ABSTRACT
Este texto resenha a obra póstuma From Sea-Bathing to Beach-Going: A Social History of The Beach in Rio de Janeiro, de autoria de Bert J. Barickman e edição de Hendrik Kraay e Bryan McCann. Discute o teor dos capítulos da obra, assim como as contribuições desta para a história do Rio de Janeiro, da praia, da cidade e do desenvolvimento urbano, do turismo e, evidentemente, do lazer. Para tanto, associa o livro e suas discussões a obras históricas sobre alguns desses assuntos. Da mesma forma, explora o quanto o fazer história do autor é uma relevante contribuição para a história do lazer.
This text reviews the posthumous work From Sea-Bathing to BeachGoing: A Social History of The Beach in Rio de Janeiro, authored by Bert J. Barickman and edited by Hendrik Kraay and Bryan McCann. It gives an overview the book's chapters content, as well as its contributions to the history of Rio de Janeiro, the beach, the city and urban development, tourism and, of course, leisure. To this end, it associates the book and its discussions with historical works on some of these subjects. Likewise, it explores how much the author's historical approach is a relevant contribution to the history of leisure.
Subject(s)
Social Organization , Cultural Characteristics/historyABSTRACT
A lapa (Patella vulgata) é um molusco frequentemente encontrado em regiões costeiras com clima quente. A alergia alimentar à lapa é muito rara, com poucos casos descritos na literatura. Os autores descrevem um caso de anafilaxia à lapa, com evidência de reação de hipersensibilidade do tipo I, através de IgE específica positiva à lapa, tanto com métodos in vivo, como in vitro.
Limpet (Patella vulgata) is a mollusk mainly found in warm coastal regions. Limpet allergy is considered rare, and few cases can be found in the literature. We describe a clinical case of limpet anaphylaxis, including in vitro and in vivo evidence of IgE mechanism involvement.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Shellfish Hypersensitivity , Skin TestsABSTRACT
Background: The edible green algae Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), also known as "sea grape", is an excellent source of phenolic compounds known for their activity to reduce free radicals. Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of C. racemosa (70% ethanol extracts) obtained from different extraction methods, such as maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasound. Methods: Total phenolics of the extracts were determined by the colorimetry method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results: the ethanol extract of C. racemosa obtained from the ultrasonic methods had the highest phenolic content (39.38 mg GAE/g) compared to other extraction methods (Soxhlet was 36.88 mg GAE/g and maceration was 22.05 mg GAE/g). The IC50 value against DPPH of the C. racemosa ethanol extracts using ultrasonic, Soxhlet, and maceration was 352.95, 365.73, and 375.84 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: the variation of the extraction methods affected the total phenolics content of C. racemosa ethanol extracts and their antioxidant activity. We reported here the potential of C. racemosa extracts as an antioxidant raw material from marine plants for medicinal, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and food products; however, more research is needed.
Antecedentes: El alga verde comestible Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), también conocida como "uva de mar", es una excelente fuente de compuestos fenólicos conocidos por su actividad para reducir los radicales libres. Objetivos: La investigación pretende evaluar el contenido fenólico total y la actividad antioxidante de C. racemosa (extractos de etanol al 70%) obtenidos a partir de diferentes métodos de extracción, como maceración, Soxhlet y ultrasonido. Métodos: Los fenoles totales de los extractos se determinaron por el método colorimétrico utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu. El contenido total de fenoles se expresó como mg de ácido gálico equivalente (GAE) por g de extracto. Para evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos se utilizó el radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Resultados: el extracto etanólico de C. racemosa obtenido por ultrasonido presentó el mayor contenido fenólico (39,38 mg GAE/g) en comparación con otros métodos de extracción (Soxhlet fue de 36,88 mg GAE/g y maceración fue de 22,05 mg GAE/g). El valor IC50 frente a DPPH de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa mediante ultrasonido, Soxhlet y maceración fue de 352,95, 365,73 y 375,84 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la variación de los métodos de extracción afectó al contenido total de fenoles de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa y a su actividad antioxidante. Aquí reportamos el potencial de los extractos de C. racemosa como materia prima antioxidante a partir de plantas marinas para productos medicinales, nutracéuticos, cosméticos y alimenticios; sin embargo, se necesita más investigación.
Subject(s)
Humans , Phenolic Compounds , Plant Extracts , Caulerpa , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
A alergia alimentar caracteriza-se por uma reação adversa a um determinado alimento, envolvendo um mecanismo imunológico. Uma das alergias mais comuns encontradas atualmente é a alergia a frutos do mar, a qual se baseia em uma hipersensibilidade a animais desse grupo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os desafios expostos na alimentação de alérgicos a frutos do mar e formular soluções para essa população baseadas em alimentos nutricionalmente substitutos. Sendo realizado em três etapas: investigação inicial, construção de conceitos e planejamento de uma ação com orientações nutricionais. De acordo com as dificuldades encontradas na alimentação dessa parcela populacional, realizaram-se diferentes preparações, com nutrientes como ômega-3, proteínas, vitaminas do complexo B, zinco, ferro, potássio, magnésio, iodo e selênio, os quais também são encontrados nos frutos do mar, a fim de evitar possíveis contaminações cruzadas e garantir seu aporte nutricional em alimentos substitutos. Foi possível concluir que os alérgicos aos frutos do mar não apresentam uma interferência significativa em sua qualidade de vida, tendo um impacto nutricional pequeno, visto que por meio da alimentação existem outras fontes, necessitando somente de alguns cuidados no dia a dia em virtude das consequências de uma possível contaminação.
