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Introducción: La Pácora (Plagioscion magdalenae) es una especie nativa de Colombia y en categoría de casi amenazada a nivel del país, de la que poco se conoce acerca de las estructuras con aporte etológico en su historia de vida. Objetivo: Analizar el desarrollo gonadal relacionado con la espermatogénesis de P. magdalenae y las implicaciones taxonómicas a partir de la vejiga natatoria. Métodos: Realizamos siete muestreos en dos periodos climáticos: el primero en octubre de 2019 a febrero de 2020 de recolectas bimensuales y la segunda de octubre 2020 a enero 2021 de recolectas mensuales; con el fin de abarcar cada momento del pulso de inundación de la cuenca baja del Magdalena. Describimos la histomorfología testicular y las características macroscópicas de la vejiga natatoria de la especie. Además, analizamos aspectos como relaciones morfométricas, clases de tallas por sexos, la proporción sexual y la época de madurez sexual. Resultados: Analizamos 142 ejemplares y 4 intervalos de tallas fueron establecidos (entre 145 y 575 mm LE), 66 fueron machos y 73 hembras con una proporción sexual global 1.1:0.9 (hembra-macho) sin diferencias. Los machos tienen testículos de tipo tubular, protegidos por el peritoneo que se encuentra recubierto por la musculatura sónica de la vejiga natatoria, la cual posee forma de ''zanahoria'' sin apéndices, con dos bandas laterales de músculos intrínsecos (promedio entre 6.75 cm de largo y 1.48 cm de ancho) unidos por una aponeurosis y que solo se encuentran en machos sexualmente maduros. Conclusión: Los testículos poseen una organización de tipo lobular irrestricto y la espermatogénesis se da en lóbulos seminíferos. La vejiga natatoria de la Pácora es simple y no tiene estructuras accesorias. La distribución geográfica de P. magdalenae se restringe a la cuenca del río Magdalena en Colombia.
Introduction: The Pácora (Plagioscion magdalenae) is a species native to Colombia and in near-threatened category at the country level, of which little is known about the structures with ethological contribution in its life history. Objective: To analyze the gonadal development related to spermatogenesis of P. magdalenae and the taxonomic implications from the swim bladder. Methods: We collected seven samples in two climatic periods: the first from October 2019 to February 2020 of bimonthly collections, and the second from October 2020 to January 2021 of monthly collections; to cover every moment of the flood pulse of the lower Magdalena basin. We described the testicular histomorphology and macroscopic characteristics of the swim bladder of the species. In addition, we analyzed aspects such as morphometric relationships, size classes by sex, sex ratio and time of sexual maturity. Results: We analyzed 142 specimens and established 4 size intervals (between 145 and 575 mm SL), 66 were males and 73 females with an overall sex ratio of 1.1:0.9 (female-male) with no differences. Males have tubular testes protected by the peritoneum covered by the sonic musculature of the swim bladder, which has a ''carrot'' shape without appendages, with two lateral bands of intrinsic muscles (average between 6.75 cm long and 1.48 cm wide) connected by an aponeurosis and found only in sexually mature males. Conclusion: The testes have an unrestricted lobular organization and spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous lobes. The swim bladder of the Pácora is simple and has no accessory structures. The geographic distribution of P. magdalenae is restricted to the Magdalena River basin in Colombia.
