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ABSTRACT Introduction The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) is a multi-dimensional instrument for measuring athletic identity and has been validated in different cultural samples around the world, except in mainland China. Objective This study aimed to test the validity of the mainland Chinese version of AIMS. Methods The sample consisted of 205 athletes, including 150 student athletes and 55 retired athletes. Validation of the factor structure and internal consistency was tested by performing confirmatory factor analyses and calculating Cronbach's alpha on eight different models proposed in the literature. Results The results indicated that the 7-item 2-factor model fit best in retired athlete samples, while the 7-item 3-factor model fit best in student athlete samples, according to stringent fitting criteria. Conclusion Based on the data analysis, it is proven that the 7-item multidimensional structure of AIMS is valid for the mainland Chinese culture. Level of evidence II; Comparative study.
RESUMO Introdução A Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) é um instrumento multidimensional para medir a identidade atlética, já validada em diferentes amostras culturais do mundo, exceto na China Continental. Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo testar a validade da AIMS na versão da China Continental. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 205 atletas, incluindo 150 atletas estudantes e 55 atletas aposentados. A validação da estrutura fatorial e da coerência interna foi avaliada por análises fatoriais confirmatórias e cálculo do alfa de Cronbach em oito modelos distintos propostos na literatura.. Resultados Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de 7 itens e 2 fatores se ajusta melhor em amostras de atletas aposentados, enquanto o modelo de 7 itens e 3 fatores se ajusta melhor em amostras de atletas estudantes, de acordo com critérios de ajuste rigoroso. Conclusões Com base na análise dos dados, comprova-se que a estrutura multidimensional dos 7 itens da AIMS é válida para a cultura da China Continental. Nível de evidência II; Estudo comparativo.
RESUMEN Introducción La Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) es un instrumento multidimensional para medir la identidad atlética, ya validada en diferentes muestras culturales del mundo, excepto en China continental. Objetivo El presente estudio tiene por objetivo testear la validez de la AIMS en la versión de China Continental. Métodos La muestra fue compuesta por 205 atletas, incluyendo a 150 atletas estudiantes y a 55 atletas jubilados. La validación de la estructura factorial y de la coherencia interna fue evaluada por análisis factoriales confirmatorios y cálculo del alfa de Cronbach en ocho modelos distintos propuestos en la literatura. Resultados Los resultados indicaron que el modelo de 7 ítems y 2 factores se ajusta mejor en muestras de atletas jubilados, mientras que el modelo de 7 ítems y 3 factores se ajusta mejor en muestras de atletas estudiantes, de acuerdo con criterios de ajuste riguroso. Conclusiones Con base en el análisis de los datos, se comprueba que la estructura multidimensional de los 7 ítems de la AIMS es válida para la cultura de China Continental. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio Comparativo.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Social Identification , Athletes , China , Reproducibility of Results , Cultural CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Rehabilitation physician training is an important part of the development of rehabilitation medicine.Rehabilitation physician education in Taiwan has a complete and standardized training system,and rehabilitation physician training in mainland China is mainly achieved through standardized residency training.This article compares the differences in training processes for rehabilitation physicians in education in medical colleges and universities,residency training,and specialist training between Taiwan and mainland China.The results show that rehabilitation physician training in Taiwan is rigorous and orderly,with reasonable contents,clear objectives,strong specialty,and standardized assessment,while in mainland China,rehabilitation physicians in mainland China have insufficient training time,and there is a lack of detailed training plan and unified assessment standards.Rehabilitation physician training in mainland China needs to learn from advanced experience,further reform the training process,improve the operability of the overall education program,and perfect the training system of rehabilitation physicians.
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To analyze and summarize the surveillance results and epidemic situation of influenza in mainland China during 2016-2017 surveillance season,we collected ILI monitoring data and influenza outbreak data download from"China Influenza Surveillance Information System"and"Public Health Emergency Information Management System"in mainland China during 2016-2017 surveillance season.The results showed that influenza activity did not appear obvious summer peak in southern provinces,and the autumn and winter flu seasons were earlier than that during last season in both southern and northern prov-inces,while the epidemic peak level was lower than 2015-2016 surveillance season.Throughout the year,influenza predomi-nant viruses throughout the country underwent the alternation of type B,A (H3N2)and H1N1,respectively.The total num-ber of outbreaks of ILI reported in the country was less than that in 2015-2016.According the surveillance,we suggested that all regions continue to attach great importance to recent influenza virus activity,pay attention to the global epidemic situation and that of our country,strengthen the analysis and use of surveillance data,trace the activity levels,mutation and resistance change of influenza virus,carry out the flu outbreak investigation and disposal work timely.