Food allergy is characterized by an adverse reaction to a given food, involving an immunological mechanism. One of the most common allergies currently found is seafood allergy, which is based on hypersensitivity to animals in this group. The objective of this research is to identify the challenges exposed in the feeding of seafood allergies and formulate solutions for this population based on nutritionally substitute foods. Being carried out in 3 stages, initial investigation, construction of concepts and planning of an action with nutritional guidance. According to the difficulties encountered in feeding this portion of the population, different preparations were carried out, with nutrients such as: ômega-3, proteins, B vitamins, zinc, iron, potassium, magnesium, iodine and selenium. Which are also found in seafood. In order to avoid possible cross-contamination and ensure their nutritional intake in substitute foods. It was possible to conclude that seafood allergies do not present a significant interference in their quality of life, having a small nutritional impact, since through food there are other sources, requiring only some care on a daily basis due to the consequences of possible contamination.
Subject(s)
Humans , Shellfish , Food Hypersensitivity , Potassium , Quality of Life , Selenium , Vitamin B Complex , Vitamins , Zinc , Allergens , Nutrients , Diet , Eating , Iodine , Iron , MagnesiumABSTRACT
@#Some of Vibrio species is well known as pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture and the marine industry. Its infection is able to generate a massive outbreak and affect the fish population, especially for net caged fish such as seabass. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Vibrio spp. isolated from seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Sri Tujuh Lagoon, Tumpat, Kelantan. Then, to determine the antibiotic resistance in Vibrio isolates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Vibrio species using specific primer VR169 and VR744 with estimation base pair size band, 597 bp and further identified by sequencing. On the other hand, antibiotic susceptibility tests were continued by using 13 types of antibiotics; kanamycin (K30), chloramphenicol (C30), neomycin (N10), ampicillin (AMP10), nitrofurantoin (F300), tetracycline (TE30), streptomycin (S10), norfloxacin (NOR10), ciprofloxacin (CIP5), nalidixic acid (NA30), gentamicin (CN10), doxycycline (DO30) and sulfamethoxazole (SXT100). As a result, 14 Vibrio isolates were identified, including Vibrio fluvialis (n=6), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n=3), Vibrio harveyi (n=2) and each isolate for Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio spp. The results showed that all isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics except ampicillin, neomycin and streptomycin. The MAR index value was ranging from 0 to 0.31. This study demonstrates the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in seabass and the report on multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the fish farmers. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plans.
ABSTRACT
Aims@#Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders that tend to accumulate and concentrate any suspended particles or bacteria from the water environment. Although they have been proven to accumulate heavy metals, investigation on the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is still lacking. Therefore, this study examines the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from bivalve shellfish, namely, blood cockles (Anadara granosa) and green-lipped mussel (Perna viridis) purchased from markets in Johor, Malaysia.@*Methodology and results@#Samples purchased were homogenized and then diluted. Viable cell count and bacterial isolation were performed using diluted samples followed by an antibiotic susceptibility test (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline) conducted on the pure isolates. The total viable count of bacterial colonies for cockle and mussel samples ranged from 1.1 × 107 to 4.4 × 109 CFU/mL and 1.2 × 109 to 4.3 × 109 CFU/mL. The numbers of colonies isolated from respective bivalves were 11 and 6. Generally, cockles isolates revealed higher resistance towards all three antibiotics at or above the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) threshold value. Meanwhile, mussel isolates showed full susceptibility to any ciprofloxacin concentration and tetracycline but exhibited resistance to ampicillin at a concentration exceeding the CLSI value. The number of drug resistance isolates in cockle and mussel samples decreased with increasing antibiotic concentration. The maximum number of antibiotics the mussel isolates were resistant to was two, whereas cockle isolates achieved three.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The outcome of this study concludes that some isolates from cockle and mussel samples can resist antibiotic concentration above the CLSI threshold value. Resistance of more than the CLSI threshold level revealed that these isolates could pose significant health risks especially when the bivalves are ingested raw or undercooked.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Bacterial , BivalviaABSTRACT
In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.
No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.
Subject(s)
Animals , Amino Acids/analysis , Echinodermata/chemistry , Biochemical Phenomena , Fatty Acids/analysis , Sea Cucumbers , StichopusABSTRACT
Abstract In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.
Resumo No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.
