Necroadministración y juventudes: aniquilamiento penitenciario documentado por medios hemerográficos en El Salvador

(analítico) Los ejercicios de la violencia institucional en El Salvador se han hecho tácitos desde los aniquilamientos, las ejecuciones, los encierros y persecución de jóvenes adscritos a grupos identitarios como la mara Salvatrucha y la pandilla Barrio 18; no obstante, su muestra más cruda se ha dado en los espacios penitenciarios en donde la necro-administración se emplea bajo todos los mecanismos institucionales. Así, con el fin de dilucidar su continuum en la consolidación de las políticas de exterminio institucional y legitimadas por el Estado punitivo, se realizó una revisión documental de las notas periodísticas respecto al estado de excepción y agravamiento de las violaciones a los derechos humanos en las cárceles de El Salvador, articulando este esfuerzo con categorías como necropolíticas, olvido-abandono social y festival de las violencias.

(analytical) Acts of institutional violence in El Salvador have involved annihilations, executions, confinements and precarization of the lives of young people who identify as members of groups such as the Mara Salvatrucha and the Barrio 18 gang. However, the crudest examples of this state-sponsored violence have occurred in penitentiary spaces where the so-called necroadministration approach is used in all institutional mechanisms. with the goal of elucidating its continuum in the consolidation of necropolicies by the State, we carry out a documentary review of mediate coverage regarding the declaration of the State of Exception and aggravation of human rights violations in prisons in El Salvador. The analysis of these media reports is articulated with categories including necropolitics, social oblivionabandonment and festival of violence.

(analítico) Os exercícios de violência institucional em El Salvador tornaram-se tácitos através de aniquilações, execuções, prisões e precariedade das vidas de jovens pertencentes a grupos de identidade como a Mara Salvatrucha e o Bairro 18 gangue; contudo, o seu exemplo mais grosseiro tem sido nas prisões, onde a chamada necroadministration é utilizada sob todos os mecanismos institucionais. Assim, a fim de elucidar a sua continuidade na consolidação da política de morte pelo Estado, estamos a preparar uma revisão documental de artigos jornalísticos sobre o estado de excepção e o agravamento das violações dos direitos humanos nas prisões de El Salvador, articulando este esforço com categorias como a necropolítica, o esquecimento-abandono social e o festival da violência.

Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Related Morbidity among Adults Living in Selected Villages of Mara Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study

Schistosoma mansoni is highly endemic in Tanzania and affects all age groups at different degrees. However, its control approach does not include adult individuals who are equally at risk and infected. To justify the inclusion of adult individuals in MDA programs in Tanzania, the present study focused on determining the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities among adult individuals. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 412 adult individuals aged 18–89 years living in selected villages of Rorya and Butiama districts located along the shoreline of the Lake Victoria. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic information of participants. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted for all study participants using the Niamey protocol. A single stool sample was obtained from all study participants and examined for S. mansoni using the Kato-Katz technique. The study revealed a high prevalence of S. mansoni (56.3%), and the majority of infected individuals had a light intensity of infection. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that 22.4% of adult individuals had periportal fibrosis (PPF) (grade C–F), with 18.4% having grade C and D and 4% having grade E and F. Males had the highest prevalence of PPF (31.7% vs 10.8%, P < 0.001). Organomegaly was common with 28.5% and 29.6% having splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities included PPF, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were common among adult individuals. To reduce the level of transmission of S. mansoni infection, planned mass drug administration campaigns should include adult individuals living in these villages.

Association of AcrAB-tolC efflux pump and marA-soxS-rob regulon with ciprofloxacin-resistance in Shigella flexneri isolates / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To investigate the association of AcrAB-tolC efflux pump and marA-soxS-rob regulon with ciprofloxacin-resistance in Shigella flexneri isolates.Methods Forty five strains of Shigella flexneri were isolated in stool samples collected from outpatient diarrhea clinics in Tianjin from 2009 to 2013.The antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria was analyzed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.Ten ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella flexneri isolates and 10 ciprofloxacin-sensitive isolates were randomly selected.The gyrA and parC genes,plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) determinants,efflux pump genes (acrA,acrB) and regulation genes (marA,soxS,rob) were screened and sequenced.Minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of the strains were determined before and after efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was added.The expression of acrA,acrB,marA,soxS and rob genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-sensitive strains was detected by realtime fluorescence quantitative RCR (RT-PCR),and the differences of expression were evaluated using t test.Results Both gyrA and parC mutations were detected in all ciprofloxacin-resistant strains; qnrS1 was positive in ciprofloxacin-resistant strain CR2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr was positive in ciprofloxacin-resistant strain CR5.Efflux pump genes and regulation genes were not detected in ciprofloxacin-sensitive strains,while soxRS mutation was detected in all ciprofloxacin-resistant strains except CR10.MICs of quinolones in ciprofloxacin-resistant strains decreased to one-fourth or one-eighth when CCCP added,while not changed or only decreased to one-half in ciprofloxacin-sensitive strains.Expressions of acrA,acrB,marA and soxS were significantly higher in ciprofloxacin-resistant strains than those in ciprofloxacin-sensitive strains (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Efflux pump may involve in the high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Shigella flexneri through activating transcription of efflux pump genes by marA-soxS-rob regulon,in which soxRS mutation may play an important role.