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ABSTRACT Introduction The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) is a multi-dimensional instrument for measuring athletic identity and has been validated in different cultural samples around the world, except in mainland China. Objective This study aimed to test the validity of the mainland Chinese version of AIMS. Methods The sample consisted of 205 athletes, including 150 student athletes and 55 retired athletes. Validation of the factor structure and internal consistency was tested by performing confirmatory factor analyses and calculating Cronbach's alpha on eight different models proposed in the literature. Results The results indicated that the 7-item 2-factor model fit best in retired athlete samples, while the 7-item 3-factor model fit best in student athlete samples, according to stringent fitting criteria. Conclusion Based on the data analysis, it is proven that the 7-item multidimensional structure of AIMS is valid for the mainland Chinese culture. Level of evidence II; Comparative study.
RESUMO Introdução A Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) é um instrumento multidimensional para medir a identidade atlética, já validada em diferentes amostras culturais do mundo, exceto na China Continental. Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo testar a validade da AIMS na versão da China Continental. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 205 atletas, incluindo 150 atletas estudantes e 55 atletas aposentados. A validação da estrutura fatorial e da coerência interna foi avaliada por análises fatoriais confirmatórias e cálculo do alfa de Cronbach em oito modelos distintos propostos na literatura.. Resultados Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de 7 itens e 2 fatores se ajusta melhor em amostras de atletas aposentados, enquanto o modelo de 7 itens e 3 fatores se ajusta melhor em amostras de atletas estudantes, de acordo com critérios de ajuste rigoroso. Conclusões Com base na análise dos dados, comprova-se que a estrutura multidimensional dos 7 itens da AIMS é válida para a cultura da China Continental. Nível de evidência II; Estudo comparativo.
RESUMEN Introducción La Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) es un instrumento multidimensional para medir la identidad atlética, ya validada en diferentes muestras culturales del mundo, excepto en China continental. Objetivo El presente estudio tiene por objetivo testear la validez de la AIMS en la versión de China Continental. Métodos La muestra fue compuesta por 205 atletas, incluyendo a 150 atletas estudiantes y a 55 atletas jubilados. La validación de la estructura factorial y de la coherencia interna fue evaluada por análisis factoriales confirmatorios y cálculo del alfa de Cronbach en ocho modelos distintos propuestos en la literatura. Resultados Los resultados indicaron que el modelo de 7 ítems y 2 factores se ajusta mejor en muestras de atletas jubilados, mientras que el modelo de 7 ítems y 3 factores se ajusta mejor en muestras de atletas estudiantes, de acuerdo con criterios de ajuste riguroso. Conclusiones Con base en el análisis de los datos, se comprueba que la estructura multidimensional de los 7 ítems de la AIMS es válida para la cultura de China Continental. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio Comparativo.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Social Identification , Athletes , China , Reproducibility of Results , Cultural CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Las poblaciones insulares frecuentemente difieren de las continentales, en morfológica y comportamiento. Consecuentemente, utilizar características externas puede dificultar la identificación taxonómica de especies en las islas. En el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, particularmente, ha existido controversia sobre la identidad de varias especies de murciélagos residentes. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la identidad taxonómica de la población de Saccopteryx de esta isla, que tiene la particularidad de tener actividad diurna. Evaluamos las diferencias entre las poblaciones mediante morfometría (tradicional y geométrica) y llamados de ecolocalización. Además, debido a que las especies difieren en su sistema de apareamiento, evaluamos la conformación de los grupos en los refugios. Pese a la variación en la morfometría craneal y los llamados de ecolocalización entre las poblaciones, la población de Gorgona fue más similar a S. leptura que a S. bilineata. Las conformaciones de los grupos en los refugios sugieren un sistema monógamo como en S. leptura. Por ende, concluimos que la especie de la isla es S. leptura. Adicionalmente, la historia biogeográfica y el aislamiento geográfico de la isla sugieren que esta población puede ser diferente de sus contrapartes continentales debido al efecto fundador, deriva genética y/o adaptaciones a las condiciones ambientales locales.
