Accesibilidad al consumo de marihuana en escolarizados colombianos / Marijuana Accessibility Among Colombian School children / Acessibilidade do uso da maconha entre os estudantes colombianos

Introducción: El consumo de marihuana es una problemática de salud pública y cobra relevancia en la población escolar. Objetivo: Describir la accesibilidad de consumo de marihuana por características sociodemográficas, relaciones familiares y de consumo en escolarizados colombianos 2016. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, secundario del Estudio Nacional de Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en Población Escolar Colombia 2016, con una muestra de 80 018 estudiantes, mediante análisis uni-variado y bivariado. Resultados: A partir del análisis de la muestra de escolares, el promedio de edad de consumo de marihuana es de 15,55 años; el 51,9 % eran mujeres. La mayoría de los escolares estudian en colegios mixtos (96,11 %); un 37,3 % considera que le sería fácil conseguir marihuana; aquellos que manifestaron ser consumidores actuales de mari-huana, los que manifiestan que todos sus amigos son consumidores y aquellos que conviven con un consumidor mostraron ser los que percibían muy fácil acceder a la marihuana (88,0 %, 80,1 % y 71,6 %, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Existe una alta proporción de adolescentes que perciben un acceso muy fácil a la marihuana, y los consumidores o aquellos que se relacionan con consumidores fueron quienes percibían en mayor proporción un fácil acceso a la marihuana. Se sugieren intervenciones que puedan contrarrestar este fenómeno. Palabras clave: estudiantes; factores de riesgo. abuso de marihuana; adolescente.

Introduction: Marijuana use is a public health problem and becomes relevant in the school population. Objective: To describe the accessibility of marijuana use by sociodemographic characteristics, family relationships and consumption in Colombian schoolchildren in 2016. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, secondary study of the National Study of Psy-choactive Substance Consumption in Colombia School Population ­ 2016, with a sample of 80,018 students, through univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: After analyzing the sample, the average age of marijuana use is 15.55 years; 51.9% were women. Most of the schoolchildren study in mixed schools (96.11%); 37.3% consider that it would be easy for them to obtain marijuana. Those who stated that they were current users of marijuana, those who stated that all their friends were users, and those who lived with a consumer were the ones who perceived it to be very easy to access marijuana (88.0%, 80.1%, and 71.6%, respectively). Conclusions: There is a high proportion of adolescents who perceive a very easy access to marijuana, consumers or those who are related to consumers were the ones who perceived a greater proportion of easy access to marijuana. Interventions that can counteract this phenomenon are suggested

Introdução: O uso de maconha é uma questão de saúde pública e é relevante para a população escolar. Objetivo: Descrever a acessibilidade do uso da maconha por características sociodemográficas, re-lações familiares e consumo nas crianças colombianas em idade escolar em 2016. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal, secundário do Estudo Nacional do Uso de Subs-tâncias Psicoativas na População Escolar Colombiana 2016, com uma amostra de 80 018 alunos, utilizando análise univariada e bivariada. Resultados: Da análise da amostra Da escola, a idade média de uso da maconha foi de 15,55 anos; 51,9% eram mulheres. A maioria das crianças em idade escolar estudam em escolas coeducacionais (96,11%); 37,3% consideram que seria fácil para elas obter maconha; aqueles que relataram ser usuários atuais de maconha, aqueles que relataram que todos os seus amigos são usuários e aqueles que vivem com um usuário foram aqueles que perceberam ser muito fácil o acesso à maconha (88,0%, 80,1% e 71,6%, respectivamente). Conclusões: Há uma elevada proporção de adolescentes que percebem um acesso muito fácil à maconha, e os usuários ou aqueles que se associam aos usuários foram os mais propensos a perceber um acesso fácil à maconha. São sugeridas intervenções que podem contrariar este fenômeno

Uso de maconha e envolvimento em gangues por adolescentes em cumprimento de internação socioeducativa / Use of marijuana and involvement in gangs by adolescents in compliance with socio-educational detention

Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se há associação entre o uso de maconha e o envolvimento em gangues por adolescentes em internação socioeducativa. Trata-se de um estudo misto, do tipo explanatório sequencial, realizado com 177 adolescentes em cinco unidades de internação socioeducativa no município de Belo Horizonte-MG. Para coleta dos dados, na primeira etapa, foi realizada a tradução e validação dos instrumentos Adolescent Cannabis Problems Questionnaire (CPQ-A) e do Youth Questionnaire do Eurogang Program. Além dos questionários: ficha de informações sociodemográficas, Escala de Severidade da Dependência (SDS) e Escala Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Os dados qualitativos foram coletados por meio de sete grupos focais, interpretados e analisados conjuntamente com os dados quantitativos. A amostra foi composta por 160 (90,4%) adolescentes do sexo masculino, 84 (47,5%) com média de idade de 17 anos, 156 (88,1%) Raça negra, 89 (50,3%) não tinham religião, 109 (61,6%) dependiam de auxílio financeiro de programas governamentais e 133 (75,1%) mencionaram que o dinheiro do crime complementa a renda familiar. Entre os adolescentes 103 (58,2%) apresentaram dependência moderada/grave de maconha e 170 (96%) pertenciam a uma gangue. Os adolescentes classificados com dependência moderada/grave eram do sexo masculino, não dependiam de renda proveniente de programas governamentais, não estavam preocupados em perder contato com pai/responsável devido ao uso de maconha; apresentavam baixo desempenho escolar, principalmente, após uso de maconha; uso vaporizado de maconha e haviam cometido alguns delitos, como roubo de carro e arrombamento. Os adolescentes que pertenciam a uma gangue: possuíam renda proveniente do crime, faziam uso de substâncias junto com familiar; apresentavam baixo desempenho, evasão e expulsão escolares; usavam maconha fumada e vaporizada, tinham problemas com a polícia devido ao uso de maconha e cometeram delitos, como tráfico de drogas, não pagavam propositalmente por algo e portavam armas. Conclui-se que houve relação entre uso vaporizado de maconha e envolvimento em gangues, indicando a necessidade de ações de promoção e prevenção da saúde a respeito dessas duas temáticas e dos riscos associados a esses comportamentos.

This study aimed to assess whether there is an association between marijuana use and gang involvement by adolescents in socio-educational detention. This is a mixed study, of the sequential explanatory type, carried out with 177 adolescents in five socio-educational inpatient units in the city of Belo Horizonte-MG. For data collection, in the first stage, the Adolescent Cannabis Problems Questionnaire (CPQ-A) and the Youth Questionnaire of the Eurogang Program were translated and validated. In addition to the questionnaires: sociodemographic information sheet, Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND). Qualitative data were collected through seven focus groups, interpreted and analyzed together with quantitative data. The sample consisted of 160 (90.4%) male adolescents, 84 (47.5%) with a mean age of 17 years, 156 (88.1%) Black race, 89 (50.3%) no they had a religion, 109 (61.6%) depended on financial aid from government programs, and 133 (75.1%) mentioned that crime money complements their family income. Among adolescents, 103 (58.2%) had moderate/severe marijuana dependence and 170 (96%) belonged to a gang. Adolescents classified as moderate/severe dependence were male, did not depend on income from government programs, were not concerned about losing contact with a parent/guardian due to marijuana use; had low school performance, especially after using marijuana; vaporized marijuana use and had committed certain offenses such as car theft and burglary. Adolescents who belonged to a gang: had income from crime, used substances with a family member; had low performance, school dropout and expulsion; they used smoked and vaporized marijuana, had problems with the police due to the use of marijuana, and committed crimes such as drug trafficking, purposely did not pay for anything and carried guns. It is concluded that there was a relationship between vaporized marijuana use and involvement in gangs, indicating the need for health promotion and prevention actions regarding these two themes and the risks associated with these behaviors.

Situación actual de Cannabis sativa, beneficios terapéuticos y reacciones adversas / Current status of Cannabis sativa; therapeutic benefits and adverse reactions

Introducción: En la actualidad, uno de los temas más polémicos que involucra en gran proporción al campo de la Medicina es el uso terapéutico de la marihuana y su legalización. Esta planta de reconocimiento milenario ha desatado en las últimas décadas disímiles de controversias dado el descubrimiento del sistema endocannabinoide que revolucionó la investigación sobre ella. Objetivo: Describir la situación actual del cannabis, sus beneficios terapéuticos y sus efectos adversos. Material y métodos: Se realizó una exhaustiva búsqueda y revisión empleando los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud, en idioma inglés y español, consultando las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs, Cochrane Library y Web of Science, para los últimos 10 años, empleándose un total de 45 artículos como referencias bibliográficas. Desarrollo: Al Cannabis se le han atribuido efectos farmacológicos, tales como: antinociceptivo, antiepiléptico, inmunosupresivo, antiemético, estimulante del apetito, antimicrobiano, antiinflamatorio y neuroprotector. A su vez, presenta disímiles reacciones adversas como son la predisposición a varios tipos de cáncer, empeoramiento de desórdenes mentales, dificultades en el aprendizaje y el rendimiento escolar, que constituye una droga portera, entre otros. A pesar de las tendencias legalizadoras no son suficientes las razones para la legalización de esta droga, cuando su principal blanco resulta ser los adolescentes, donde los daños neurológicos que causa son irreversibles. Conclusiones: Se debe continuar explorando las potencialidades terapéuticas de los cannabinoides a partir de la elaboración de productos farmacológicos bien dosificados y controlados, pues el riesgo de sus efectos adversos es innegable y contundente(AU)