Subject(s)
Fishes/anatomy & histology , Gonads , ColombiaABSTRACT
Technological advancements and increased use of chemically hazardous materials have become a concern for human health. Environmental pollutants such as engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (M&MONPs) are reported to contribute to significant health-related problems, particularly reproductive health. Reduction in male individuals' reproductive potential is one of the important causes of concern. Literature suggests that exposure to M&MONPs considerably impacts alteration in male reproductive parameters. Therefore, it is required to analyze and understand their effects on male reproductive toxicity. Oxidative stress and changes in redox equilibrium are the significant factors via M&MONPs induce changes in sperm parameters or the reproductive system. Act as endocrine disruptors and interfere with the secretion and function of reproductive hormones such as testosterone and LH, affecting spermatogenesis. Likewise, M&MONPs accumulate in organs as they can pass through the blood-testis barrier, affect Sertoli and Leydig cells, and cause reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we have analyzed the effects of M&MONPs on the male reproductive system and the underlying mechanism of action
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Obesity is a major complex disease caused by the interaction of a myriad of genetic, dietary, lifestyle, andenvironmental factors that lead to increased body fat mass. Over the years, it has grown to pandemic proportionsaffecting many children, adolescents, and young adults exposed to this disorder for a longer period. Overactivity ofaromatase cytochrome P450 enzyme which leads to increases of estrogen disrupting the hypothalamus–pituitary axis,leptin secretion in testicular tissues, scrotal temperature, adipocytes’ environmental toxins/other toxic species, andvascular endothelial dysfunction have been implicated in obesity. The use of natural products and their derivatives hasbeen historically valuable as sources of therapeutic agents in the treatment of several metabolic disorders includingobesity. This review aims at looking the effect of natural products on obesity at pre-testicular, testicular, and posttesticular levels of the male reproductive system which will be discussed.
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OBJECTIVE@#Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer primarily used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Bisphenol F (BPF) is apparently the main BPA replacement that is used increasingly. BPF has been detected in canned food, thermal paper receipts, and soft drinks. In the present experiment, we did both in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the effect of low and high-dose BPF exposures on testosterone concentration, oxidative stress, and antioxidants activity in reproductive tissues of male rats.@*METHODS@#Adult (80-90 days old) male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) obtained from the rodent colony of Animal Sciences Department of Quaid-i-Azam University. The direct effects of BPF on the antioxidant enzymes and testosterone secretion were measured in vitro and in vivo studies. In an in vivo experiment, adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 42) were exposed to different concentrations of bisphenol F (1, 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/d) for 28 days. Various biochemical parameters were analyzed including the level of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Moreover, sperm motility, daily sperm production (DSP), comet assay, and histological analysis were performed.@*RESULTS@#In vitro study showed that BPF exposure significantly (p < 0.05) induced oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., ROS and LPO, while it did not change antioxidant enzyme and testicular testosterone concentration. Whereas, an in vivo study revealed that BPF induced dose-dependent effect and high-dose (100 mg/kg) exposure of BPF significantly reduced tissue protein (p < 0.05) content, CAT (p < 0.001), SOD (p < 0.05), and POD (p < 0.05) levels while significantly (p < 0.05) augmented ROS and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, BPF reduces testosterone, LH, and FSH secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Significant (p < 0.001) reduction in plasma and intra-testicular testosterone, LH, and FSH was noticed at 100 mg/kg BFP dose. High-dose exposure reduces spermatogenesis.@*CONCLUSION@#BPF showed an antagonistic effect on male reproductive hormones and induce alterations in testicular morphology. Increased oxidative stress and decreased testicular antioxidant status might be the underlying mechanism of BFP-induced testicular toxicity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Antioxidants , Metabolism , Benzhydryl Compounds , Toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Environmental Pollutants , Toxicity , Oxidative Stress , Phenols , Toxicity , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Testosterone , MetabolismABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the mimosine level and examine the male reproductive toxicity effects of Leucaena leucocephala (LL) shoot tips plus young leaf extract. Mimosine level in LL extract was determined by thin layer chromatography before administration in animals. Male rats were divided into control and LL (1,500 mg/KgBW) groups (n = 6). After 60 days of experiment, serum sex hormones, sperm quality, and testicular histopathology were assayed and observed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and expressions of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and phosphorylated proteins in testicular lysate were examined by western blotting. Results showed that mimosine levels in LL extract was 17.35 ± 1.12 % of dry weight. LL significantly decreased FSH & LH levels, sperm qualities, and seminiferous tubule diameter compared to the control (p<0.05). Seminiferous tubular atrophies, germ cell sloughing, and degenerations were observed in LL group. In addition, testicular MDA level and StAR protein expression were significantly decreased in LL group. LL extract could increase the expression of a 50 kDa phohorylated protein in testicular lysate. In conclusion, LL extract has mimosine and reproductive toxicity effects on males.
