo que se conoce acerca de su estado de salud cardiovascular (CV) y si los efectos de la migración han causado un detrimento en dicho estado. Métodos: Con el objetivo de conocer la salud CV en una población ecuatoriana de migrantes en Madrid, se realizó un estudio transversal no aleatorizado en el que se incluyeron personas de nacionalidad ecuatoriana, mayores de 25 años, residentes en Madrid desde hace un año o más. Se realizaron encuestas, mediante el uso de cuestionarios previamente validados, para determinar el estado de salud CV de la población, así como el grado de distress psicológico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 165 participantes (68,5% mujeres), con edad promedio de 49 años. El 86,1% de la población estudiada presentó salud cardiovascular pobre y 13,9% intermedia, sin diferencias significativas según el sexo. No hubo individuos que cumplan las 7 variables con valores ideales. Las mujeres presentaron puntuaciones más altas en el cuestionario DASS-21 en comparación a los hombres (p<0,05). Conclusión: En la población migrante ecuatoriana residente en Madrid, más del 85% presentó una salud CV pobre, y ninguno presentó una salud CV ideal. Los factores de riesgo más prevalentes en dicha población fueron pobre actividad física, sobrepeso/obesidad y malos hábitos dietéticos. Se requieren más estudios para identificar la situación real de riesgo CV de la población migrante ecuatoriana. Probablemente, a medio-largo plazo, será necesario implementar políticas de salud especialmente dirigidas a los migrantes.

ABSTRACT Background: The Ecuadorian community is the third largest foreign community in Spain. However, little is known about their cardiovascular (CV) health status and whether the effects of migration have caused a detriment in that state. Methods: With the aim of knowing the CV health in an Ecuadorian population of migrants in Madrid, a non-randomized, cross-sectional study was carried out, which included people of Ecuadorian nationality, older than 25 years, living in Madrid for a year or more. Surveys were conducted through the use of previously validated questionnaires, to determine the health status of the population, as well as the degree of neuro-physiological distress. Results: We included 165 participants (68.5% women), with an average age of 49 years. Of these, 86.1% presented poor cardiovascular health and 13.9% intermediate, without significant differences according to sex. There were no individuals that met the 7 variables consistent with and ideal CV status. Women had higher scores on the DASS-21 questionnaire compared to men (p <0.05). Conclusion: In the Ecuadorian migrant population living in Madrid, more than 85% had poor CV health, and none had an ideal CV health. Most prevalent risk factors in this population were poor physical activity, overweight/obesity and poor dietary habits. More studies are required to identify the real situation of CV risk in the Ecuadorian migrant population. Probably, in the medium-long term, it will be necessary to implement health policies especially addressed to migrants.

Evaluación psicológica del síndrome de burnout en profesores de educación primaria en la Comunidad de Madrid: comparación entre centros públicos y concertado / Psychological Assessment of Burnout Syndrome in Teachers of Primary Education in the Community of Madrid: Comparison between Public and Concerted Centers

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue explorar el estado psíquico de profesores de educación primaria de varios centros públicos y concertados de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se evaluó la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva y el síndrome de burnout, mediante la Escala HADS y el Cuestionario de Burnout del Profesorado. Los resultados indicaron que, aunque los docentes de colegios concertados reportan más sintomatología ansiosa, los profesores de colegios públicos presentan mayor presencia del síndrome de burnout en las escalas de cuestiones organizacionales, supervisión y reconocimiento. Se evidencia que los profesores de educación primaria son profesionales de alto riesgo, a pesar de que los estudios se han centrado mayoritariamente en educación secundaria.

Abstract The study objective was to explore the psychic state of Primary Education teachers of several public and concerted centers of the community of Madrid. We evaluated anxiety and depression symptoms and burnout syndrome using the HADS scale and the Burnout Questionnaire of teachers. The results indicated that, although concerted schools teachers report more symptoms anxious, teachers of public schools have a greater presence of the Burnout syndrome in the scales of organizational issues, supervision and recognition. It is evident that the primary education teachers are high-risk professionals, despite the fact that the studies have focused mainly in Secondary Education.