Insular populations can differ from their continental counterparts since they are subject to particular pressures, biotic and abiotic, that can lead to variations in morphology and behavior; thus, the use of external characters may complicate taxonomic identification of insular populations. Even though the bat assemblage of Gorgona Island is a conservation target, there has been controversy about the taxonomic identity of bats from this Colombian National Natural Park. Specifically, our goal was to determine the taxonomic identity of the population of the sac-winged bat (genus Saccopteryx) resident in Gorgona, which have the peculiarity of having diurnal activity. Thus, we assessed differences among populations using morphometrics (traditional and geometric) and echolocation calls. Additionally, since the species of Saccopteryx involved have different mating systems, we assessed roosting association of Gorgona population as a surrogate for mating system. Despite the variation in skull morphometrics and echolocation calls among populations, Gorgona population was more similar to S. leptura than to S. bilineata. Besides, evolutionary allometry was significant, but size explained a small proportion of shape differences among populations. Finally, roosting association of Gorgona population suggests a monogamous mating system such as in S. leptura. We conclude that Saccopteryx from Gorgona corresponds to S. leptura. In addition, biogeographic history and geographic isolation of the island suggest that this population may have differentiated from their mainland counterparts through founder effect, genetic drift and/or adaptation to the local biotic and abiotic environmental conditions.
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Rehabilitation physician training is an important part of the development of rehabilitation medicine.Rehabilitation physician education in Taiwan has a complete and standardized training system,and rehabilitation physician training in mainland China is mainly achieved through standardized residency training.This article compares the differences in training processes for rehabilitation physicians in education in medical colleges and universities,residency training,and specialist training between Taiwan and mainland China.The results show that rehabilitation physician training in Taiwan is rigorous and orderly,with reasonable contents,clear objectives,strong specialty,and standardized assessment,while in mainland China,rehabilitation physicians in mainland China have insufficient training time,and there is a lack of detailed training plan and unified assessment standards.Rehabilitation physician training in mainland China needs to learn from advanced experience,further reform the training process,improve the operability of the overall education program,and perfect the training system of rehabilitation physicians.
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Objective Discussing the distribution of the biomedical top papers of China Mainland from 2012 to 2016.Methods Analyzing the quantity and growth rate of China Mainland's biomedical papers,as well as the research direction distribution,fund distribution and journal distribution of SCI papers,which based on Web of Science database and CSCD database.Results The biomedical papers of China Mainland increased year by year,particularly the SCI papers.The proportion of SCI papers rising to 55.65％ from 34.03％ during 2012-2016.The subject which has the most SCI papers is oncology,but the most CSCD papers is general internal medicine.The NSFC funded the largest number SCI papers and CSCD papers.Most scientific papers which growing faster is belong to basic medicine,but they are not outstanding.Conclusions The biomedical papers of China Mainland increased year by year,but a large number of domestic excellent papers run off.Our country and the scientific research management departments should insist the policy guidance,and strengthen the support to the domestic journals;Encouraging and guiding the medical staff to publish more high quality clinical research papers.
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Objective To predict the colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata in the Mainland China based on the past period temperature data.Methods The survival extreme high temperatures and low tem-peratures of B.glabrata eggs,young and adult B.glabrata snails and the average effective accumulated temperature of genera-tion development were determined in laboratory conditions.The temperature data in January and July from 1955 to 2010 were collected from the national meteorological monitoring sites in the southern part of China,including Chongqing,Zhejiang,Yun-nan,Sichuan,Jiangxi,Hunan,Hainan,Guizhou,Guangdong,Guangxi and Fujian provinces(11 provinces).A database of ambient temperature related to B.glabrata was established based on the Geographic Information System(GIS).The colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of B.glabrata in the southern part of China were analyzed and predicted by ArcGIS 10.1 software.Results The half lethal low temperatures of B.glabrata eggs,young and adult B.glabrata snails were 6.80,6.34℃ and 6.60℃ respectively;the half lethal high temperatures of B.glabrata eggs,young and adult B.glabrata snails were 35.99,33.59℃ and 32.20℃,respectively.The developmental threshold temperature was 7.16℃;the average effective accumu-lated temperature of generation development was(1 970.07 ± 455.10)days-degree.The GIS overlay analysis of the half lethal low and high temperatures of B.glabrata showed that the local temperature conditions in all Hainan and part regions in Yunnan,Guangxi,Guangdong and Fujian were conformed to the survival temperature of B.glabrata snails.The regions,where the aver-age effective accumulated temperature was more than the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development of B.glabrata,were Guangdong and Hainan,and part regions of other 9 provinces.The overlay analysis of GIS maps of the sur-vival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B.glabrata with the GIS map of the average effective accumulated tem-perature of generation development in 2010 showed that the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong,Guangxi,Yunnan and Fujian were potential geographical distribution regions of colonization risk of B.glabrata.The overlay analysis of GIS maps of the survival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B.glabrata with the GIS map of the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development from 1955 to 2010 showed that the potential geographical distribution re-gions of B.glabrata was expanding from the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong in 1955 to the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong,Guangxi,Yunnan and Fujian in 2010.Conclusions If B.glabrata snails were intro-duced into the Mainland China,the potential geographical distribution regions would be the whole region of Hainan and part re-gions of Guangdong,Guangxi and Yunnan.The changes of risk range and risk intensity present the trends of expanding and in-creasing from the south to the north gradually.