Introduction: Currently, one of the most controversial issues that greatly involves the medical field is the therapeutic use and legalization of marijuana. This millennial recognition has led to different controversies in recent decades due to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system which has revolutionized the process of research on this topic. Objective: To describe the current situation of cannabis, its therapeutic benefits and adverse effects. Material and methods: An in-depth search and review was carried out using Health Sciences descriptors in English and Spanish. A search was carried out in PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. Publications from the last 10 years were consulted, using a total of 45 articles as bibliographic references. Development: Some pharmacological effects such as antinociceptive, antiepileptic, immunosuppressive, antiemetic, appetite stimulant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective ones have been attributed to Cannabis. In turn, it presents dissimilar adverse reactions such as predisposition to various types of cancer, worsening of mental disorders, and difficulties with learning and school performance. Cannabis, among others, is considered a starter drug. Despite the trend towards legalization, there are not enough reasons for the legalization of this drug. Its main target turns out to be the adolescents, among which the neurological damage it causes is irreversible. Conclusions: The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids should continue to be explored from the production of well dosed and controlled pharmacological products, since the risk of their adverse effects are undeniable and overwhelming(AU)

Perception of harm and benefits of marijuana and its relationship with the intention of use and consumption in colombian adolescents / Percepção de danos e benefícios da maconha e sua relação com a intenção de uso e consumo em adolescentes colombianos / Percepción de daños y beneficios de la marihuana y su relación con la intención de uso y consumo en adolescentes colombianos

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of harm and benefits associated with the use of marijuana and its relation to real consumption, as well as the intention to use it in a context of regulatory changes, in young students, between 15 and 17 years old, of a public school in Bogota Colombia. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional survey was carried out. 268 students in grade 9th to 11th from a public school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia participated of the study. Results: results reveled that there is an association between the perception of benefits and the consumption of marijuana. In addition, how a low perception of risk is associated with an intention to use in a context of legalization. Conclusion: this is one of the first studies in Colombia which explores the intention to use (at age 18) in a context of regulatory changes, as well as the attitude of young people towards the legalization of marijuana for medicinal and recreational use.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a percepção de danos e benefícios associados ao consumo de maconha e sua relação com o atual consumo, bem como com a intenção de uso em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, em jovens entre 15 e 17 anos, estudantes de um colégio público em Bogotá, Colômbia. Método: realizou-se estudo quantitativo, transversal, tipo questionário. Participaram 268 estudantes do 9º ao 11º grau de um colégio público da cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação entre a percepção de benefícios e o consumo de maconha. Além disso, também demostraram como uma baixa percepção de risco está associada a uma intenção de uso em um contexto de legalização. Conclusão: este é um dos primeiros estudos na Colômbia que explora a intenção de uso (aos 18 anos) em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, bem como a atitude dos jovens em relação à legalização da maconha para uso medicinal e de lazer.

RESUMEN Objectivo: analizar la relación entre la percepción de daños y beneficios asociados al consumo de marihuana y su relación con el actual consumo, así como con la intención de uso en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, en jóvenes entre los 15 y 17 años estudiantes de un colegio público en Bogotá, Colombia. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, transversal tipo encuesta. Participaron 268 estudiantes de grado 9º a 11º de un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que existe una asociación entre la percepción de beneficios y el consumo de marihuana. Adicional a que como una baja percepción de riesgo está asociada a una intención de uso en un contexto de legalización. Conclusión: este es uno de los primeros estudios en el Colombia que explora la intención de uso (a los 18 años) en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, así como la actitud de los jóvenes hacia la legalización de la marihuana para uso medicinal y recreacional.