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de mimosina y examinar los efectos de la toxicidad reproductiva de los brotes de Leucaena leucocephala (LL), más el extracto de hojas jóvenes, en ratas macho. El nivel de mimosina en el extracto de LL se determinó mediante cromatografía en capa fina antes de la administración en animales. Las ratas se dividieron en grupos de control y LL (1,500 mg / kgBW) (n = 6). Después de 60 días, se analizaron y observaron las hormonas sexuales séricas, la calidad de los espermatozoides y la histopatología testicular. A través de Western Blot se examinaron el nivel de malondialdehído (MDA), las expresiones de reguladores agudos esteroidogénicos (StAR) y las proteínas fosforiladas en el lisado testicular. Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de mimosina en el extracto de LL fueron 17.35 ± 1.12 % del peso seco. LL disminuyó significativamente los niveles de FSH y LH, la calidad de los espermatozoides y el diámetro de los túbulos seminíferos en comparación con el control (p <0,05). Se observaron atrofias en los túbulos seminíferos, desprendimiento de células germinales y degeneraciones en el grupo LL. Además, el nivel de MDA testicular y la expresión de la proteína StAR se redujeron significativamente en el grupo LL. El extracto de LL podría aumentar la expresión de la proteína fosforilada de 50 kDa en el lisado testicular. En conclusión, el extracto de LL tiene mimosina y efectos de toxicidad reproductiva en los hombres.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Genitalia, Male/drug effects , Fabaceae , Mimosine/analysis , Sperm Count , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Testis/drug effects , Blotting, WesternABSTRACT
The safety of occupational exposure to inhaled anesthetics remains a concern among the medical staff in hospitals. Few reports are seen about the impact of inhaled anesthetics on the reproductive system, particularly that of males. Several clinical and basic studies on isoflurane and others suggest that inhaled anesthetics affect the reproductive system of rodents by decreasing the sperm count, inducing sperm morphological abnormality, reducing sperm motility, and changing the levels of reproductive hormones, the underlying mechanisms of which are mainly associated with the alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and DNA damage and apoptosis of reproductive cells. This article reviews the main impacts of inhaled anesthetics on the male reproductive system and the possible mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Anesthetics, Inhalation , Pharmacology , Apoptosis , DNA Damage , Genitalia, Male , Isoflurane , Pharmacology , Occupational Exposure , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs of 24－32 nucleotides (nt) in length, which were first found in 2006. The piRNAs in germ cells interact with reproduction-specific PIWI proteins and play an important role in the development of the reproductive system. In the reproductive system of the male mouse, piRNAs arise from long single stranded precursor transcripts expressed in discrete genomic regions. The productions of piRNAs are termed primary piRNA biogenesis and secondary piRNA biogenesis. Mature piRNAs can silence the genome instability threat posed by mobile genetic elements called transposons. Furthermore, piRNAs regulate the expression of mRNAs transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally in spermiogenesis. This review summarizes the biogenesis and key functions of piRNAs in the reproductive system of male mice.