No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sea Cucumbers , Sea Urchins , Indian Ocean , Echinodermata , EgyptABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This review focuses on the potential of halophytes for food, fodder and biofuels production, as well as their impacts on the environment and societies. Moreover, to open new areas in production systems using novel technologies such as halophytes in a desert agriculture. We are faced with the crisis and the shortage of freshwater in arid, semi-arid and desert regions. For this reason, we have to apply sustainable systems for human food, fodder and biofuels. Halophytes are naturally resistant to salt and develop on the coastal coast and arid-saline areas. We present a complete summary of the current situation of human population growth and food demand, a sustainable alternative such as halophilic crops of agro-industrial importance compared with conventional crops and how they can be incorporated into agriculture sustainable in arid, desert and coastal areas, basing the above on success stories.
RESUMEN Esta revisión se centra en el potencial de las halófitas para la producción de alimentos, forrajes y biocombustibles, así como en sus impactos en el medio ambiente y en las sociedades. Asimismo, en las nuevas áreas que buscan sistemas de producción utilizando tecnologías novedosas como las halófitas en agricultura en el desierto. Nos encontramos ante una crisis de escasez de agua dulce en regiones áridas, semiáridas y desérticas. Por esta razón, tenemos que aplicar sistemas sostenibles para alimento humano, forraje y biocombustibles. Las halofítas son naturalmente resistentes a la sal y se desarrollan en litorales costeros y zonas árido-salinas. Presentamos un resumen completo de la situación actual del crecimiento de la población humana y de la demanda de alimentos, de los cultivos halófilos de importancia agroindustrial como una alternativa sustentable, comparados con los convencionales, y de la forma como se pueden incorporar en una agricultura sustentable en zonas áridas, desérticas y costeras, fundamentando lo anterior con casos de éxito.
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Introduction: The Ophiuroidea class is the most diverse of the Phylum Echinodermata, with 2 064 described species, which can be found from intertidal zones to abyssal depths, but the fauna of Yucatan peninsula needs more study. Objective: To describe the diversity of ophiuroids in the Yucatan continental slope. Methods: Information was compiled from four oceanographic surveys carried out in August 2005, June 2007 (BIOREPES 1 and 2: BRP1 and BRP2), April 2011 and August 2014 (COBERPES 2 and 6: CBP2 and CBP6). The specimens were obtained by trawling with a shrimp net in soft substrates and with a skimmer-type trawl dredge at a depth range of 200 to 1 071 m off the states of Yucatán and Quintana Roo, Mexico. Results: We found members of two superorders, five orders, six suborders, five superfamilies, 18 families, 28 genera and 43 species. Conclusions: The northeast zone Yucatan Peninsula has at least 43 species, of which 19 are new records for the area.
Introducción: La clase Ophiuroidea es la más diversa del Phylum Echinodermata, con 2 064 especies descritas, que se pueden encontrar desde zonas intermareales hasta profundidades abisales, pero la fauna de la península de Yucatán necesita más estudio. Objetivo: Describir la diversidad de ofiuroideos en el talud continental de Yucatán. Métodos: Se recopiló información de cuatro estudios oceanográficos llevados a cabo en agosto de 2005, junio de 2007 (BIOREPES 1 y 2: BRP1 y BRP2), abril de 2011 y agosto de 2014 (COBERPES 2 y 6: CBP2 y CBP6). Los especímenes se obtuvieron mediante la pesca de arrastre con una red camaronera en sustratos blandos y con una draga de arrastre tipo skimmer en un rango de profundidad de 200 a 1 071 m frente a los estados de Yucatán y Quintana Roo, México. Resultados: Encontramos miembros de dos superórdenes, cinco órdenes, seis subórdenes, cinco superfamilias, 18 familias, 28 géneros y 43 especies. Conclusiones: La zona noreste de la Península de Yucatán tiene al menos 43 especies, de las cuales 19 son nuevos registros para el área.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Scutelliforms were diverse and widespread in shallow marine environments during Neogene times in South America. Nevertheless, they have almost never been used as biostratigraphic tools. Objective: To provide a refined stratigraphic frame useful for calibrating temporal dimensions of scutelliform diversity from Argentina and Uruguay and its correlation with the molluscan assemblages previously proposed. Methods: A detailed survey of their geographic and stratigraphic provenance was carried out. We revised both the bibliography and collections (institutional and from our own field work). Results: The group is represented by 14 species belonging to six genera, and four assemblages were identified. Numerical dates of the Neogene marine rocks obtained recently allowed their placement in a chronological scheme: "Iheringiella" sp. A is restricted to the late Oligocene, the genera Camachoaster and "Eoscutella" and the species Monophoraster telfordi to the early Miocene, Abertella gualichensis and Abertella miskellyi to the middle Miocene, and Monophoraster duboisi, Amplaster coloniensis and Amplaster ellipticus to the late Miocene. Non-lunulate scutelliforms are not restricted to the late Oligocene as previously supposed. The oldest occurrence of the genus Monophoraster corresponds to the early Miocene, and along with Iheringiella are long-living taxa that embrace the 25.3 Ma-18.1 Ma (Iheringiella patagonensis) and approximately 15 Ma-6.48 Ma (Monophoraster darwini) intervals. The presence of Iheringiella in the early Miocene of northeastern Patagonia is corroborated, reaching there its northernmost distribution. Monophoraster darwini has a temporal range from the late Miocene (where it was previously thought to be restricted) back to the middle Miocene, since this is the species yielded in the well-known and discussed "Monophoraster and Venericor Beds". Conclusions: The Paleogene-Neogene scutelliforms of Argentina and Uruguay range from the late Oligocene to the late Miocene. There is a good correspondence among the numerical ages, molluscan biozones and scutelliform assemblages.