Adolescents´ perception of harms, benefits and intention to use marijuana within the context of regulatory changes in Belize / Percepción de los daños, beneficios e intención de uso de la marihuana en el contexto de los cambios regulatorios en Belice / Percepção de danos, benefícios e intenção de uso da maconha no contexto de alterações regulatórias em Belize

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the perception of harm and benefits from using marijuana in adolescents', to determine lifetime, past year and past month prevalence of marijuana use; and to analyze the relationship between marijuana use and the perception of harm and benefits from using marijuana. Methods: multi-centric, quantitative cross sectional survey design method was utilized for this research. Data was collected using structured standardized approved questionnaire. A total of 273 students from three high schools in two cities of the country of Belize participated in the survey conducted in 2015. Results: lifetime prevalence of marijuana use of 41.4% (39.2% past year, 24.9% past 30 days), and average age of onset of 12 years. First time prevalence of marijuana use among students by sex indicated 53.1% male students used marijuana as compared to 46.9% female students with no significant (p>0.05) statistical difference seen between genders. Participants reported that their friends use marijuana (45.1%); while 68.1% of the marijuana users had some friends that use marijuana. 51% of the students surveyed stated that they would not use marijuana, even if it were legally available. The majority (70%) perceived no risk to using marijuana occasionally. Statistical analysis revealed that a high perception of benefits, a low risk perception and friends' use of marijuana was associated with individual use as well as intention to use in a hypothetical context of regulatory changes. Conclusion: the Belizean school-aged adolescents are more than likely to smoke marijuana because of friends' influence, low perception of risks and if marijuana is legally available and accessible to them.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la percepción de los daños y beneficios del uso de la marihuana en adolescentes, para determinar la prevalencia de consumo de marihuana a lo largo de la vida, en el último año y en el último mes; y analizar la relación entre el consumo de marihuana y la percepción de los daños y beneficios de su uso. Métodos: se utilizó un estudio multicéntrico para el método de corte transversal cuantitativo. Se recolectaron los datos a través de una encuesta estructurada, estandarizada y aprobada. Un total de 273 estudiantes de tres escuelas secundarias en dos ciudades del país de Belice participaron en la encuesta realizada en 2015. Resultados: los resultados demostraron que la prevalencia del consumo de marihuana a lo largo de la vida fue de 41,4% (39,2% el año pasado, y 24,9% en los últimos 30 días) y la edad media de inicio fue de 12 años. La prevalencia del uso de la marihuana por primera vez entre los estudiantes demostró que 53,1% de los estudiantes de sexo masculino consumen marihuana en comparación con los 46,9% de las estudiantes, sin que haya diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p> 0,05) entre los géneros. Los participantes informaron que sus amigos utilizan marihuana (45,1%); mientras que el 68,1% de los consumidores de marihuana tenía algunos amigos que usan marihuana. El 51% de los estudiantes entrevistados dijeron que no consumían marihuana, aunque estuviera legalmente disponible. La mayoría (70%) no señaló ningún riesgo en el uso de la marihuana ocasionalmente. El análisis estadístico reveló de que la percepción de grandes beneficios, la percepción de bajo riesgo y el uso de la marihuana por amigos están asociados al uso individual, así como de que hay una intencionalidad de uso en un contexto hipotético de cambios regulatorios. Conclusión: los adolescentes en edad escolar en Belice están más propensos a fumar marihuana, debido a la influencia de sus compañeros, a una percepción de bajo riesgo y a que la marihuana esté legalmente disponible y sea accesible para ellos.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a percepção de danos e benefícios do uso de maconha em adolescentes, para determinar a prevalência de uso de maconha ao longo da vida, no último ano e no último mês; e analisar a relação entre o consumo de maconha e a percepção de danos e benefícios do seu uso. Métodos: foi utilizado método de levantamento multicêntrico de desenho de corte transversal quantitativo para esta pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário estruturado, padronizado e aprovado. Um total de 273 estudantes de 3 escolas de ensino médio de duas cidades do país de Belize participaram da pesquisa realizada em 2015. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que a prevalência do uso de maconha ao longo da vida foi de 41,4% (39,2% no ano passado, 24,9% nos últimos 30 dias) e idade média de início foi de 12 anos. A prevalência do uso da maconha pela primeira vez entre os estudantes por sexo indicou que 53,1% dos estudantes do sexo masculino usavam maconha, em comparação com 46,9% das estudantes do sexo feminino, sem diferença estatística significativa (p> 0,05) entre os gêneros. Os participantes relataram que seus amigos usam maconha (45,1%); enquanto 68,1% dos usuários de maconha tiveram alguns amigos que usam maconha. 51% dos estudantes entrevistados declararam que não usariam maconha, mesmo que estivessem legalmente disponíveis. A maioria (70%) não percebeu nenhum risco em usar maconha ocasionalmente. A análise estatística revelou que uma alta percepção de benefícios, uma percepção de baixo risco e o uso de maconha por amigos estavam associados ao uso individual, bem como a intenção de usar em um contexto hipotético de mudanças regulatórias. Conclusão: é mais do que provável que os adolescentes em idade escolar de Belize fumem maconha por causa da influência dos amigos, baixa percepção de riscos e se a maconha for legalmente disponível e acessível a eles.

