Characteristics of 18 F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging in normal breast and malignant breast cancer / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging in normal breasts and breast cancer lesions.Methods From March 2016 to August 2017,22 female patients(age:(52±10)years)with suspected breast malignant nodules or masses were prospectively enrolled.All patients underwent 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging prior to biopsy or surgery.The imaging characteristics of normal breasts were assessed visually and the difference of maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)in normal breasts and uterus between patients with and without menopause was compared,SUVmax of cancer lesions and normal breasts was also compared.Breast cancer lesions were classified according to the distribution characteristics of radioactive uptake,and molecular subtypes ware determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization.The SUVmax of different morphological and molecular subtypes were analyzed.Two-sample t test and Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.Results There were 23 breast cancer lesions(one patient had bilateral breast cancer lesions and one had a history of one-side breast resection),20 normal breasts and 21 normal uteruses.Those normal breasts and uteruses didn't show any malignant change after being followed up for more than 1 year(one patient had uterine fibroids resection).There was a slight increase of radioactivity uptake in the cord-like connective tissue region at the margin of the gland in 11 mammary glands,and the SUVmax was higher than that of glandular tissue in the central region(1_81±0.67 vs 0.79±0.37;t = 6.771,P<0.00l).Of the 11 cases,except for one patient whose uterus was removed,the other 10 patients were accompanied by increased diffuse radioactivity of the uterus.SUVmax of 19 normal breast connective tissues(1.31±0.80)and uterus(3.80+1.79)were positively correlated(r = 0.785,P<0.05).For patients with/without menopause(n= 11 each group),the SUVmax of normal breast connective tissues(0.72±0.39 vs 1.81±0.67)and uterus(2.04±0.39 vs 5.11 + 1.06)were significantly different(t values:4.42 and 8.66,both P<0.01).Different levels of radioactive uptake were observed in all 23 breast cancer lesions,with SUVmax of 6.93±3.97,which was significantly higher than the nipple,connective tissue and glandular tissue of normal breasts(t values:6.784-7.559,all P<0.05).According to the characteristics of the radioactivity uptake distribution of the lesion,among the 23 breast cancer lesions,5 were mass type,3 were nodular type,4 were diffuse type,and 11 were multi-focal/multi-center type,and the SUVmax of multi-focal/multi-center type was the highest(F=3.55,P<0.05).The SUVmax of basal-like breast cancer lesions(2.49±1.67)was lower than the other three molecular subtypes.Lesions with high level human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)positive expression had higher SUVmax.Conclusions 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging shows that normal breasts have a slight radioactive distribution,mainly concentrate in the nipple and connective tissues around the glandular,and the uptake have a positive correlation with the radioactive uptake of the uterus.The degree of radioactive uptake of breast cancer lesions is significantly higher than that of normal breasts.Breast cancer lesions with different moqjhological features all have obvious radioactive uptake,especially the multi-focal/multi-center type.Different molecular subtypes have different radioactive uptake levels.SUVmax is lower in basal-like breast cancer lesions,and higher in HER2 positive expression lesions.

Correction of moderate mastoptosis with the upturned glandular flap / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To review and discuss the new method ology of mastopexy for moderate mastoptosis.@*Methods@#Periareolar double-circle incisions were made, and the epidermis between the incisions was removed.Separating was performed widely between subcutaneous tissue and gland tissue. The tongue glandular flap, which was made in the below portion of the breast glands, was transferred upward to the mammary space. Then, the glands on both sides of the lower pole of the breast tissue were sutured to shrink the glandular base area.Vertical incision was made in the middle line of the superior portion of the gland. The medial glandular flap was rotated outward, lateral glandular flap was transferred inward and suture fixed was completed. The appearance of breast was reshaped and the nipple-areola complex was elevated.@*Result@#From Oct. 2008 to Jun. 2017, 15 patients were selected to this method for correcting moderate mastoptosis.All cases healed in good shape, no hematoma, infection, nipple necrosis and other serious complications.3 to 24 months follow-up after operation, two breast were symmetrical with nice shape and nipple sensory function properly. Average pre and postoperative left nipple-to-right nipple distance[(20.43±1.22) cm, (19.73±0.80) cm, P<0.05], sternum notch-to-nipple distance[left (23.03±0.99) cm, (20.40±0.71) cm, P<0.05; right (23.17±0.94) cm, (20.43±0.70) cm, P<0.05], mammary areola diameter[left (4.97±0.55) cm, (4.63±0.68)cm, P<0.05; right (4.97±0.50)cm, (4.57±0.50)cm, P<0.05], lower pole of breast-to-inframammary fold distance [left (2.70±0.36) cm, (0.22±0.38) cm, P<0.05; right (2.77±0.44) cm, (0.22±0.38) cm, P<0.05], thoracic circumference at the nipple[(84.29±1.81) cm, (87.83±2.22) cm, P<0.05]. The differences in the those data are statistically significant.@*Conclusions@#Upward transfer of glandular flap provides a new approch for correcting moderate breast ptosis.