Prueba piloto para la elaboración perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad en el municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca) / Pilot test for the development of the health profile of disability in the Madrid Municipality (Cundinamarca) / Prova piloto para a elaboração do perfil epidemiológico de deficiência no município de Madrid (Cundinamarca)

A pesar de los esfuerzos para implementar estrategias que permitan determinar la frecuencia de discapacidad en Colombia, aún persisten problemáticas metodológicas y de recolección de la información. Lo anterior implica una necesidad creciente de implementar sistemas de vigilancia en salud pública en los que la discapacidad sea considerada como una condición de interés. En alianza con el Centro Ambulatorio Gustavo Escallón Cayzedo-Madrid Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (Cagec) y la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social del municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca), se diseñó una guía metodológica y una ficha de recolección de información para la población con discapacidad, bajo los lineamientos de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF). Objetivo: Implementar una prueba piloto que permita fijar los criterios necesarios para la definición del perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad en el municipio de Madrid, Cundinamarca. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, articulado al proyecto de investigación Identificación de los factores relacionados con la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad del municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca), que permitió establecer los criterios para el uso de la ficha epidemiológica diseñada por el grupo investigador con el fin de determinar las características del perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad en el municipio. Resultados: 57 personas con discapacidad que asistieron a los servicios de rehabilitación del Cagecy de los programas sociales de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social del municipio de Madrid, Cundinamarca, fueron vinculadas al estudio. Las variables que permiten describir el perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad incluyen la edad [promedio 39,9; desviación estándar (DE)13,9], escolaridad, empleo y estrato socioeconómico (entre 1 y 3). Conclusiones: A partir de los resultados del estudio, se evidencia la necesidad de implementar metodologías rigurosas para el registro y análisis de la información relacionada con discapacidad. La guía y el instrumento para la recolección de datos se ajustan a las consideraciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se requieren investigaciones adicionales para garantizar validez externa y representatividad desde perspectivas poblacionales.

Despite the efforts to implement strategies that allow to determine the frequency of disability in Colombia, still persists methodological issues and collection of information. The previous, involves an increasing need to implement systems of surveillance in public health in which disability is considered a condition of interest. In alliance with the Ambulatory Center Gustavo Escallón Cayzedo of the Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá and the Office of Social Development of the municipality of Madrid (Cundinamarca), a methodological guide and an index card of collection of information for the population with disability were designed, under the contours of the International Classification of the Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Objective: To implement a pilot that will defined the necessary criteria for the definition of the epidemiological profile of disability in the municipality of Madrid, Cundinamarca. Materials and methods: a descriptive study was conducted, articulated to the project of investigation identification of the factors related with the social inclusion of the people with disability of the municipality of Madrid (Cundinamarca). This study allowed to establish the criteria for the use of the index epidemiological card designed by the researcher group with the goal to determine the characteristics of the epidemiological profile of disability in the municipality. Results: 57 people with disability that assisted to the services of rehabilitation of the Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá and of the social programs of the Office of Social Development of the municipality of Madrid, Cundinamarca, were linked to the study. The variables that allow to describe the epidemiological profile of disability include: the age (average 39,9 S.D.13,9), schooling, employment and socioeconomic stratum (between 1 and 3). Conclusions: From the results of the study, it is evident the need to implement rigorous methodologies for the registration and analysis of the information related with disability. The guide and the instrument for the recollection of data is adjusted to the considerations of the World Health Organization. Further investigations are required to guarantee external validity and representativeness from populational perspectives.