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To analyze and summarize the surveillance results and epidemic situation of influenza in mainland China during 2016-2017 surveillance season,we collected ILI monitoring data and influenza outbreak data download from"China Influenza Surveillance Information System"and"Public Health Emergency Information Management System"in mainland China during 2016-2017 surveillance season.The results showed that influenza activity did not appear obvious summer peak in southern provinces,and the autumn and winter flu seasons were earlier than that during last season in both southern and northern prov-inces,while the epidemic peak level was lower than 2015-2016 surveillance season.Throughout the year,influenza predomi-nant viruses throughout the country underwent the alternation of type B,A (H3N2)and H1N1,respectively.The total num-ber of outbreaks of ILI reported in the country was less than that in 2015-2016.According the surveillance,we suggested that all regions continue to attach great importance to recent influenza virus activity,pay attention to the global epidemic situation and that of our country,strengthen the analysis and use of surveillance data,trace the activity levels,mutation and resistance change of influenza virus,carry out the flu outbreak investigation and disposal work timely.
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Undergraduate education started late in rehabilitation medicine in mainland China.At present,there are some shortcomings in current undergraduate education for rehabilitation medicine in mainland China,mainly due to the shortage of teachers,the poor pertinence of professional subjects,the broad and superficial knowledge,and the lack of close connection with the necessary professional knowledge of rehabilitation technologies.The Department of Rehabilitation in Taiwan starts its undergraduate education earlier.The curriculum has been sub-professionally oriented.Its subjects are highly targeted and detailed in content.At the same time,it emphasizes forward-looking education such as "statistics".In view of this,the mainland colleges and universities should standardize the undergraduate education of rehabilitation therapies,strengthen the training of professional teachers,pay attention to the cross-mutualism of theory and practice in the teaching plan,enrich the number of professional courses,the appropriate introduction of teaching methods of scientific research,standardize the teaching management system.
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Variation in body characteristics related to lizard locomotion has been poorly studied at the intraspecific level in Anolis species. Local adaptation due to habitat heterogeneity has been reported in some island species. However, studies of mainland species are particularly scarce and suggest different patterns: high variability among highland lizards and poorly differentiated populations in one Amazonian species. We characterized inter population variation of body size and shape in the highland Andean Anolis ventrimaculatus, an endemic species from Western Colombia. A total of 15 morphometric variables were measured in specimens from the reptile collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Colombia. The study included individuals from seven different highland localities. We found size and shape sexual dimorphism, both of which varied among localities. Patterns of variation in body proportions among populations were different in both males and females, suggesting that either sexual or natural selective factors are different in each locality and between sexes. Since this species exhibits a fragmented distribution in highlands, genetic divergence may also be a causal factor of the observed variation. Ecological, behavioral, additional morphological as well as phylogenetic data, may help to understand the evolutionary processes behind the geographic patterns found in this species.