Introducción: Realizamos una síntesis actualizada de la composición taxonómica de las asociaciones de escutélidos del Oligoceno tardío-Mioceno tardío de Argentina y Uruguay. Objetivo: Ubicar los escutélidos en un marco estratigráfico refinado, a los efectos de observar su diversidad a lo largo del tiempo y la correlación de sus ensambles con los ya conocidos de moluscos. Métodos: Revisamos en detalle la procedencia geográfica y estratigráfica de los ejemplares y su asignación taxonómica, basándonos tanto en la bibliografía como en colecciones institucionales y producto de nuestras campañas de colecta. Resultados: El grupo está representado por 14 especies agrupadas en seis géneros, siendo identificadas en cuatro ensambles. Las edades numéricas recientemente obtenidas permitieron su ubicación en un esquema cronológico: "Iheringiella" sp. A se restringe al Oligoceno tardío, Camachoaster y "Eoscutella", y Monophoraster telfordi al Mioceno temprano, Abertella gualichensis y Abertella miskellyi al Mioceno medio, y Monophoraster duboisi, Amplaster coloniensis y Amplaster ellipticus al Mioceno tardío. Los escutélidos sin lúnula no están restringidos al Oligoceno tardío como se suponía. Monophoraster aparece en el Mioceno temprano y junto con Iheringiella abarcan largos períodos de tiempo, encontrándoselos entre los 25.3 Ma-18.1 Ma (Iheringiella patagonensis) y aproximadamente los 15 Ma-6.48 Ma (Monophoraster darwini). Se corrobora la presencia de Iheringiella en el Mioceno temprano del noreste de Patagonia, donde alcanza su punto más septentrional. Monophoraster darwini se encuentra desde el Mioceno medio hasta el Mioceno tardío (lapso para el cual previamente se consideraba restringido), ya que se trata de la especie presente en los bien conocidos "estratos con Monophoraster y Venericor". Conclusiones: Los escutélidos del Paleógeno-Neógeno de Argentina y Uruguay se encuentran desde el Oligoceno tardío hasta el Mioceno tardío. Hay una buena correspondencia entre las edades numéricas, las biozonas de moluscos y los ensambles de escutélidos.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: "Blue Economy" refers to ocean-based economies with a sustainable approach. It focuses in smaller carbon footprints and efficiency, principles that can be applied to aquaculture. However, it has been difficult to develop successful blue economy projects in sea urchin aquaculture. Objective: To compare URCHINOMICS (Norway) and ARBACIA (Argentina), two aquaculture projects with different business models. Methods: We used publicly available information to compare both companies on the basis of their value proposition and tensions (e.g. cultural, social economic and technological). Results: To be successful, sea urchin aquaculture requires development of appropriate technology, open innovation and cooperation of people with different academic, business and organizational backgrounds. Conclusion: The ultimate success of these and similar companies will depend on free interaction of experts from multiple fields and on technological innovation.
Introducción: "Economía azul" se refiere a las economías basadas en el océano con un enfoque sostenible. Se enfoca en menores huellas de carbono y eficiencia, principios que se pueden aplicar a la acuicultura. Sin embargo, ha sido difícil desarrollar proyectos exitosos de economía azul en la acuicultura de erizos de mar. Objetivo: Comparar URCHINOMICS (Noruega) y ARBACIA (Argentina), dos proyectos de acuicultura con diferentes modelos de negocio. Métodos: Utilizamos información disponible públicamente para comparar ambas empresas sobre la base de su propuesta de valor y tensiones (por ejemplo, culturales, socioeconómicas y tecnológicas). Resultados: Para tener éxito, la acuicultura de erizos de mar requiere el desarrollo de tecnología adecuada, innovación abierta y cooperación de personas con diferentes antecedentes académicos, empresariales y organizativos. Conclusión: El éxito final de estas y otras empresas similares dependerá de la libre interacción de expertos de múltiples campos y de la innovación tecnológica.