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En conjunción a los factores convencionales que originan la infertilidad se ha identificado el estrés oxidativo, asociado como el factor causal que ocasiona daño al espermatozoide, pero los métodos para su determinación a nivel clínico no han sido desarrollados. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de una correlación entre indicadores globales del estado redox a muestras de suero sanguíneo, lisado de eritrocitos, plasma seminal y lisado de espermatozoides con la finalidad de identificar posibles biomarcadores. Se analizaron muestras que procedían de 31 pacientes con diagnóstico de infertilidad masculina y 30 voluntarios aparentemente sanos. Se confirmó que en todas las muestras analizadas los indicadores de daño a biomoléculas se encontraban significativamente (p< 0,01) incrementados en los pacientes cuando se compararon con el grupo control. Los indicadores de daño se acompañaron con bajos niveles de la capacidad antioxidante total en la fase lipídica y un desbalance en la actividad de las enzimas catalasa y superóxido dismutasa (relación catalasa/superóxido dismutasa 10 veces superior en plasma seminal de pacientes con respecto al valor control). El incremento de indicadores como malonindialdehído y organoperóxidos totales medidos en plasma seminal se correlacionaron con el incremento de indicadores de hipofunción espermática como movilidad y características morfológicas. El comportamiento de las variables redox en el plasma seminal resultó de gran valor diagnóstico y se propone para que sea usado en el seguimiento de intervenciones nutricionales o farmacológicas a estos pacientes
In addition to the conventional factors originating infertility, the oxidative stress has been identified as the causative factor of spermatozoid damage; however, the methods for its clinical determination have not been developed yet. The present study was aimed at evaluating the correlation among the global redox state indicators of samples of blood serum, erythrocyte lysin, seminal plasma and sperm lysin in order to identify the possible biomarkers. Samples taken from 31 patients diagnosed with male infertility and 30 apparently health volunteers were analyzed. It was confirmed that all the samples had indicators of biomolecule damage which increased significantly (p< 0,01) in patients compared with the control group. The damage indicators comprised low total antioxidant capacity levels in the lipid phase and imbalance in the activity of enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (catalase/superoxide dismustase ratio is 10 times higher in seminal plasma of patients when compared to that of the controls). The increase of total malonindialdehyde and organoperoxide measured in the seminal plasma correlated with the increase of sperm hypofunction indicators such as mobility and morphological characteristics. The behaviour of redox variables in the seminal plasma had great diagnostic value and was submitted as a proposal for use in the follow-up of nutritional or pharmacological interventions in these patients
Subject(s)
Infertility, Male , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
La infertilidad masculina es considerada como uno de los factores que más contribuyen a la infertilidad de la pareja. En conjunción a los factores convencionales que la originan se ha identificado una causa de extraordinaria repercusión: el estrés oxidativo, el cual es el resultado del desequilibrio entre la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno y los antioxidantes, que puede originar daños o deformidades a los espermatozoides y eventualmente infertilidad masculina. Las especies reactivas del oxígeno se producen por diversos mecanismos en el semen, por espermatozoides inmóviles o con problemas de movilidad, leucocitos y por espermatozoides normales morfológicamente pero funcionalmente anormales. Entre estos daños, se registran la peroxidación lipídica a la membrana espermática y la fragmentación del ADN tanto nuclear como mitocondrial. Los daños que causa el estrés oxidativo sobre el ADN pueden originar trastornos en la descendencia que incluyen cáncer y acondroplastia. La peroxidación lipídica, origina la alteración de la membrana que afecta su estructura y función. La membrana del espermatozoide humano contiene una elevada proporción de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, por lo tanto su susceptibilidad a la peroxidación lipídica es muy elevada. Las especies reactivas del oxígeno tienen diversos efectos sobre las células espermáticas, constituyendo un tema muy controvertido, por lo que este artículo tuvo como propósito actualizar al lector sobre algunos de los aspectos bioquímicos relacionados con la producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno y los métodos de diagnóstico que se emplean para detectarlo en la infertilidad humana.
The male sterility is considered as one of the factors more contributing to couple sterility. Join to conventional factors originate it condition it was possible to identify a cause with a high level of repercussion: the oxidative stress, which is the result of the imbalance between generation of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidants that may to cause damages or deformities in the spermatozoa and eventually male sterility. The reactive oxygen species are produced due to different mechanisms present in semen, motionless spermatozoa or with motility disorders, leukocytes and morphologically normal spermatozoa but functionally abnormal. Among these damages it is present the lipid peroxidation to spermatic membrane and the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA fragmentation. The damages of oxidative stress on DNA may also to cause disorders in offspring including cancer and achondroplasia. Lipid peroxidation leads to an alteration in the membrane affecting its structure and function. The human spermatozoon membrane contains a high proportion of poly-non-saturated fatty acids therefore its oversensitivity to lipid peroxidation is very high. The reactive oxygen species have different effects on spermatic cells, being a very controversial topic. The aim of present paper was to update readers on some of the biochemical features related to the production of reactive oxygen species and the diagnostic methods used to detect the human sterility.
