Influência da neoplasia mamária na concentração sérica de hormônios e na expressão de receptores de estrógeno e progesterona em cadelas / Influence of mammary neoplasm on the serum concentration of hormones and on the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in bitches

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as concentrações séricas de estradiol, progesterona e prolactina, bem como a expressão gênica dos receptores de estrógeno α e β e de progesterona em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias. Foram utilizadas 60 cadelas adultas, sem raça definida que foram distribuídas em dois grupos. O Grupo I constituído por 30 cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias e o Grupo II constituído por 30 cadelas saudáveis, não portadoras de neoplasia. Para os tutores, foram aplicados questionários sobre fatores epidemiológicos da doença. Após avaliação dos exames pré-operatórios, as cadelas com neoplasia mamária foram submetidas à mastectomia, coletaram-se fragmentos das neoplasias e linfonodos regionais, os quais foram processados para análise histopatológica. Para as dosagens hormonais de estradiol, progesterona e prolactina foram colhidas amostras de sangue em tubos sem anticoagulante e os soros foram submetidos à técnica de eletroquimioluminescência. A expressão gênica dos receptores hormonais foi realizada por meio da técnica de Real-time PCR e para isso foram coletados fragmentos das neoplasias mamárias e extraído o RNA para obtenção do cDNA. A expressão do mRNA para os REα, REβ e RP foi avaliada a partir da amplificação desses genes utilizando primers específicos. Verificaram-se maiores níveis séricos de estradiol (média de 38,98±13,68pg/mL) em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias malignas quando comparadas as cadelas do grupo controle (p<0,05). Já os níveis séricos de prolactina foram maiores (média de 0,231±0,201ng/mL) nas cadelas que não possuíam neoplasias mamárias quando comparadas ao Grupo I (p<0,05). Para os níveis de progesterona não foram observadas diferença entre os diferentes grupos (p>0,05). Tanto os tumores malignos como os benignos expressaram REα, REβ e RP, não havendo diferença (p>0,05) na expressão entre tumores malignos ou benignos ou relacionada aos outros fatores prognósticos investigados (estadiamento clínico, presença de ulceração, vascularização e tempo de evolução do processo). Os níveis séricos de estradiol aumentaram significativamente com o estadiamento clínico da doença (p<0,05). Verificou-se moderada correlação negativa entre os níveis séricos de estradiol e prolactina. Dessa forma, conclui-se que as dosagens séricas de estradiol e PRL foram influenciadas pela malignidade do tumor e pelo estadiamento clínico das neoplasias. Os receptores hormonais foram expressos pelas neoplasias, independentemente do tipo tumoral e não estão associados aos outros fatores prognóstico clássicos, como presença de ulceração, vascularização ou estadiamento clínico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, the gene expression of estrogen α and β and progesterone receptors in bitches with mammary neoplasms. Sixty adult crossbred bitches distributed in two groups were used. Group I consisted of 30 bitches with mammary neoplasms and Group II consisted of 30 healthy bitches without neoplasia. For the tutors, interviews were made about the disease epidemiology. After preoperative examinations, bitches with mammary neoplasia were submitted to mastectomy; fragments of the neoplasms and regional lymph nodes were collected and processed for histopathological analysis. Blood samples were collected in tubes without anticoagulant and the serum was analyzed by electrochemiluminescence to measure estradiol, progesterone and prolactin. The gene expression of the hormonal receptors was performed by means of the Real-time PCR technique, thus fragments of mammary neoplasms were collected and the RNA was extracted to obtain cDNA. Expression of the mRNA for ERα, ERβ and PR was assessed from the amplification of these genes using specific primers. Higher serum levels of estradiol (mean 38.98±13.68pg/mL) were observed in bitches with malignant neoplasms when compared to the control bitches (p<0.05). Serum prolactin levels were higher (mean of 0.231±0.201ng/mL) in bitches that did not have mammary neoplasms when compared to Group I (p<0.05). No difference was observed for related to the progesterone levels between the groups (p>0.05). Both malignant and benign tumors expressed ERα, ERβ and RP with no statistical difference (p>0.05) and there were no difference related to the other prognostic factors investigated (clinical staging, presence of ulceration, vascularization and aging of neoplasms). Serum estradiol levels increased significantly with the clinical staging of the disease (p<0.05). There was a moderate negative correlation between serum levels of estradiol and prolactin. It was concluded that serum levels of estradiol and PRL were influenced by tumor malignancy and clinical staging of neoplasms. Hormonal receptors were expressed by neoplasms, regardless of tumor type and are not associated with other classical prognostic factors, such as ulceration, vascularization or clinical staging.(AU)

Alterações hematológicas em cadelas portadoras de tumores de mama

In this study we describe the occurrence of hematological disorders in bitches with mammary neoplasm and analyze the possibility that alterations present can be used as a diagnostic parameter and prognosis. Two hundred and forty-six dogs with mammary neoplasms (123 with malignant and 123 with benign mammary tumor) and the same number of female dogs without mammary tumors were investigated for observation of hematologic abnormalities. The full blood test and measurement of proteins was carried out before any treatment for breast tumor. The diagnosis of mammary neoplasm was done by histopathology. Few animals with benign tumors had hematological disorders, but in malignant neoplasm the prevalence was 55%, and thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia (hypergammaglobulinemia) and leucopenia (neutropenia) were the most prevalent abnormalities. Anemia and erythrocytosis had equilibrated occurrence (22 and 21%, respectively). Leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia were less hematologic changes observed. We concluded that because of the high prevalence of thrombocytosis, leukopenia and hyperproteinemia (hypergammaglobulinemia) in bitches bearing mammary tumors, the hematological abnormalities may be signaling of malignant neoplasm.