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Introducción: Los cucumáridos son un grupo cosmopolita de pepinos de mar que habitan en sedimentos rocosos-arenosos, desde la zona intermareal hasta la zona abisal. Objetivo: Presentar nuevos registros para el Pacífico mexicano. Métodos: Se utilizó estereoscopio y microscopía electrónica de barrido para mostrar la morfología externa e interna de especímenes de la colección de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Resultados: Presentamos una sinopsis taxonómica de cucumáridos en el Pacífico mexicano y revisamos su taxonomía en las espículas. Se confirma la identidad taxonómica de Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus y Pseudocnus lubricus y se descarta la presencia de Trachythyone peruana. Conclusiones: Se presentan cuatro nuevos registros para el Pacífico mexicano: Leptopentacta nina, Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus y Pseudocnus lubricus.
Introduction: Cucumarids are a cosmopolitan group of sea cucumbers that inhabit rocky-sandy sediments, from the intertidal zone to the hadal zone. Objective: To present new records for the Mexican Pacific. Methods: We applied stereoscope and scanning electron microscopy to external and internal morphology of specimens in the collection of the National Autonomous University, Mexico. Results: We present a taxonomic synopsis of cucumarids in the Mexican Pacific and review their taxonomy on the ossicles. The taxonomic identity of Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus and Pseudocnus lubricus is confirmed, and the presence of Trachythyone peruana is ruled out. Conclusions: Four new records are presented for the Mexican Pacific: Leptopentacta nina, Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus and Pseudocnus lubricus.
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Introducción: El género Leptopentacta solo ha sido reportado previamente en Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica y Surinam. Objetivo: Presentar el primer registro del género para Nicaragua. Métodos: Los caracteres morfológicos del material nicaragüense del Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), fueron corroborados con la descripción original. Resultados: Los cinco especímenes recolectados en el Caribe nicaragüense coinciden con el género. Conclusiones: Leptopentacta se reporta por primera vez en el Mar Caribe de Nicaragua. Esto aumenta el número de equinodermos nicaragüenses a 194 especies.
Introduction: The genus Leptopentacta has only been previously reported from Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Suriname. Objective: To present the first record of the genus for Nicaragua. Methods: The morphological characters of Nicaraguan material at the Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), were corroborated with the original description. Results: The five specimens collected in the Nicaraguan Caribbean match the genus. Conclusions: Leptopentacta is reported for the first time from the Nicaraguan Caribbean Sea. This increases the number of Nicaraguan echinoderms to 194 species.
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Introduction: The order Euryalida is represented by fragile ophiuroids with long and slender arms that can be ramified. Species within the family Gorgonocephalidae are characterized by the presence of tiny hooklets on the dorsal aspect of their arms. There are very few published studies referring to species of the family Gorgonocephalidae inhabiting Mexican waters. Objective: To review the taxonomic status of the species belonging to this taxonomic family, identifying their diagnostic taxonomic characteristics to create an illustrated guide of species kept at the CNE, UNAM. Methods: Specialized bibliography of the Gorgonocephalidae family was gathered. Subsequently, all the specimens from the CNE were photographed using Scanning Electron and Multifocal Microscopy photography, to show the structures of taxonomic relevance. Results: A total of 193 specimens corresponding to eight genera and nine species were reviewed. The genus Astrocaneum presented the highest species richness. Conclusions: For the species identified in this study and for the sake of accurate identification, morphological characters such as the shape of hooklets and arm plates were highlighted.
Introducción: El orden Euryalida está formado por ofiuros frágiles con brazos delgados, largos y a veces ramificados. Las especies de la familia Gorgonocephalidae se caracterizan por la presencia de diminutos ganchos en el lado dorsal de sus brazos. Los estudios que refieren especies de la familia Gorgonocephalidae que habitan en aguas mexicanas son escasos. Objetivo: Realizar la revisión taxonómica de dicha familia, reconociendo los caracteres taxonómicos diagnósticos para generar una guía ilustrada de cada una de las especies que se encuentran en la CNE del ICML, UNAM. Métodos: Se recopiló toda la bibliografía especializada de la familia, posteriormente con ayuda de fotografías de MEB y multifocal se fotografiaron los especímenes de la CNE para destacar las estructuras de importancia taxonómica. Resultados: se revisaron un total de 193 ejemplares correspondientes a ocho géneros, nueve especies, siendo el género Astrocaneum el de mayor riqueza específica. Conclusiones: Para las especies identificadas en este estudio, para dar una identificación más precisa, se destacaron los caracteres morfológicos forma de los ganchos y forma de las placas de los brazos.
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Introducción: Clypeaster europacificus es una especie de galleta de mar que se distribuye de 0 a 200 m en el Golfo de California. Objetivo: Describir la morfología y el crecimiento relativo en la testa de C. europacificus. Métodos: Medimos 1 846 especímenes de museo de C. europacificus (N = 1 846) y analizamos el patrón de crecimiento en 32 especímenes de Baja California Sur, México (64 m de profundidad). Estudiamos cinco variables: radio mayor (R) (variable independiente), radio menor (r), longitud del pétalo anterior (LP), área total de prueba (A) y peso seco (P). Resultados: El área de cobertura del petaloide y el contorno de la testa son los caracteres taxonómicos importantes para C. europacificus: los especímenes van desde casi redondos en especímenes pequeños (≤ 3 cm de radio) a ondulados, enfatizando un contorno pentagonal, en organismos más grandes (≥ 3,1 cm de radio). Conclusiones: Existe un crecimiento alométrico negativo en las relaciones R vs. r, R vs. A y R vs. P; mientras que la relación R vs. LP tiene un crecimiento alométrico positivo.