La diversificación fenotípica al interior de una especie en características de dimensiones corporales relacionadas con la locomoción de los lagartos, se ha estudiado poco en especies de Anolis. Los datos de algunas especies de isla revelan patrones distintos de variación geográfica y sugieren que la adaptación local, debida a la heterogeneidad del hábitat, ocurre a este nivel. Los estudios de especies de continente son particularmente escasos y sugieren patrones distintos: un lagarto altoandino altamente variable y poblaciones poco diferenciadas en una especie amazónica. Caracterizamos la variación inter poblacional en el tamaño y forma del cuerpo del lagarto altoandino Anolis ventrimaculatus, especie endémica del Oeste de Colombia. Encontramos variación geográfica en el dimorfismo sexual en tamaño y forma. El patrón de variación en las proporciones corporales entre poblaciones fue distinto en machos y en hembras, sugiriendo que las presiones de selección sexual o natural son diferentes en cada localidad. Dado que la especie exhibe una distribución fragmentada en alta montaña, la divergencia genética entre poblaciones puede ser otro factor causal de la variación observada. Datos ecológicos, etológicos y morfológicos adicionales, así como información filogenética puede contribuir al entendimiento de los procesos evolutivos responsables del patrón de variación geográfica encontrado en esta especie.
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Animals , Female , Male , Body Size/genetics , Genetic Variation , Lizards/anatomy & histology , Sex Characteristics , Lizards/classification , Lizards/genetics , Phenotype , Phylogeny , Somatotypes , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Background Recently,the number of randomized controlled trials on ophthalmic diseases that published in international journals from mainland China has increased gradually.There is no systematic summary in this field.Objective To systematically search and analyze the distribution of ophthalmic diseases related randomized controlled trials (RCT) published in SCI journals from mainland China up to November,2012.Methods The search was performed on Pubmed using “Ophthalmology”,“Eye” and all of their inferior subjective terms,with type of literature being limited as randomized controlled trial,and country as China.All retrieved papers were screened,data extracted and analyzed.Results There were 68 ophthalmic diseases related RCT papers published from mainland China since 1989.After 2005,the number of RCT papers from mainland China increased quickly with 7 in 2006,11 in 2009,and 15 in 2011.The 68 RCT papers were focused on cataract,optometry,glaucoma,corneal and conjunctival diseases,ophthalmic immune and pharmacology,and fundus diseases.The RCT papers were published in a total of 35 SCI journals including most kinds of ophthalmic journals such as Ophthalmology,IOVS and a few journals on other specialty.The journal Clin Experiment Ophthalmol had the maximum RCT papers from China (8 papers).The 68 RCT papers came from 26 departments in mainland China,mainly from the hospitals affiliated to medical university in Guangzhou,Beijing,Shanghai,Wenzhou and Hangzhou.Conclusions The number of ophthalmic diseases related RCT papers published in SCI journals from mainland China increased continuously.The papers were mainly focused on cataract,optomctry and glaucoma.The number of these papers,however,was still small and imbalance between districts existed.
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ObjectiveTo assess the current practice of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in mainland China and to evaluate the improvement in the past six years.MethodsA questionnaire on the indications and techniques for PMRT for breast cancer was delivered to all radiotherapy centers of mainland China in 2010 survey,and the results were analyzed and compared with those in 2004 survey.The Fisher's exact test was used.ResultsCompared to 29.4％ (210/275) in 2004,396 of the 952 (41.6％) surveyed centers had performed PMRT.The median interval between surgery and PMRT was increased from 6 weeks to 12 weeks during the past 6 years.Adjuvant chemotherapy followed by PMRT was the most common combination in 73.5％ of the responding centers in 2010 other than Sandwich (71.7％) sequence of chemotherapy and PMRT in 2004.PMRT was only performed for T3 or Stage Ⅲ tumors and/or ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes (LN + ) in 7.1％ centers in 2004 and in 29.5％ centers in 2010 surveys,respectively.The use of PMRT for T1-2 N0 breast cancer,T1-2 N0 with tumors located in the center or inner quadrant,and stage T1-T2 and one to three LN + was decreased from 11.9％,63.8％,and 87.6％ in 2004 to 1.5％,19.7％,and 62.1％ in 2010,respectively (all P =0.000).The chest wall and the supraclavicular region were the most common radiation targets,which were used in 97.0％ and 97.0％ in 2010,similar to 97.1％and 96.2％ in 2004.Irradiation to the inner mammary area and axillary fossa decreased from 85.2％ and 74.8％ in 2004 to 39.1％ and 50.5％ in 2010.The boost to the chest wall was more based on the scar,increasingfrom9.0％ in004to75.0％ in 2010.Conclusions There are a high level of compliance of the practices with current guideline and continuing improvement of PMRT for breast cancer in mainland China.But it needs further improvement.