The Psychiatric Effects of Cannabis / 생물치료정신의학

With the recent legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada and 11 states of the U.S., the interest surrounding cannabis use is increasing. However, many people and even clinicians in Korea do not have exact knowledge about the psychiatric consequences of cannabis use. In this narrative review, the characteristics of cannabis, the endocannabinoid system, and the psychiatric consequences of cannabis use were provided. Cannabis contains more than 80 cannabinoids in the native plant. Psychotropic properties of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol are most well studied. The two main receptors are cannabinoid-1 receptor and cannabinoid-2 receptor. Several endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, act on the receptors as the endogenous ligands. Cannabis influences mood, cognitive functions, and psychomotor functions in acute phase responses, increasing the odds ratio for motor vehicle crashes. Long-term cannabis use is associated with various psychotic outcomes, including the development of schizophrenia, although there is interindividual variability. Cannabis adversely influences learning, memory, and attention. More frequent, persistent, and earlier onset cannabis use is associated with greater cognitive impairment. The chronic cognitive effects of cannabis are complex and controversial. Cannabis has addictive potential, and cannabis use disorder is common. Clinicians should have evidence-based knowledge about the consequences of cannabis use and communicate accurate information about cannabis use and its associated risks to the public.

Trends and patterns of marijuana use in men and women seeking drug treatment / Tendencias y patrones de consumo de mariguana en hombres y mujeres solicitantes de tratamiento

Abstract Introduction Marijuana is the world's most widely used illegal drug. In Mexico, it is the drug of choice for both male and female users of all ages, and there has been a recent increase in its use. Objective To describe drug use trends in people seeking treatment by sex and age range, and to explore different patterns. Method To provide a description of trends and rates of increase for the population attended between 2005 and 2016 and to make a comparative analysis of patterns of use in a sample of 11 595 marijuana users who received treatment in 2016. Results In general, there has been a greater increase in use in the group ages twelve to seventeen. The greatest increase in lifetime use was reported among women in this age range. The greatest increase in marijuana use in the past month was found among women aged eighteen to thirty-five. Women use a greater variety of substances, and a higher number of younger women report using cocaine, methamphetamines, benzodiazepines and hallucinogens than men. Discussion and conclusion Significant increases in marijuana use have been registered among girls under 18 and women in recent years. The differences in trends and patterns of use for men and women are being reduced and reconfigured.

Resumen Introducción La mariguana es la droga de mayor consumo en el mundo. En México, es la droga preferida por ambos sexos y en todos los grupos de edad, y en su consumo ha habido un incremento desde hace varios años. Objetivo Describir las tendencias del uso de mariguana en solicitantes de tratamiento, por sexo y rango de edad, y explorar diferencias en el patrón de consumo, según sexo. Método Se describieron tendencias y tasas de crecimiento en población atendida entre 2005 y 2016 y se realizó un análisis comparativo del patrón de consumo con una muestra de 11 595 usuarios de mariguana recibidos para tratamiento en 2016. Resultados En general, se registran mayores tasas de crecimiento en el grupo de 12 a 17 años. El mayor incremento del uso alguna vez en la vida corresponde a las mujeres de este rango; el del uso en el último mes y como droga de mayor impacto, a las de 18 a 35 años. Las mujeres consumen un mayor número de sustancias. Las de menor edad refieren el uso de cocaína, metanfetaminas, éxtasis, benzodiacepinas y alucinógenos en mayor proporción que los hombres. Discusión y conclusión Los menores de edad y las mujeres tienen un mayor peso en el aumento del uso de mariguana registrado en los últimos años. Las diferencias en las tendencias y el patrón de consumo entre sexos se están reduciendo y reconfigurando.

Frontal Lobe Abnormality And Psychosis In Traumatic Brain Injury And Cannabis Abuse

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Cannabis has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of psychosis. There is lacked of literature on the link between risk factors such as brain injury and cannabis use in development of schizophrenia. Method: We reported a case with history of traumatic brain injury, who later developed schizophrenia like symptoms soon after initiation of cannabis uses. Further the symptoms persisted despite abstinence on cannabis but flared up after relapse of cannabis used. Results: Present case helps to understand common neurobiological mechanism behind schizophrenia and risk factors such as TBI and Cannabis abuse. Conclusion: Researches in this area are important for management and further understanding neurobiology of schizophrenia. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 18 (1): January – June 2017: XX XX.