Hematologic abnormalities in dogs bearing mammary tumors / Alterações hematológicas em cadelas portadoras de tumores de mama

In this study we describe the occurrence of hematological disorders in bitches with mammary neoplasm and analyze the possibility that alterations present can be used as a diagnostic parameter and prognosis. Two hundred and forty-six dogs with mammary neoplasms (123 with malignant and 123 with benign mammary tumor) and the same number of female dogs without mammary tumors were investigated for observation of hematologic abnormalities. The full blood test and measurement of proteins was carried out before any treatment for breast tumor. The diagnosis of mammary neoplasm was done by histopathology. Few animals with benign tumors had hematological disorders, but in malignant neoplasm the prevalence was 55%, and thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia (hypergammaglobulinemia) and leucopenia (neutropenia) were the most prevalent abnormalities. Anemia and erythrocytosis had equilibrated occurrence (22 and 21%, respectively). Leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia were less hematologic changes observed. We concluded that because of the high prevalence of thrombocytosis, leukopenia and hyperproteinemia (hypergammaglobulinemia) in bitches bearing mammary tumors, the hematological abnormalities may be signaling of malignant neoplasm.

Neste estudo descrevemos a ocorrência de distúrbios hematológicos em cadelas com neoplasia mamária e sua possível relação com o diagnóstico e o prognóstico. Duzentos e quarenta e seis cadelas com neoplasias mamárias (123 com maligno e 123 com tumor mamário benigno) e o mesmo número de cadelas sem tumores mamários foram investigadas para a observação de anormalidades hematológicas. O exame de sangue completo e mensuração de proteínas foram realizados antes de qualquer tratamento para o tumor de mama. O diagnóstico de neoplasia mamária foi feito por exame histopatológico. Poucos animais com tumores benignos tinham distúrbios hematológicos, mas em neoplasia maligna a prevalência foi de 55%, sendo trombocitose, hiperproteinemia (hipergamaglobulinemia) e leucopenia (neutropenia) as anormalidades mais prevalentes. Anemia e eritrocitose tiveram ocorrência equitativa (22 e 21%, respectivamente). Leucocitose e trombocitopenia foram alterações hematológicas menos observadas. Concluiu-se que, devido à alta prevalência de trombocitose, leucopenia e hiperproteinemia (hipergamaglonulinemia) em cadelas com tumores mamários malignos, tais alterações hematológicas podem ser sinalização para o diagnóstico das malignidades e seu prognóstico.

Coping religioso/espiritual em mulheres com câncer de mama / Spiritual/religious coping in breast cancer women / Coping religioso/espiritual en mujeres con cáncer de mama

Investigou-se as relações entre coping religioso/espiritual (CRE), variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e religiosas e a percepção subjetiva sobre quem é Deus em 83 mulheres com câncer de mama, que responderam a um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos e a Escala CRE. A escolaridade apresentou correlação significativa e negativa com o fator Reavaliação negativa do significado, indicando que quanto menos anos de estudo as mulheres possuem mais a doença é compreendida em decorrência de algo malévolo ou como uma punição pessoal. As mulheres que viam Deus como Presença ou Condição de existência/sobrevivência apresentaram maior uso de CRE positivo em relação ao CRE negativo, e aquelas que percebiam Deus como Condição de existência/sobrevivência ou Ser/força/poder superior apresentaram médias significativamente superiores no fator Insatisfação com o outro institucional. As mulheres utilizaram mais CRE positivo do que negativo para lidar com o estresse gerado pela doença...

The relationship between religious/spiritual coping (RSC) was investigated, along with sociodemographic, clinical and religious variables, and the subjective perception of who God in 83 women with breast cancer, who answered a sociodemographic and clinical data and the RSC scale. The level of study variable showed significant and negative correlation with factor Negative meaning reappraisal, indicating that greater the disease is understood like a bad thing or personal punishment, less years of study had women. Women who saw God as Presence or Condition for existence/survival showed greater use of Positive RSC over negative RSC, and those who perceived God as Condition for existence/survival or Being/strength/superior power showed significantly higher averages in Dissatisfaction with the institutional other factor. Women used more positive than negative RSC to cope with the stress caused by breast cancer...