Subject(s)
Infertility, Male , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
The present study represented a contribution to the knowledge of the cytological and histological aspects of decapods' reproductive system, describing male germ cells of the spiny lobster Panulirus laevicauda. Seventy-one specimens of different sizes were caught off Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil). Their testes were removed and fixed in Bouin solution, then, after 24 hours, dehydrated, cleared and embedded in the paraffin. Sections (4 µm thick) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The testes appeared macroscopically as a pair of long and highly convoluted tubes joined by a transversal commissure giving the organ an H-like shape. Microscopically, supporting cells and germ cells (spermatogonia I and II, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa) were seen in the testicular acini. Some of the acini showed signs of the spermotocytes and the spermatogonia degeneration. The spermatozoa were small cells with the peripheral nuclei and a lightly basophilic cytoplasm. They were nonmotile gametes and are characterized by the absence of a flagellum, but they had spikes radiating from the body. Three stages of follicular development in the mature individuals were observed: (a) predominance of spermatogonia I and II; (b) increasing numbers of spermatocytes I and II; and (c) spermatocytes I and II were prevalent. All the three stages of the spermatozoa were observed in the follicular lumen. These observations agreed with the published descriptions of other palinurid and homarid lobsters. A histochemical analysis of the testes showed that the main component of the tunic was collagenous fibers, that the seminal fluid contained plenty of glycoproteins and carboxyl-glycoconjugates and that the spherical bodies and spermatozoa contained glycoproteins and mucoproteins.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo ampliar os conhecimentos na área de histologia e citologia do sistema reprodutivo dos Decapoda, descrevendo as células germinativas do macho da lagosta Panulirus laevicauda. Animais com tamanhos variados foram coletados em diferentes épocas do ano no litoral de Fortaleza, Estado do Ceará - Brasil, totalizando 71 machos. Os testículos foram retirados e fixados em bouin e processados. Cortes de 5µm foram corados em hematoxilina - eosina. Seguindo observações macroscópicas, os testículos são longos tubos pares altamente convolutos unidos por uma comissura transversal na porção mediana, apresentando uma forma de H. As análises microscópicas dos folículos testiculares mostraram células sustentaculares e germinativas (espermatogônias I e II, espermatócitos I e II, espermatócitos I em degeneração, espermátides e espermatozóides). Os espermatozóides são células pequenas com núcleo periférico e citoplasma levemente basofílico. Três estágios foliculares para indivíduos maduros foram identificados: tipo a, onde predominam espermatogônias I e II; tipo b com maior incidência de espermatócitos I e II e no tipo c foi observado principalmente espermátides e espermatócitos I em degeneração. Espermatozóides podem ser encontrados no lúmen dos folículos nos três estágios de desenvolvimento. Os resultados obtidos seguem o padrão encontrado na bibliografia especializada em outras espécies de lagostas palinurídeas e homarídeas. Testes histoquímicos realizados em alguns componentes dos testículos mostraram que a túnica é rica em fibras colágenas, o fluido seminal é formado por glicoproteinas e glicosaminoglicanas, os corpos esféricos e espermatozóides são compostos de glicoproteinas e mucoproteinas.