A pesar dos esforços para implementar estratégias que permitam determinar a frequência de deficiência na Colômbia, ainda persistem problemáticas metodológicas e de recoleção da informação. O anterior implica uma necessidade crescente de implementar sistemas de vigilância em saúde pública nos que a deficiência seja considerada como uma condição de interesse. Em aliança com o Centro Ambulatório Gustavo Escallón Cayzedo (Madrid) Fundação Santa Fe de Bogotá (CAGEC) e a Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Social do município de Madrid (Cundinamarca), criou-se uma guia metodológica e uma ficha de recoleção de informação para a população com deficiência, sob os lineamentos da Classificação Internacional do Funcionamento da Deficiência e a Saúde (CIF). Objetivo: implementar uma prova piloto que permita definir os critérios necessários para a definição do perfil epidemiológico de deficiência no município de Madrid, Cundinamarca. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo descritivo, articulado ao projeto de pesquisa "Identificação dos fatores relacionados com a inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência do município de Madrid (Cundinamarca)", que permitiu estabelecer os critérios para o uso da ficha epidemiológica criada por o grupo pesquisador com o fim de determinar as características do perfil epidemiológico de deficiência no município. Resultados: 57 pessoas com deficiência que assistiram aos serviços de reabilitação do cagec e dos programas sociais da Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Social do município de Madrid, Cundinamarca, foram vinculadas ao estudo. As variáveis que permitem descrever o perfil epidemiológico de deficiência incluem a idade (média de 39,9 D.E.13, 9), escolaridade, emprego e estrato socioeconómico (entre 1 e 3). Conclusões: A partir dos resultados do estudo, evidencia-se a necessidade de implementar metodologias rigorosas para o registro e análise da informação relacionada com a deficiência. A guia e o instrumento para a recoleção de dados ajustam-se às considerações da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Requerem-se pesquisas adicionais para garantir validez externa e representatividade desde perspectivas populacionais.

Long-term Follow-up of Hb Madrid Patient / 임상소아혈액종양

We report a long-term follow-up of unstable hemoglobin (Hb) patient. He was diagnosed as Hb Madrid [beta115(G17)Ala-->Pro] by direct DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis. Hydroxyurea had been given for beta-chain hemoglobinopathies through activation of gamma(gamma)-chain synthesis. Nowadays he still needs transfusion three or four times per year, but he had been free of hemolytic crisis after hydroxyurea. Although he has been treated for hemochromatosis with parenteral and oral iron-chelating agents, liver cirrhosis complicated by esophageal varix was developed and treated with endoscopic ligation. In addition, he is on warfarin maintenance for anticoagulation therapy for extensive portal vein and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis which presented with abdominal pain and diagnosed by CT scan. In management of unstable Hb patients, physician should monitor and control the serum ferritin level with iron-chelating agents, and be aware of possible long-term complication including hemochromatosis, cirrhosis or thromboembolism.

Long-term Follow-up of Hb Madrid Patient / 임상소아혈액종양

We report a long-term follow-up of unstable hemoglobin (Hb) patient. He was diagnosed as Hb Madrid [beta115(G17)Ala-->Pro] by direct DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis. Hydroxyurea had been given for beta-chain hemoglobinopathies through activation of gamma(gamma)-chain synthesis. Nowadays he still needs transfusion three or four times per year, but he had been free of hemolytic crisis after hydroxyurea. Although he has been treated for hemochromatosis with parenteral and oral iron-chelating agents, liver cirrhosis complicated by esophageal varix was developed and treated with endoscopic ligation. In addition, he is on warfarin maintenance for anticoagulation therapy for extensive portal vein and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis which presented with abdominal pain and diagnosed by CT scan. In management of unstable Hb patients, physician should monitor and control the serum ferritin level with iron-chelating agents, and be aware of possible long-term complication including hemochromatosis, cirrhosis or thromboembolism.

Hydroxyurea Therapy in Hemoglobin Madrid Patients / 대한혈액학회지

Unstable hemoglobins (Hb) are variants of adult Hb that tend to precipitate and form insoluble inclusions (Heinz bodies) within red blood cells (RBC) and RBC precursors. More than 100 structurally different unstable Hb variants showing broad spectrum of manifestations from asymptomatic to severe hemolytic anemia and dyserythropoiesis have been discovered. Hydroxyurea is a potent ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and have been proposed as a new therapy for beta chain hemoglobinopathies through activation of gamma chain synthesis. We treated two patients (A : son, B : father) with highly unstable Hb diagnosed as Hb Madrid [Beta 115(G17)Ala->Pro] by direct DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis. Our patients received hydroxyurea in dosages varying from 0.75g to 1.3g daily for 89 weeks. We could not show the clinical and hematological improvements after hydroxyurea therapy in thses patients. Optimization of dosage and long term side effects of hydroxyurea should be studied further.