Introduction: Clypeaster europacificus is a species of sand dollar found from 0 to 200 m in the Gulf of California. Objective: Describe the morphology and relative growth in the test of C. europacificus. Methods: We measured 1 846 museum specimens of C. europacificus (N = 1 846) and analyzed growth pattern in 32 specimens from Baja California Sur, Mexico (64 m depth). We studied five variables: major radius (R) (independent variable), minor radius (r), length of anterior petal (LP), total test area (A) and dry weight (P). Results: The petaloid cover area and the outline of the test are the important taxonomic characters for C. europacificus: they range from almost round in small specimens (≤ 3 cm in radius) to wavy, emphasizing a pentagonal outline, in larger organisms (≥ 3.1 cm in radius). Conclusions: There is negative allometric growth in the relationships R vs. r, R vs. A, and R vs. P; while the relationship R vs. LP has positive allometric growth.
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Introducción: La gestión pública ha adquirido nuevas características, producto de cambio en la forma en que se aborda la gobernanza. Conforme las áreas temáticas, niveles y escalas de esa gestión se ha expandido, la administración pública se tornado más compleja, requiriendo nuevos enfoques. Si bien el derecho del mar y la tesis de que la tierra domina el mar, no son nuevas, lo cierto es que fue con la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 1982, que se formaliza e institucionalizan los espacios bajo jurisdicción del Estado ribereño. Ello ha generado nuevo desafíos y retos para los gobiernos, pues no solo se extiende la soberanía territorial sobre una extensa porción del mar, sino que se asumen responsabilidades en nombre de la comunidad internacional. Objetivo: Como se trata de una cuestión que vincula la gestión pública con la normativa del derecho del mar en materia de delimitación y administración de fronteras; por lo que en esta revisión se busca plantear una aproximación a un asunto sobre el cual se ha explorado poco. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre gestión pública de fronteras considerando el caso de las fronteras marítimas, identificando jurisprudencia internacional y acciones implementadas por Costa Rica. Resultados: En la porción terrestre la gestión de fronteras muestra un desarrollo importante; no así en los espacios marítimos. La jurisdicción es diferente en cada uno de esos espacios, por lo que la gestión pública debe tener en cuenta esas particularidades. Pero, las cosas se complican cuando se trata del espacio fronterizo, porque en este converge lo marino y lo marítimo, pero también diversos intereses, por la naturaleza del espacio marino. Por consiguiente, es necesario reconocer que la gestión de fronteras marítimas no es tan sencilla como trasladar lo que se hace en tierra al mar. Cuando el límite fue definido por un tratado bilateral, existen disposiciones particulares que facilitan la coordinación y cooperación transfronteriza; por eso se utilizó como referencia el caso Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el océano Pacífico, pues en este caso la línea divisoria la estableció la Corte Internacional de Justicia, lo que provoca un trazado que no necesariamente es satisfactorio para los actores involucrados. Conclusiones: las diferencias en la gestión de fronteras entre lo terrestre y lo marítimo, sumado a la forma en que se definió el límite entre los dos países, ha dificultado la implementación de la gestión pública por parte de Costa Rica, que es la experiencia más conocida en la región sobre políticas y gestión marina-marítima.
Introduction: Public management has acquired new characteristics because of change in the way governance is approached. As the subject areas, levels and scales of this management have expanded, public administration has become more complex, requiring new approaches. Although the Law of the Sea and the thesis that the land dominates the sea are not new, the truth is that it was with the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, of 1982, that the areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal States were formalized and institutionalized. This has generated new challenges for the governments, since not only does territorial sovereignty extend over a large portion of the sea, but new responsibilities are assumed on behalf of the international community. Objective: The matter links public management with the regulations of the Law of the Sea regarding the delimitation and administration of boundaries. Therefore, this review proposes an approach to a matter that has not been explored enough. Methods: A review of the literature on public border management was made, considering the case of maritime boundaries, identifying international jurisprudence -especially of the International Court of Justice- and actions implemented by Costa Rica. Results: in the land portion, border management shows important development; this is not the case in the maritime spaces. The jurisdiction is different in each of these spaces, so public management must take these particularities into account. Things get complicated when it comes to the border area, because in it the marine and the maritime converge, but also different interests, due to the nature of the marine space. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize that the management of maritime boundaries is not as simple as moving what is done on land to the sea. When the limit was defined by a bilateral treaty, some provisions facilitate cross-border coordination and cooperation. For this reason, the case of Costa Rica and Nicaragua in the Pacific Ocean was used as a reference, since in this case the dividing line was established by the International Court of Justice, which causes a layout that is not necessarily satisfactory for the actors involved. Conclusions: the differences in border management between land and sea, in addition to how the boundary between the two countries is defined, has made it difficult for Costa Rica to implement public management, which is the best-known experience in the region on marine-maritime policies and management.