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Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), a gonochoric representative of the Littorinidae on the SE Pacific coast, has a male reproductive system adapted for internal fertilization. We describe this system at both macro- and microscopic levels, particularly the compartmentalized organization of the gonad, and the morphology of the penis. The male reproductive system has a variegated conical gonad-digestive gland complex. The gonad presents three compartments, 1) gametogenic acinar among the glandular acini, 2) periacinar with a layer of fusiform somatic cells and, 3) interacinar with glycogen storage cells shared with glandular acini. Spermatogenesis occurs within the acinar gametogenic compartment, with the germinal line organized in centripetal form towards the lumen. The seminal vesicle stores the products of spermatogenesis; in its cephalic region the euspermatozoa are united to the epithelium and the paraspermatozoa are distributed in the lumen. A short duct connects the seminal vesicle to the prostate gland that is open to the pallial cavity over its entire length. The anterior zone of the prostate gland is joined to the cervical spermatic groove that runs along the neck of the snail through the right pallial region; this continues as the penile spermatic groove, ascending from the base to the point of the penis. The penis is acutely conical and unpigmented; towards the anterior and adjacent to its base there is a glandular complex with a mamilliform process and a discoidal glandular region. The secretion from the discoidal region is transformed in a spicule of unknown function, whose histology is described here for the first time. The mamilliform process is formed by the spicular projection and a connective-muscle tissue band which surrounds it and separates it from the discoidal follicular glandular region; the follicular secretion crosses this band and is incorporated into the epithelium which lines the interior of the process.
Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), representante gonocórico de Littorinidae en el Pacífico Sur, tiene un sistema reproductor masculino adaptado para la fecundación interna, que en este estudio se describe a niveles macrocoscópico y microscópico; enfatizando la organización compartimentalizada de la gónada y la morfología del pene. El sistema reproductor masculino se presenta como un complejo cónico gónada-glándula digestiva abigarrado. La gónada presenta tres compartimientos: 1) gametogénico acinar entre los acinos glandulares, 2) periacinar con una capa de células somáticas fusiformes y 3) interacinar con células almacenadoras de glicógeno, compartido con los acinos glandulares. En el compartimiento gametogénico acinar ocurre la espermatogénesis con la línea germinal organizada en forma centrípeta hacia el lumen. Hacia anterior, la vesícula seminal almacena los productos de la espermatogénesis; en su región cefálica los euespermatozoides se unen al epitelio y los paraespermatozoides se distribuyen en el lumen. Este órgano se conecta con un conducto corto a la glándula prostática, abierta hacia la cavidad paleal en toda su longitud. La zona anterior de la glándula prostática se une al surco espermático cervical, que recorre el cuello del animal por la región paleal derecha; éste continúa como surco espermático peniano ascendiendo desde su base hasta la punta. El pene es cónico aguzado no pigmentado; hacia anterior adyacente a su base, hay un complejo glandular con un proceso mamiliforme y una región glandular discoidal. Su producto de secreción sería una espícula de función desconocida, cuya histología es descrita por primera vez. En este complejo glandular, el proceso mamiliforme está constituido por la proyección espicular y una banda conjuntivo-muscular que lo rodea y separa de la región glandular folicular discoidal; su secreción atraviesa dicha banda, incorporándose al epitelio de revestimiento interno del proceso.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Snails/ultrastructure , Genitalia, Male/ultrastructure , Snails/anatomy & histology , Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology , MicroscopyABSTRACT
With rapid development of modern industry,phthalate esters were used wildly in industry and it was found that phthalate esters can cause severe damages in animals growth,development and reproduction system.Even similar adverse effects might occur in human.On the basis of brief introduction for environment pollution situation about these compounds and the level of human exposure,this article introduced research advance made by scientists from various countries on phthalate esters affecting male reproduction health,and discussed the mechanism by which phthalate esters affect androgen.
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One hundred and eleven cases of male reproductive diseases including epididymis,testi tis,cyst of epididymis,cryptochidism and varicocele were scanned with 10 MHz bifunctional soft probe.Utilization of high frequency probe may differentiate distinctively testitis from hemorrhage of testis and may easily find the locatipn and structrure of the eryptochidism.The combined use of 2 dimensional ul-trasonography and Doppler technique may be helpful fo detect the extent of varicocele and to evaluatethe postoperative efficacy.High resolution ultrasonography has been an important method for diagnos-ing the scrotal disease and the main indicator to decide whether the surgical or nonsurgical treatment should be undertaken.