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the current practice of breast-conserving radiotherapy (BCR) in mainland China.MethodsA questionnaire on the details of treatment pattern of BCR for early breast cancer was mailed twice to all radiotherapy centers in mainland China in 2009.The responding data were collected and analyzed.ResultsOf the 952 surveyed centers,396 responded (41.6％) and 328 performed BCR.The median interval between surgery and radiotherapy was 9 weeks.Of the 328 centers with BCR,whole breast was the most common irradiation target (319 centers,97.3％ ),followed by supraclavicular region (273 centers,83.2％ ),axilla (138 centers,43.3％ ),and internal mammary chain (85 centers,26.8％ ).In 97.5％ of centers (310/319),whole breast was irradiated in all candidates.Supraclavicular region and axilla irradiation was performed for lymph-node positive patients in 41.8％ (114/273) and 26.8％(37/138) centers,and for ≥4 positive lymph-nodes in 31.5％ (86/273) and 29.0％ (/138)centers,respectively. Internal mammary chain was irradiated for tumors located in the center or inner quadrant in 72.9％ ( 56/85 ) centers.Conformal radiotherapy for the whole breast was used in 51.8％centers.The median total dose was 50 Gy,all using conventional fractionations.ConclusionsA consensus has been reached that radiotherapy is needed for patients receiving breast-conserving surgery and that irradiation to whole breast is necessary.However,establishment and widespread use of guidelines for BCR should be strengthened.
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Objective To conduct intensive clinical skill training for non-mainland medicine interns and to explore the effects of training.Methods Twenty-six new clinical interns in the first affiliated hospital of Jinan university from June 2019 to June 2011 were enrolled and the 96 hours of intensive training was conducted.Results The scores of theoretical examination,puncture operation,physical examination and complete medical records of the 26 non-mainland interns were improved after training ( P ＜ 0.05 ) and were higher than those of mainland interns ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The enhancement in complete medical recording skills was the greatest and in puncture operation was the smallest among the four techniques.Conclusions The intensive training can effectively improve the clinical skills of nonmainland medical interns and the improvement of clinical skills in non-mainland interns is greater than that in mainland students.
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In this study, we examined the presence and concentrations of six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater sources of Okrika mainland impacted by effluent discharges from a petroleum refinery into her surrounding Creeks. Sterile amber coloured bottles were used to collect 10 replicate borehole water samples from the mainland and fixed with concentrated H2SO4. Samples were transferred to the laboratory in iced coolers and analyzed using Gas chromatography coupled with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The interactions of the PAH components detected was determined using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) while spatial variance equality in means of concentrations was explored with the One-way ANOVA. Structure detection of observed inequalities was made with means plots. Concentrations of the PAHs were high and exceeded the WHO maximum permissible limit of 0.002mg/l in drinking water. Benzo(b)fluoranthene, with the highest mean concentration varied between 0.00037- 0.51266 (0.08117±0.03330159)mg/l, fluoranthene varied between 0.00060-0.32890 (0.0473946±0.01769877)mg/l, while benzo(k)fluoranthene with the least mean concentration varied between 0.00017-0.08478 (0.0237385±0.00610045)mg/l. However, pyrene concentration ranged between 0.00015 and 0.24757 (0.0508440±0.01859716)mg/l, benzo(a)anthracene between 0.00020-0.21972 (0.0512660±0.01688275)mg/l, and chrysene between 0.00013 and 0.16571 (0.0488975±0.01090264)mg/l. Strong associations were observed between all the PAH components measured at P<0.01. Significant heterogeneity in mean variance of the PAHs [F(211.9502)>Fcrit(3.921478)] was recorded across the sampling locations at P<0.05. Structure detection of mean difference revealed that the inequalities were most contributed in BH1, BH 2, BH 5 and BH 10, while equality in mean concentrations were observed between BH 1 and BH 4, and BH 5 and BH 6. BH 8 recorded the highest contamination level of the various PAHs due basically to its proximity to the refinery’s effluent channel. The most probable source of these PAHs is therefore the nearby Port Harcourt Refinery Company’s effluent discharges into the surrounding creeks of the mainland. This contamination is of public health concern as several PAHs are known carcinogens. It is recommended that advanced technological engineering be applied to contain the presence of these pollutants in drinking water sources of residents of the area.