Consumo autoreportado de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales en una población habitante de calle de Cali-Colombia / Self-Reported consumption of illegal psychoactive substances in a street inhabitant population from Cali, Colombia

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia autoreportada de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales en una población habitante de calle de la ciudad de Cali. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia de periodo. La población objetivo fueron 763 habitantes de calle registrados durante el año 2010 en la base de datos proporcionada por un hogar de paso de la ciudad de Cali. El análisis estadístico se realizó en R versión 3.2.0. Investigación sin riesgo según la resolución 8430 de 1993. Resultados El 76,9 % de los habitantes de calle reconoce que consume algún tipo de sustancia psicoactiva ilegal (SPAI). Las sustancias que presentaron mayor prevalencia de consumo en esta población fueron: la marihuana (51,2 %), el bazuco (44,6 %) y la cocaína (11,3 %). Se encontró que 28,6 % de los habitantes de calle consumen SPAI más de tres veces por día y que la principal vía de administración es fumada (54,7 %). La mitad de los entrevistados manifestó haber estado internado alguna vez en un centro de rehabilitación. Discusión Las cifras del presente estudio muestran que el consumo de SPAI afecta de manera significativa la población habitante de calle, siendo la marihuana y el bazuco las de mayor uso, situación compleja si se tiene en cuenta su fácil acceso y los graves efectos degenerativos que causan en la salud física y mental de quienes las consumen. Por esto es necesario apoyar iniciativas encaminadas a intervenir este fenómeno social.(AU)

Objective To determine the prevalence of self-reported use of illegal psychoactive substances in a homeless population of the city of Cali. Method Descriptive study of prevalence of period. The target population was 763 homeless people registered during 2010 in the database provided by a temporary shelter facility in the city of Cali. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 3.2.0. Research safe according to the resolution 8430 of 1993. Results 76.9 % of the homeless population recognizes that they consume some type of illegal psychoactive substance (IPAS). The substances with a higher prevalence of use in this population were: marijuana (51.2 %), the crack cocaine (44.6 %) and cocaine (11.3 %). 28.6 % of homeless people were found to consume IPAS more than three times a day and that the main route of administration is smoke (54.7 %). 50% of respondents reported having been hospitalized at some time in a rehabilitation center. Discussion The results in this study show that the problem of PASI consumption significantly affects the population of homeless people, with marijuana and crack cocaine being the most commonly used, which is a complex situation if the easy access of these substances and the severe physical and mental degenerative effects the cause in those who consume them are taken into account. Therefore it is necessary to support initiatives aimed at intervening in this social phenomenon.(AU)

Norma subjetiva, intención y consumo de marihuana en jóvenes universitarios de México / Subjective norm, intention and consumption of marijuana in college students of México

Este artículo tuvo como propósito conocer la relación de la norma subjetiva con la intención y el consumo de marihuana en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios del Norte de México. El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo-correlacional, los datos fueron obtenidos a través de la aplicación de un instrumento sobre la Norma Subjetiva para el consumo de marihuana y analizados en el programa SPSS 18. Participaron 558 jóvenes de nueve facultades de una universidad pública. Los resultados mostraron que 15.1 por ciento ha consumido marihuana alguna vez en la vida. La prevalencia del consumo de marihuana fue mayor en hombres (χ2 =42.5, p<.001), en mayores de 20 años de edad (χ2 =11.64, p<.001) y en los estudiantes de ingenierías y ciencias agropecuarias (χ2=9.54, p<.023). La norma subjetiva se relacionó positivamente con la intención de consumo (rs=.224; p<.001). La norma subjetiva fue más alta en jóvenes que muestran intención de consumo que aquellos que no tienen intención (X= 15.85 y X=6.99; U=20561.5, p<.001), de la misma forma la norma subjetiva fue más alta en los jóvenes que han consumido marihuana que en aquellos que nunca han consumido (X =220.94 y X =7.05; U=28713.5, p<.001). Los resultados presentados aportan al conocimiento de la disciplina de enfermería y áreas a fines, principalmente en la línea de generación de conocimientos de prevención de adicciones y en un futuro podrán servir como base para la justificación de diseños de programas preventivos.