Se investigó la relación entre coping religioso/espiritual (CRE), variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y religiosas y la percepción subjetiva sobre quién es Dios en 83 mujeres con cáncer de mama, que contestaron a un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos y la Escala CRE. La escolaridad presentó correlación significativa y negativa con el factor Reevaluación negativa del significado. Las mujeres que percibían a Dios como Presencia o Condición de existencia/sobrevivencia presentaron más uso del CRE positivo en comparación al CRE negativo, y las que percibían a Dios como Condición de existencia/sobrevivencia o Ser/fuerza/poder superior presentaron medias significativamente más altas en el factor insatisfacción con el otro institucional. Las mujeres utilizaron más el CRE positivo que el CRE negativo para manejar con el estrés generado por el cáncer de mama...

Stress and Coping Strategies for Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: a Transversal Study

Aim: Verify the occurrence of stressful situations and the use of methods to deal/cope with it by women diagnosed with breast cancer. Method: Transversal study, performed with 21 women, based on the instrument called Lipp's Inventory of Stress Symptoms in Adults (ISSL, in Portuguese) and the Scale on Ways to Deal with Problems (EMEP, in Portuguese). Results: The presence of stress was evidenced in 66.7% of the women. The religious practice was the most used coping strategy seen in the sample (52.4%), especially in the group which stress was observed. In the no-stress group, the focused coping technique was to focus on the problem (23.7%). Discussion: While dealing with the disease focusing on the problem, women seemed to not feel stressed. Conclusion: The situations of stress provoked by breast cancer require that the patients adapt and cope with it. As so far, nursing must act to mediate the most adaptive responses to the situation created by the illness.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of e-cadherin, Ki-67 and PCNA in canine mammary neoplasias: correlation of prognostic factors and clinical outcome / Avaliação imuno-histoquímica da e-caderina, Ki-67 e PCNA nas neoplasias mamárias caninas: correlação dos fatores prognósticos com a evolução clínica

E-cadherin is a cell-cell adhesion molecule and low e-cadherin expression is related to invasiveness and may indicate a bad prognosis in mammary neoplasms. The expression of cell proliferation markers PCNA and especially Ki-67, has also proved to have a strong prognostic value in this tumor class. The expression of these markers was related to the clinical-pathological characteristics of 73 surgically removed mammary tumors in female dogs by immunohistochemistry. There was no statistical correlation between these markers and death by neoplasm, survival time and disease-free interval. However, the loss of e-cadherin expression and marked Ki-67 expression (p=0.016) were considered statistically significant for the diagnosis (p=0.032). When evaluated as independent factors, there was evidence of the relationship between the loss of e-cadherin expression and high PCNA expression with changes in the body status (divided into obese, normal and cachectic) of female dogs (p=0.030); there was also evidence of the relationship between pseudopregnancy and e-cadherin alone (p=0.021) and for ulceration and PCNA alone (p=0.035). The significant correlation between the markers expression and these well known prognostic factors used individually or in combination suggests their prognostic value in canine mammary tumors.

A e-caderina é uma molécula de adesão celular e a perda de sua expressão esta relacionada à invasão tumoral podendo indicar um prognóstico ruim nas neoplasias mamárias. A expressão dos marcadores de proliferação celular PCNA e especialmente o Ki-67, também têm mostrado forte valor prognóstico nesta classe tumoral. A expressão imuno-histoquímica destes marcadores foi relacionada com as características clinico-patológicas de 73 tumores removidos cirurgicamente de fêmeas caninas. Não houve correlação estatística entre estes marcadores e a morte por neoplasia, tempo de sobrevida e intervalo livre de doença. Entretanto, a perda da expressão da ecaderina e a forte expressão do Ki-67 (p=0,016) foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando relacionados com o diagnóstico (p=0,032). Quando avaliados os fatores independentes, houve evidência de associação entre a perda de expressão da e-caderina e a alta expressão do PCNA com as mudanças no estado nutricional das cadelas (divididas em obesas, normais e caquéticas) (p=0,030); houve também evidência de associação entre a pseudociese e a expressão da e-caderina (p=0,021) e com a ulceração e a expressão do PCNA (p=0,035). A correlação significativa entre a expressão dos marcadores e estes, bem conhecidos fatores prognósticos usados individualmente ou em associação, sugere importante valor prognóstico destes marcadores nos tumores mamários caninos.

Expression of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Gene in Breast Cancer Patients and Its Value in Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To observe the expression of breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP) gene in breast cancer patients,and to explore its value in evaluating the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy for breast cancer.Methods Semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was applied for the detection of mammary BCRP gene expression level in 60 female breast cancer patients who have received chemical therapeutic regimen of CEF(cyclophosphamide,epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil).The patients were divided into two groups according to the BCRP gene expression before CEF therapy.After treatment,the therapeutic effect in the two groups was observed and the BCRP gene expression level was also measured.Results In 17(17/60,28.3%) patients with positive BCRP gene expression,11 were relieved,with a relief rate of 64.7%,lower than 93.0% in patients with negative BCRP gene expression(P