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Introduction: Bahía Salinas, on the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is a seasonal upwelling area. Sea temperature in Bahía Salinas could be modulated by synoptic and other large-scale systems. This region belongs to the Central American Dry Corridor (CADC), a sub-region in the isthmus that is relatively drier than the rest of the territory, which extends along the Pacific littoral from western Guatemala through northern Costa Rica. Objective: To study the warm and cold events that could be inferred by studying the sea subsurface temperature in Bahía Salinas, and also analyzing the large-scale conditions and synoptic systems of the historical sources when they occurred in order to identify the atmospheric mechanisms that favored their appearance. Methods: A Sea Subsurface Temperature Index was calculated using hourly data from seven stations located at three different points in Bahía Salinas. Records range from June 19, 2003 to December 5, 2017. Additionally, six meteorological stations, with hourly wind records, were used to create two wind indices. The Sea Subsurface Temperature Index was used to identify the warmest and coldest events in the bay. Wind indices and monthly meteorological bulletins were used to analyze the large-scale conditions and synoptic systems in which cold and warm events occurred in Bahía Salinas. Results: Mean sea temperature in Bahía Salinas is 25.2°C. Colder temperatures were observed in February-March, below 21°C. There were two maxima in May-June and August-October with temperatures above 27°C. In four of the five cold events studied, Northeasterly wind anomalies were observed in the Costa Rican North Pacific, associated with trade wind reinforcements; meanwhile westerly anomalies were observed in all the warm events, associated with weaker trade wind conditions. Conclusions: The main seasonal climate driver in Bahía Salinas is the North Atlantic Subtropical High because its latitudinal migration is associated with the strength of the trade winds over Central America. Seasonal upwelling is modulated also by two synoptic scale climate features, the boreal winter arrival of cold front outbreaks and the winter maximum of the easterly Caribbean Low-Level Jet. El Niño-Southern Oscillation is also an important modulator of the sea temperature variability, since warm and cool events are related with positive and negative sea temperature anomalies.
Introducción: Bahía Salinas, en el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, es un área de afloramiento estacional. La temperatura del mar en Bahía Salinas puede ser modulada por sistemas sinópticos de gran escala. Esta región pertenece al Corredor Seco Centroamericano (CSC), una subregión del istmo relativamente más seca que el resto del territorio, que se extiende a lo largo del litoral Pacífico desde el oeste de Guatemala hasta el norte de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Estudiar los eventos cálidos y fríos que se podrían inferir al estudiar la temperatura subsuperficial del mar en Bahía Salinas, y también analizar las condiciones y sistemas sinópticos a gran escala de las fuentes históricas en las que ocurrieron para identificar los mecanismos atmosféricos que favorecieron su desarrollo. Métodos: Se calculó un índice de temperatura subsuperficial del mar utilizando datos horarios de siete estaciones ubicadas en tres puntos diferentes en Bahía Salinas. Los registros van desde el 19 de junio de 2003 al 5 de diciembre de 2017. Además, se utilizaron seis estaciones meteorológicas, con registros de viento horario, para crear un índice de viento zonal y otro meridional. Se utilizó el índice de temperatura subsuperficial del mar para identificar los eventos más cálidos y más fríos en la bahía. Se utilizaron los índices de viento y boletines meteorológicos mensuales para analizar las condiciones y sistemas sinópticos a gran escala en los que se dieron los eventos fríos y cálidos en Bahía Salinas. Resultados: La temperatura media del mar en Bahía Salinas es de 25.2 °C. Se observaron temperaturas más frías en febrero-marzo, por debajo de los 21 °C. El ciclo anual presentó dos máximos en mayo-junio y agosto-octubre con temperaturas superiores a 27 °C. En cuatro de los cinco eventos fríos estudiados, se observaron anomalías de los vientos del noreste en el Pacífico Norte costarricense, asociadas a refuerzos de los vientos alisios; mientras tanto, se observaron anomalías del oeste en todos los eventos cálidos, asociadas con condiciones de vientos alisios más débiles. Conclusiones: El principal forzante climático en Bahía Salinas es la Alta Subtropical del Atlántico Norte ya que su migración latitudinal está asociada con la fuerza de los vientos alisios sobre América Central. La surgencia estacional está modulada también por dos características climáticas de escala sinóptica en el invierno boreal, la llegada de frentes fríos y el máximo de la Corriente en Chorro de Bajo Nivel del Caribe Oriental. El Niño-Oscilación del Sur también es un modulador importante de la variabilidad de la temperatura del mar, ya que los eventos cálidos y fríos están relacionados con anomalías positivas y negativas de la temperatura del mar.