This article was aimed to determine the relationship between subjective norm with intention and marijuana consumption in a group of college students in northern Mexico. The study design was descriptive, co relational; data collection was obtained through the application of a Subjective Norm Instrument for marijuana consumption and analyzed with SPSS 18. Study participants were 558 students from nine faculties of a public university. Results showed that 15.1percent had used marijuana at some time in their life. The prevalence of marijuana consumption was higher in men (χ2=42.5, p<.001), older than 20 years of age (χ2=11.64, p<.001) and students in engineering and agricultural sciences (χ2=9.54, p<.023). The subjective norm is positively related with intention (rs=.224, p<.001). The subjective norm was higher in young people who displayed intention for consumption than those who have no intention (X=15.85 and X=6.99, U=20561.5, p<.001); in the same way, subjective norm was higher in young people that have used marijuana than those who have never used it (X=220.94 and X =7.05, U=28713.5, p<.001). The results are a contribution to the discipline of nursing knowledge and related areas, especially in the line of knowledge generation about addiction prevention, and in the future may serve as a basis for the rationale design of preventive programs.

Efectos de la marihuana en la cognición: una revisión desde la perspectiva neurobiológica / Effects of marijuana on cognition: a review form the neurobiological perspective

La marihuana es una sustancia psicoactiva ampliamente usada en la sociedad, especialmente entre los más jóvenes. El uso de esta sustancia ha sido asociado consistentemente con diversos problemas de salud, muchos de los cuales tienen en común una alteración en las manifestaciones cognitivas de la conducta, incluyendo la memoria, la atención, la emoción y la toma de decisiones. Se encontró evidencia que los cannabinoides, la sustancia activa de la marihuana, impactan negativamente en la memoria a corto plazo, memoria de trabajo y la toma de decisiones. Asimismo, los cannabinoides afectan la atención y la interacción entre los eventos cognitivos y la emoción. Esta información puede ser usada como argumento de plausibilidad biológica para interpretar una serie de hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos en los que el uso de marihuana se ha mostrado relacionado con problemas tales como accidentes de tránsito, psicosis, depresión, pobre trayectoria académica, entre otros.

Marijuana is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in society, mainly among youths. Its use has been consistently associated with several health problems, many of which have in common an impairment in the cognitive processes of behavior, including the memory, attention, emotion and decision making. There is evidence suggesting that cannabinoids, marijuana´s primary psychoactive substance, have a negative effect in short-term memory, working memory, and decision making. It has also been found that cannabinoids affect attention and the interaction between cognitive events and emotion. This information can be used as an argument of biological plausibility to assess clinical and epidemiological research findings that show that marijuana`s use is associated to problems such as traffic accidents, psychosis, depression and poor academic records, among others.

Abuso de cannabis em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos: atualização para uma antiga evidência: [revisão] / Cannabis abuse in patients with psychiatric disorders: an update to old evidence: [review]

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma atualização sobre o abuso de cannabis em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos. MÉTODO: Busca de artigos nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medline, The Cochrane Library Database, Lilacs, PubMed e SciELO, utilizando os descritores "marijuana abuse", "cannabis abuse", "psychiatric disorders" AND "mental disorders"; incluindo artigos que avaliaram ambas as exposições para abuso e dependência de cannabis e qualquer outro transtorno psiquiátrico. Foi considerado o período até dezembro de 2009. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que o abuso frequente de cannabis pode aumentar o risco para o desenvolvimento de esquizofrenia e de sintomas psicóticos crônicos, embora estes achados ainda careçam de comprovação. A cannabis parece ser uma das drogas de escolha de portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar, sendo que é descrito que estados maníacos podem ser induzidos pelo seu consumo. O abuso de maconha também frequentemente co-ocorre em indivíduos com transtornos ansiosos, sendo que a relação de cronicidade destas condições e o consumo de maconha ainda é incerta. Para depressão ainda não existem evidências claras que apontem que o consumo de cannabis ocorre como forma de automedicação. Em indivíduos com transtornos psiquiátricos, há relatos de que o uso da cannabis pode exacerbar sintomas positivos, somar efeitos negativos no curso do transtorno, contribuir para pior adesão ao tratamento e levar a maior número de hospitalizações. CONCLUSÃO: O abuso de cannabis em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos como esquizofrenia, transtornos do humor e ansiosos tem impacto negativo tanto na fase aguda quanto em fases mais avançadas destas condições, embora futuros estudos avaliando estas associações ainda sejam necessários.