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Undergraduate education started late in rehabilitation medicine in mainland China.At present,there are some shortcomings in current undergraduate education for rehabilitation medicine in mainland China,mainly due to the shortage of teachers,the poor pertinence of professional subjects,the broad and superficial knowledge,and the lack of close connection with the necessary professional knowledge of rehabilitation technologies.The Department of Rehabilitation in Taiwan starts its undergraduate education earlier.The curriculum has been sub-professionally oriented.Its subjects are highly targeted and detailed in content.At the same time,it emphasizes forward-looking education such as "statistics".In view of this,the mainland colleges and universities should standardize the undergraduate education of rehabilitation therapies,strengthen the training of professional teachers,pay attention to the cross-mutualism of theory and practice in the teaching plan,enrich the number of professional courses,the appropriate introduction of teaching methods of scientific research,standardize the teaching management system.
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Objective To predict the colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata in the Mainland China based on the past period temperature data.Methods The survival extreme high temperatures and low tem-peratures of B.glabrata eggs,young and adult B.glabrata snails and the average effective accumulated temperature of genera-tion development were determined in laboratory conditions.The temperature data in January and July from 1955 to 2010 were collected from the national meteorological monitoring sites in the southern part of China,including Chongqing,Zhejiang,Yun-nan,Sichuan,Jiangxi,Hunan,Hainan,Guizhou,Guangdong,Guangxi and Fujian provinces(11 provinces).A database of ambient temperature related to B.glabrata was established based on the Geographic Information System(GIS).The colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of B.glabrata in the southern part of China were analyzed and predicted by ArcGIS 10.1 software.Results The half lethal low temperatures of B.glabrata eggs,young and adult B.glabrata snails were 6.80,6.34℃ and 6.60℃ respectively;the half lethal high temperatures of B.glabrata eggs,young and adult B.glabrata snails were 35.99,33.59℃ and 32.20℃,respectively.The developmental threshold temperature was 7.16℃;the average effective accumu-lated temperature of generation development was(1 970.07 ± 455.10)days-degree.The GIS overlay analysis of the half lethal low and high temperatures of B.glabrata showed that the local temperature conditions in all Hainan and part regions in Yunnan,Guangxi,Guangdong and Fujian were conformed to the survival temperature of B.glabrata snails.The regions,where the aver-age effective accumulated temperature was more than the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development of B.glabrata,were Guangdong and Hainan,and part regions of other 9 provinces.The overlay analysis of GIS maps of the sur-vival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B.glabrata with the GIS map of the average effective accumulated tem-perature of generation development in 2010 showed that the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong,Guangxi,Yunnan and Fujian were potential geographical distribution regions of colonization risk of B.glabrata.The overlay analysis of GIS maps of the survival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B.glabrata with the GIS map of the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development from 1955 to 2010 showed that the potential geographical distribution re-gions of B.glabrata was expanding from the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong in 1955 to the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong,Guangxi,Yunnan and Fujian in 2010.Conclusions If B.glabrata snails were intro-duced into the Mainland China,the potential geographical distribution regions would be the whole region of Hainan and part re-gions of Guangdong,Guangxi and Yunnan.The changes of risk range and risk intensity present the trends of expanding and in-creasing from the south to the north gradually.
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Background Recently,the number of randomized controlled trials on ophthalmic diseases that published in international journals from mainland China has increased gradually.There is no systematic summary in this field.Objective To systematically search and analyze the distribution of ophthalmic diseases related randomized controlled trials (RCT) published in SCI journals from mainland China up to November,2012.Methods The search was performed on Pubmed using “Ophthalmology”,“Eye” and all of their inferior subjective terms,with type of literature being limited as randomized controlled trial,and country as China.All retrieved papers were screened,data extracted and analyzed.Results There were 68 ophthalmic diseases related RCT papers published from mainland China since 1989.After 2005,the number of RCT papers from mainland China increased quickly with 7 in 2006,11 in 2009,and 15 in 2011.The 68 RCT papers were focused on cataract,optometry,glaucoma,corneal and conjunctival diseases,ophthalmic immune and pharmacology,and fundus diseases.The RCT papers were published in a total of 35 SCI journals including most kinds of ophthalmic journals such as Ophthalmology,IOVS and a few journals on other specialty.The journal Clin Experiment Ophthalmol had the maximum RCT papers from China (8 papers).The 68 RCT papers came from 26 departments in mainland China,mainly from the hospitals affiliated to medical university in Guangzhou,Beijing,Shanghai,Wenzhou and Hangzhou.Conclusions The number of ophthalmic diseases related RCT papers published in SCI journals from mainland China increased continuously.The papers were mainly focused on cataract,optomctry and glaucoma.The number of these papers,however,was still small and imbalance between districts existed.