Cáncer de mama en hombre: Presentación de caso / Male Breast Cancer: Case Report

El cáncer de mama en hombres es poco frecuente, representa menos del 1 % de todos los cánceres masculinos, se presenta entre los 60-70 años con un pico de edad de 67 años; el carcinoma ductal invasivo es el que prevalece en varones, clínicamente se detecta como un nódulo unilateral indoloro retroareolar, o paraareolar. A diferencia de la mujer donde se realizan estudios de tamizaje, en los hombres suele diagnosticarse más tarde, porque buscan atención médica tardíamente por la poca incidencia de cáncer en pacientes masculinos, por la ausencia de signos y síntomas tempranos. Actualmente se puede utilizar para el diagnóstico la mamografía que ayuda a diferenciar entre enfermedades mamarias benignas y malignas. En este artículo se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que acude al Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, a quien se le diagnosticó carcinoma ductal.

Breast cancer in men is rare, it represents less then 1% of all male cancers, it's present between the ages of 60 through 70 years with an age peak at 67 years; the invasive ductal carcinoma is the most prevalent in men. Clinically, it is detected as an odorless, unilateral retro- or paraareolar nodule. Unlike with women, where screening studies are performed, in men it's usually diagnosed later on, because the low incidence of this cancer in male patients and the absence of early signs and symptoms leads to a delayed search for medical attention delayed. For diagnosis, a mammography can be used that helps differentiate between benign and malign mammary diseases. In this article we presented the clinical case of a patient that visits the Honduran Social Security Institute, diagnosed with ductal carcinoma.

Influence of menstrucal cycle and anatomic site on fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor imaging in normal breast / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of menstrucal cycle and anatomic site on the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in normal breast. Methods Prospectively enrolled 96 volunteers, who have identified with normal menstrucal phase and without breast diseases were found via the breast examination, ultrasound and MRI scan. The cases were divided into three groups according to menstrucal phase: menstrual period group(menstrual cramps 1 to 6 d), proliferative phase group(menstrual cramps 7 to 14 d) and secretory phase group(menstrual cramps 15 d to the next), and each group consisted of 32 subjects. All subjects were performed bilateral breast cross-sectional T1WI, T2WI, DWI and DTI scaning. On the nipple level figture, the mammary gland was divided into three regions including the anterior, central and posterior parts, and the FA values of the different phases and regions were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied to analyse the difference of FA values in different menstrual phase and anatomic site. Results The FA values of the anterior region in menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretary phase were 0.21 ± 0.07, 0.24 ± 0.09 and 0.17 ± 0.07, and the difference had significant difference(P=0.014).The FA values of the central region were respectively 0.15±0.08, 0.18±0.09 and 0.15±0.07, and without the statistically significant difference(P=0.090). The FA values of the posterior region were 0.21 ± 0.11, 0.24 ± 0.13 and 0.16 ± 0.11, and also showed significant difference(P=0.002). In different regions, the difference of FA values between menstrual phases and proliferative phases were also had statistically significant(P=0.018, 0.045, respectively). In the same region, the FA value was lowest in the secretary phase, and the proliferative phase was slightly higher than menstrual phase. Conclusion The FA values are affected by menstrual cycle and anatomic site.

Factors Associated with Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women

OBJECTIVES: Breast density increases the risk of breast cancer, but also in the interpretation of mammography is also important. This study examine the risk factors affecting breast density in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Between January 2013 and January 2014, 215 patients admitted to The Clinics of Gynecology and Obstetrics with complaints of menopause were taken. According to the results of mammography, Group I (non-dense, n = 175) and Group II (dense, n = 40) were created. The informations of the caseswere analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: In Group I, body mass index (BMI), number of pregnancies, parity were significantly higher than group II (P < 0.05). In group II, the withdrawal period of menstruation and progesterone levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, BMI for dense breasts and number of pregnancies were found to be an independent risk factor (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Increased BMI, pregnancy and parity, result of reduction in density , but longer duration of menopause and increased progesterone cause an increase in density. BMI and the number of pregnancy was found to be independent risk factors for reducing breast density.

Application of localization needles under ultrasound-guidance for the nonpalpable breast calcification / 国际外科学杂志

Breast calcification is a specific sign of nonpalpable early breast cancer,the accurate localization and biopsy can obviously improve the diagnosis rate of early breast cancer,and imaging-guided needle localization is the premise of accurate biopsy of breast calcification.As the recommended guidance,mammography-guided localization and biopsy has certain limitations in localizing and biopsying breast calcification,however,high-resolution uhrasound makes it possible to localize the nonpalpable calcification in breast,and which has a certain advantage.