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Introducción: El Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica se caracteriza por presentar una variación de la temperatura subsuperficial del mar (TSSM) modulada por vientos superficiales de componente este, con variaciones estacionales e intra-estacional. La TSSM es fundamental para las interacciones de la interfase océano-atmósfera y de gran influencia en los procesos biológicos marinos. Los estudios de zooplancton en el Pacífico Norte son escasos y se han enfocado en la composición, abundancia y biomasa de macro y mesozooplanctonen en Bahía Culebra. No se han realizado trabajos sobre zooplancton al norte del Golfo de Papagayo. Objetivo: Analizar la variación del zooplancton de Bahía Salinas a diferentes escalas como respuesta a condiciones oceanográficas-atmosféricas. Métodos: durante algunos meses de los años 2011, 2012 y 2013, el mesozooplancton fue muestreado en siete estaciones siguiendo un gradiente costero-oceánico para determinar su abundancia, biomasa y composición de la comunidad. Se realizaron lances de CTD en cada estación, y se recopilaron datos horarios de la TSSM desde junio de 2003 a diciembre de 2017. Resultados: La temperatura superficial anual en Bahía Salinas es menor en diciembre-abril con un mínimo secundario en julio y mayor en mayo-junio, y agosto-octubre. Los eventos fríos, neutros y cálidos determinados por anomalías en la TSSM, presentaron una distribución de la temperatura en la columna de agua con estratificación horizontal, de mezcla vertical y homogénea, respectivamente. La distribución espacial del zooplancton no presentó diferencias significativas y la variación del promedio total de abundancia y biomasa mostró un comportamiento similar durante el período de estudio, con menor variación en el primer año en comparación con el segundo, siendo los copépodos la categoría predominante para todas las fechas. A escala estacional no se observó un patrón general de variación entre estación seca y lluviosa y, copépodos y otros grupos del zooplancton fueron las categorías que presentaron diferencias. A escala intra-estacional la abundancia y biomasa presentaron una relación inversa con la TSSM y se vieron afectadas de manera diferencial. Los copépodos y zooplancton gelatinoso se diferenciaron en todos los eventos. Conclusiones: El zooplancton de Bahía de Salinas responde de manera diferencial en las diferentes escalas a las condiciones climáticas que afectan la TSSM de la región. La clasificación de las fechas de muestreo en eventos permite caracterizar diferentes perfiles en la columna de agua, así como permite definer patrones de variación para el mesozooplancton, que refleja la adaptación a corto plazo en función de la variación de las condiciones ambientales. El conocimiento generado ayuda a comprender mejor los fenómenos oceanográficos y su efecto sobre las poblaciones de plancton y la biota en general, especialmente en el escenario de cambio climático y las manifestaciones modernas de su impacto, p. e. la acidificación oceánica y pérdida de biodiversidad marina.
Introduction: The North Pacific of Costa Rica is characterized by presenting a variation of the subsurface temperature of the sea (SSST) modulated by surface winds with east component, with seasonal and intra-seasonal variations. The SSST is fundamental for the interactions of the ocean-atmosphere interface and influence marine biological processes. Zooplankton studies in the North Pacific are scarce and have been focused on the composition, abundance and biomass of macro and mesozooplankton in Culebra Bay. No works on zooplankton has been carried out northward of Papagayo Gulf. Objective: To analyze the variation of the zooplankton in Bahía Salinas at different scales in response to oceanographic-atmospheric conditions. Methods: during 2011, 2012 and 2013, mesozooplankton was collected in seven stations following a coastal-ocean gradient to determine abundance, biomass, and community composition. CTD casts were also carried out in each station. Hourly data of the Sea Subsurface Temperature (SSST) were obtained from June 2003 to December 2017. Results: The annual surface temperature in Bahía Salinas was lower in December-April with a secondary minimum in July and higher in May-June and August-November. The cold, neutral and warm events determined by anomalies in the SSST, presented a distribution of the temperature in the water column with horizontal stratification, vertical mixture and homogeneous, respectively. The spatial distribution of zooplankton did not show significant differences and the variation of the total average abundance and biomass showed a similar behavior during the study period, with less variation in the first year compared to the second one, being the copepods the predominant category for all the dates. On a seasonal scale, a general pattern of variation between dry and rainy seasons was not observed, and copepods and others zooplankton groups were the categories that presented differences. On an intra-seasonal scale, abundance and biomass showed an inverse relationship with SST. Copepods and gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) were differentiated in all events. Conclusions: The zooplankton of Bahía Salinas respond differentially at different scales to the climatic conditions that affect the SSST of the region. The classification of the sampling dates into events allows characterizing different profiles in the water column it also allows to define the variation patterns for mesozooplankton that reflects short-term adaptation as a function of variation in environmental conditions. These findings help to understand how oceanographic processes determine plankton community composition and biota in general. This is relevant in times of climate change and the manifestation of its impact through processes such as ocean acidification and loss of marine biodiversity.