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ObjectiveTo assess the current practice of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in mainland China and to evaluate the improvement in the past six years.MethodsA questionnaire on the indications and techniques for PMRT for breast cancer was delivered to all radiotherapy centers of mainland China in 2010 survey,and the results were analyzed and compared with those in 2004 survey.The Fisher's exact test was used.ResultsCompared to 29.4％ (210/275) in 2004,396 of the 952 (41.6％) surveyed centers had performed PMRT.The median interval between surgery and PMRT was increased from 6 weeks to 12 weeks during the past 6 years.Adjuvant chemotherapy followed by PMRT was the most common combination in 73.5％ of the responding centers in 2010 other than Sandwich (71.7％) sequence of chemotherapy and PMRT in 2004.PMRT was only performed for T3 or Stage Ⅲ tumors and/or ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes (LN + ) in 7.1％ centers in 2004 and in 29.5％ centers in 2010 surveys,respectively.The use of PMRT for T1-2 N0 breast cancer,T1-2 N0 with tumors located in the center or inner quadrant,and stage T1-T2 and one to three LN + was decreased from 11.9％,63.8％,and 87.6％ in 2004 to 1.5％,19.7％,and 62.1％ in 2010,respectively (all P =0.000).The chest wall and the supraclavicular region were the most common radiation targets,which were used in 97.0％ and 97.0％ in 2010,similar to 97.1％and 96.2％ in 2004.Irradiation to the inner mammary area and axillary fossa decreased from 85.2％ and 74.8％ in 2004 to 39.1％ and 50.5％ in 2010.The boost to the chest wall was more based on the scar,increasingfrom9.0％ in004to75.0％ in 2010.Conclusions There are a high level of compliance of the practices with current guideline and continuing improvement of PMRT for breast cancer in mainland China.But it needs further improvement.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the current practice of breast-conserving radiotherapy (BCR) in mainland China.MethodsA questionnaire on the details of treatment pattern of BCR for early breast cancer was mailed twice to all radiotherapy centers in mainland China in 2009.The responding data were collected and analyzed.ResultsOf the 952 surveyed centers,396 responded (41.6％) and 328 performed BCR.The median interval between surgery and radiotherapy was 9 weeks.Of the 328 centers with BCR,whole breast was the most common irradiation target (319 centers,97.3％ ),followed by supraclavicular region (273 centers,83.2％ ),axilla (138 centers,43.3％ ),and internal mammary chain (85 centers,26.8％ ).In 97.5％ of centers (310/319),whole breast was irradiated in all candidates.Supraclavicular region and axilla irradiation was performed for lymph-node positive patients in 41.8％ (114/273) and 26.8％(37/138) centers,and for ≥4 positive lymph-nodes in 31.5％ (86/273) and 29.0％ (/138)centers,respectively. Internal mammary chain was irradiated for tumors located in the center or inner quadrant in 72.9％ ( 56/85 ) centers.Conformal radiotherapy for the whole breast was used in 51.8％centers.The median total dose was 50 Gy,all using conventional fractionations.ConclusionsA consensus has been reached that radiotherapy is needed for patients receiving breast-conserving surgery and that irradiation to whole breast is necessary.However,establishment and widespread use of guidelines for BCR should be strengthened.
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By analyzing the current situation of TCM science popularization, We found that internet is serving as the most influential and rapid developing media at present. Therefore, a through excavation and utilization of internet as a tool for TCM science popularization will not only expand TCM science popularization platform, enhance mass foundation, promote mass understanding and recognition of TCM, but also meet the need of TCM self-development.
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OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences between Hongkong and mainland China in Chinese medicine pharmacy management for reference of improvement of Chinese medicine pharmacy management in both Hongkong and mainland China.METHODS:The management system of Chinese medicinal decoction pieces,Chinese patent medicine and special drugs etc in Hongkong vs.in mainland China were evaluated.RESULTS:The management of Chinese medicine pharmacy in Hongkong is more standard,but there is lack of Chinese medicine pharmacists engaged in Chinese medicine pharmacy management and pharmacy work.The management system of Chinese medicine pharmacy in mainland China remains to be improved.CONCLUSION:It is essential for Hongkong to strengthen the training of local Chinese medicine pharmacists;and in mainland China,great importance should be attached to the management system of Chinese medicine pharmacy.