Inyección de sustancias externas para el aumento del tamaño mamario: representación mamográfica. Serie de casos / Injection of Foreign Substances to Increase Breast Size: Mammographic Representation. Case Series

Desde hace muchos años se ha introducido el uso de ciertas sustancias inyectables externas autólogas y/o halopáticas, con el objetivo de aumentar, reformar o restablecer el volumen de ciertas áreas corporales, especialmente los senos. Dentro de los métodos más observados se encuentra desde el uso del propio tejido adiposo extraído de otras zonas corporales del paciente hasta la aplicación de sustancias externas, que van desde la parafina hasta el hidrogel de poliacrilamida no protésico y el ácido hialurónico. Sin embargo, existen otros métodos de origen empírico, como sustancias oleosas, sintéticas o la mezcla de varias de estas, con las cuales se obtiene aumento del volumen del área deseada, pero con detrimento del estroma objeto de la inyección, el cual altera internamente su estructura; de esta forma, el parénquima, especialmente el mamario, sufre alteraciones irreversibles que se representan por medio de los estudios de imágenes diagnósticas. Estas alteraciones, por lo general, desencadenan hechos indeseables y llevan a una pérdida definitiva del tejido mamario, o derivan en algunas comorbilidades que pueden comprometer la salud del paciente en otros órganos, como se ha demostrado en varios casos descritos en la literatura. El artículo presenta cuatro casos.

For many years, the use of certain external injectable autologous and / or halopatic substances has been introduced, aiming to increase, amend or re-establish the volume of certain body areas, especially the breasts. One of the most observed methods includes the use of adipose tissue itself which is extracted from other body parts of the patient, as well as the application of external substances, ranging from the paraffin to the non-prosthetic polyacrylamide hydrogel and hyaluronic acid. However, there are other methods of empirical origin, such as oily, synthetic or a mixture of several of these substances. These methods achieve an increase of the volume of the desired area but at the expense of stromal which is the object of the injection, which internally alters its structure. In this manner, the parenchyma, especially the breast, suffers from irreversible changes which are represented through diagnostic imaging studies. Generally speaking, these alterations trigger events and lead to undesirable results and lead to a permanent loss of breast tissue, or are derived from some comorbidities that can compromise the health of the patient in other organs. This has been proven in several cases described in the literature. This article presents four cases.

Advances in the treatment of breast fibroadenoma surgery / 国际外科学杂志

Breast fibroadenoma is the most common benign tumor of female mammary gland,which is tend to occur in young women under the age of 30.The main treatment is surgical removal.The option of the method and timing of the surgery is effected by ages,fertility requirements,tumor size,location,and so on.Considering the young women of beauty and nursing requirements in the future,combined with medical cosmetology technology progress,the way to do surgery is particularly important.There are various surgical methods whose effects and applicable objects are different in clinic.In this article,the type of operation on breast fibroadenoma and timing of surgery were reviewed.

Tendencia del desarrollo puberal en escolares de la Región Metropolitana de Chile: Menor edad de presentación, mayor duración y dimorfismo sexual en la estatura / Trends in puberal development of school age children living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Background: There is a worldwide tendency towards an earlier appearance of puberal development among children, associated with an increase in weight and height. Aim: To study the trends in puberal development in Chilean school age children, between the years 1986 and 2001 and correlate it with weight and height changes. Subjects and Methods: In two representative samples of school age children, collected between years 1985 and 1987 (m-1986) and another between years 2000 and 2002 (m-2001), girls between 7 and 15years (958 and 935, respectively) and boys between 9 and 15 years (842 and 870 respectively), were selected. Breast development (B) in females and genital development (G) in males were classified according to Tanner stages. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status (according to Centers for Disease Control/ National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS) standards) were assessed. Results: The prevalence of obesity increased four fold between 1986 and 2001. The 2001 generation had a significantly higher degree of puberal development than their counterparts studied in 1986. Compared to m-1986, m-2001 subjects had a lower mean age at puberal development stage two and three, but no differences at puberal stages 4 and 5. BMI of m-2001 subjects was significantly higher than that of m-1986 subjects at all puberal stages. The m-2001 males showed highest stature than m-1986 in all puberal stage, however, in females there is no difference in height between m-2001 and m-1986. Conclusions: The highest BMI observed in the cohort of 2001, could be facilitating an earlier puberal development and ethnic factors could explain the sexual dimorphism in stature.

Curcuminoid-phospholipid complex induces apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by STAT-3 signaling

Curcumin (from the rhizome of Curcuma longa) is well documented for its medicinal properties in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine where it is widely used for the treatment of several diseases. Epidemiological observations are suggestive that curcumin consumption may reduce the risk of some form of cancers and provide other protective biological effects in humans. These biological properties have been attributed to curcuminoids that have been widely studied for their anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, wound healing and anti-cancer effects. In this study we have investigated on the effect of a curcumin phospholipid complex on mammary epithelial cell viability. HC11 and BME-UV cell lines, validated models to study biology of normal, not tumoral, mammary epithelial cells, were used to analyse these effects. We report that curcumin acts on STAT-3 signal pathway to reduce cell viability and increase apoptosis evaluated by the the amount of activated caspase 3. Further it reduces MAPK and AKT activations. JSI-124, a STAT-3 inhibitor (100 nM) was able to block the negative effect of curcumin on cell viability and caspase 3 activation. Finally the negative effect of cucumin on cell viability has been impaired in STAT-3i HC11, where STAT-3 protein was greatly reduced by shRNA-interference. These results indicate that curcumin presents a potential adverse effect to normal mammary epithelial cells and that it has a specific effect on signal trasduction in mammary epithelium.