OBJECTIVE: To perform an update on cannabis abuse by patients with psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A search was performed in the electronic databases Medline, The Cochrane Library Database, Lilacs, PubMed, and SciELO, using the keywords 'marijuana abuse', 'cannabis abuse', 'psychiatric disorders', and 'mental disorders'. Articles published until December 2009, dealing with cannabis abuse and dependence in association with other psychiatric disorders were included. RESULTS: Cannabis abuse was found to be associated with increased risk for the onset of schizophrenia and chronic psychotic symptoms, although these findings require confirmation from additional research. Cannabis seems to be one of the drugs of choice of individuals with bipolar disorder, despite evidence that manic states can be induced by its use. Cannabis abuse also occurs frequently in individuals with anxiety disorders, but the relationship between the chronic nature of these conditions and the use of marijuana remains uncertain. In respect to depression, there is no clear evidence to date that depressive patients use cannabis as a form of self-medication. In individuals with psychiatric disorders, the use of cannabis has been associated with increased positive symptoms, additional negative symptoms in the course of illness, impaired treatment compliance, and more hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: The abuse of cannabis by patients with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and mood and anxious disorders has a negative impact both in the acute and advanced stages of these conditions, although further investigation on this association is still necessary.

Characteristics of cannabis users seeking treatment in São Paulo, Brazil / Características de los fumadores de marihuana que buscan tratamiento en São Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVES: This article describes a sample of 160 adults selected to participate in a randomized controlled trial conducted at a specialized outpatient clinic for cannabis users in Brazil. It correlates consumption with several measures of marijuana use, comparing it with other samples. METHODS: Instruments used were the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and Wender Utah Rating Scale for screening and demographic data interviews, and the ASI, time-line follow back (TLFB), Marijuana Withdrawal and Marijuana Problem Scales, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) Checklist for cannabis dependence. RESULTS: Participants in the study were mostly single, white men; their mean age was 32.3 years. They had a mean of 15.6 years of formal education and 61.6 percent worked. The cohort started using marijuana at a mean age of 16.5 years and developed daily use by a mean age of 21 years. Subjects in the sample had used marijuana for a mean of 15 years. They used it for 92.2 percent of the 90 days prior to the interview and smoked a mean of 1.99 marijuana cigarettes per day during this period. Individuals in the group had experimented with other drugs, especially cocaine. CONCLUSIONS: Marijuana users in this sample matched the profiles of those investigated elsewhere, although they reported fewer symptoms of dependence. Marijuana users should be considered independently in substance abuse programs, because they require specific attention and treatment. Broader epidemiological studies should be conducted to determine the extent of marijuana use within the Brazilian population.

OBJETIVOS: Describir una muestra de 160 adultos seleccionados para participar en un ensayo aleatorizado controlado, realizado en una clínica ambulatoria especializada para consumidores de marihuana en Brasil. Se asoció el consumo de marihuana con varias medidas relacionadas con este hábito y se comparó con otras muestras. MÉTODOS: Se empleó la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta (CIDI) y la Escala de Valoración de Wender Utah para las entrevistas de tamizaje y la obtención de datos demográficos, y el Índice de Intensidad de la Adicción (ASI), la Línea Cronológica Retrospectiva (TLFB), la Escala de Abandono de la Marihuana, la Escala de Problemas por Marihuana y la lista de comprobación para la dependencia de la marihuana del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de Trastornos Mentales (DSM-III-R). RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los participantes eran hombres blancos solteros; en promedio, la edad fue de 32,3 años y el nivel de escolarización de 15,6 años; 61,6 por ciento trabajaba. Como promedio, esta cohorte comenzó a fumar marihuana a una edad de 16,5 años y llegó a consumirla diariamente a los 21. Los participantes habían consumido marihuana durante 15 años y la consumieron 92,2 por ciento de los 90 días previos a la encuesta, con un consumo diario medio en ese lapso de 1,99 cigarrillos de marihuana. Miembros del grupo habían experimentado con otras drogas, principalmente cocaína. CONCLUSIONES: Los consumidores de marihuana estudiados se ajustan a los perfiles encontrados en otras investigaciones similares, aunque manifestaron menos síntomas de dependencia. En los programas para consumidores de estupefacientes se debe considerar a los consumidores de marihuana de manera independiente, ya que necesitan atención y tratamiento específicos. Se deben emprender estudios epidemiológicos más amplios para determinar la magnitud del consumo de marihuana en la población brasileña.

Clinic features and therapeutics of infants of drug abuse mothers / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical features of drug abuse mother’ s infants and evaluate the effect of corresponding therapeutics.Methods The clinical data of 54 cases of drug abuse mother’s infants were analyzed. Result During 12 years from 1990 to 2002,54 cases of drug abuse mother’ s infants were treated in our department. In 54 cases,premature was found in 28 cases,LBW in 32 cases,neonatal asphyxia 14 cases, NRDS 12 cases,intracranial hemorrhage 8 cases,congenital anomaly 2 cases. Infants born to addicted mothers have many health problems in the neonatal period Infants born to mothers drug abusing more than 2 years were significantly less mature and lighter than those born to mothers drug abusing less than 2 years( P