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By analyzing the current situation of TCM science popularization, We found that internet is serving as the most influential and rapid developing media at present. Therefore, a through excavation and utilization of internet as a tool for TCM science popularization will not only expand TCM science popularization platform, enhance mass foundation, promote mass understanding and recognition of TCM, but also meet the need of TCM self-development.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status quo of pharmacists training in Hong Kong,and to provide reference for pharmaceutical education reform of college in mainland.METHODS: The status quo,role,license examination and culture system of licensed pharmacist in Hong Kong were analyzed.Based on the practice of our university,the difference in culture system of pharmacentical talents and curriculum setting of pharmaceutical education were compared between Hong Kong and mainland.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: On the basis of education reform practice of our university for Hong Kong students,it is suggested to match the pharmacy curriculum setting and training program used in Hong Kong,to improve the clinical practice,to explore "4+2" culture model,and to enhance English training of pharmaceutical education.
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OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences between Hongkong and mainland China in Chinese medicine pharmacy management for reference of improvement of Chinese medicine pharmacy management in both Hongkong and mainland China.METHODS:The management system of Chinese medicinal decoction pieces,Chinese patent medicine and special drugs etc in Hongkong vs.in mainland China were evaluated.RESULTS:The management of Chinese medicine pharmacy in Hongkong is more standard,but there is lack of Chinese medicine pharmacists engaged in Chinese medicine pharmacy management and pharmacy work.The management system of Chinese medicine pharmacy in mainland China remains to be improved.CONCLUSION:It is essential for Hongkong to strengthen the training of local Chinese medicine pharmacists;and in mainland China,great importance should be attached to the management system of Chinese medicine pharmacy.
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By inquiring the medical students under the background of grouping teaching between the mainland students and the oversea Chinese students,we have got something about their attitude toward the credit system.The result will help us to improve the teaching renovation in medical education.The questionnaire including implementing of credit system,standard credit system, grouping teaching,curriculum,tutor system of the undergraduates,the administration of education,and so on.Then we analyze and get the result.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the supervisors of licensed pharmacists and other correlative personnel in mainland of China.METHODS:The related information on the licensed pharmacists in Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan and mainland of China were compared and analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The licensed pharmacists in Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan are different from those in the mainland of China in terms of the legal bases for management,the control agency,classification and numbers,distribution,qualifications for access,education and continuing education etc.The mainland of China can draw merits from Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan to further perfect its management on the licensed pharmacists.
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Objective To study the genetic variation among Schistosoma japonicum from the mainland of China through the microsatellite investigation. Methods S.japonicum isolates were obtained from seven endemic provinces across the mainland of the People's Republic of China: Zhejiang (Jiashan), Anhui (Guichi), Jiangxi (Yongxiu), Hubei (Wuhan), Hunan (Yueyang), Sichuan (Maoshan,Tianquan), Yunnan (Dali), and also Sorsogon Province, the Philippines. DNAs from 20 individuals from each origin were screened against six recently isolated and characterized S.japonicum microsatellites, M5A, J5N, MF1, RRPS, 2AAA and MPA, which were selected based on their polymorphic information content. Results High levels of polymorphism were found between and within population samples, with Chinese and Philippine strains appearing to follow different lineages, and with distinct branching between the provinces. Moreover, across the mainland of China, genotype clustering appeared to be related to the habitat type and/or intermediate host morphology. Conclusion These results demonstrate the suitability of microsatellites for population genetic studies of S. japonicum and suggest that there may be different strains of S. japonicum in the mainland of China.