ABSTRACT
Background: Tooth eruption is a physiological process in which the tooth migrates from the maxillary bone towards the oral cavity, at the end of which teeth find their place on the arch creating vicinity relations according to a genetic code characteristic to each individual. Dental eruption begins with the eruption of the first primary teeth around 6 months and finishes at 2 years and a half for primary teeth, and around 18-25 years for permanent teeth, when the third molar erupts. Aim: The teeth’s eruption and devlopment is, usually, related to the child’s chronological age, but there can also be some variations. The aim of this study was to analyze the pattern of eruption of teeth, to define any variation in eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth. Material and methods: 500 female children from pre primary and primary Government school, and Dental outpatient department within the age group of 0-12 years were randomly examined and range of time of eruption of teeth was calculated for central and lateral incisors, canines, premolars,1st and 2nd molars, in both maxilla and mandible. Results: It was found that in case of deciduous teeth, in the study population, lateral incisors, canines and first molars erupted earlier in the upper jaw and the central incisors, and second molars erupted earlier in the lower jaw. In the case of permanent teeth all the teeth i.e. central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first pre molars and second pre molars erupted earlier in lower jaw. Only the first and second molars erupted earlier in the upper jaw. Conclusion: Tooth eruption time and sequence are important factors in dental treatment planning, particularly in orthodontics, but also in forensic dentistry to estimate age of a child. It was concluded that the eruption of teeth was earlier in mandible (lower jaw) than in maxilla (upper jaw) in the case of permanent teeth.
ABSTRACT
The cancer prevalence in the Malwa region of Punjab (1089/million/year) is much higher than the national average cancer prevalence in India (800/million/year). In our previous study on hair metal analysis, we located a high metal burden in Punjabi cancer patients and their live-in relatives, suggesting that an excessive metal exposure is a factor in the pathogenesis of cancer. The present study focused on nail metal analysis, a biological material similar to hair. Previously, we had used ICP-MS spectroscopy to confirm high exposures to aluminium (Al), barium (Ba), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), uranium (U and other metals in the hair of Punjabi cancer patients and their healthy relatives (Blaurock-Busch et al. 2014). In this study, we used nail metal analysis to confirm the results of our previous study. We compared the nail metal concentration of healthy Punjabis (N=83) with randomly selected healthy Europeans (N=83) and found highly significant differences between the European and Punjabi groups, including the healthy and the cancer groups.In comparison, our European group showed a low percentage (0 to 13%) of pathological values for aluminium (Al), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), titanium (Ti) and uranium (U), while the healthy Punjabi groups showed between 13% and 99% pathological values for these elements. (Explanation: A test value above the 95% reference range is considered a pathological value.)The greatest metal burden was found in the breast cancer group (N=13), showing 100% pathological values for Al, Fe, Mn and U. This study supports previous research, which demonstrated a significant metal burden in Punjabi people. Water, soil, and phosphate fertilizers may be the cause of this excessive exposure.