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1.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 28(3): 21-30, dic. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1284972

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las floraciones de algas nocivas son un problema cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial que ocasiona severos daños sobre la salud pública, pérdidas económicas en acuicultura, perjuicios al turismo y episodios de mortalidad de poblaciones naturales de peces, aves y mamíferos marinos. Las toxinas son producidas por el fitoplancton y se acumulan en moluscos bivalvos que se alimentan por filtración del agua siendo estos los principales vectores de intoxicación humana. En el Mar Argentino, se han reportado toxinas marinas de origen microalgal asociadas con cuatro síndromes de intoxicación por moluscos. Los síndromes más graves por su extensión, frecuencia, toxicidad y organismos afectados, son los originados por el dinoflagelado Alexandrium cate-nella responsable de la Intoxicación Paralizante por Moluscos la cual ha ocasionado numerosas muertes humanas. Seguidamente, la más leve, en cuanto a gravedad y frecuencia, ha sido la Intoxicación Diarreica por Moluscos. En contraste, el ácido domoico, conocido como toxina amnésica de moluscos, no ha producido hasta ahora intoxicaciones humanas. Recientemente, se amplió el rango de toxinas para la región al registrarse las toxinas y los dinoflagelados productores de la Intoxicación Azaspirácidos por Moluscos. Además, se han detectado las potencialmente tóxicas Yessotoxinas y Espirolidos, cuyos mecanismos de acción y toxicidad están siendo aún evaluados a nivel mundial. Estas toxinas emergentes para la región, representan un riesgo potencial para la salud e inconvenientes socioeconómicos por el cierre de los sitios de explotación de moluscos. Ciertamente presentan un nuevo desafío, pues la detección y cuantificación sólo puede realizarse por medio de métodos basados en HPLC - espectrometría de masas, lo cual dificulta el monitoreo en laboratorios regionales en el país. La herramienta clave de manejo es la prevención, a través de políticas, regulaciones y sistemas de monitoreo y control de cada grupo de toxinas. A través de estas mejoras, se anticipa que no sólo disminuirá el número de afectados por estas intoxicaciones, si no que se podrán realizar vedas más eficientes, asegurando un equilibrio que proteja tanto la salud pública como el desarrollo de la industria pesquera.


Abstract Harmful algal blooms are an increasingly common problem worldwide, causing severe damage to public health, economic losses in aquaculture, damage to tourism and mortality events of natural populations of fish, birds and marine mammals. The toxins are produced by phytoplankton and accumulated in bivalve molluscs that feed on water filtration, being these main vectors of human intoxication. In the Argentine Sea marine toxins of microalgal origin have been reported associated with four shellfish poisoning syn-dromes. The most serious due to their extension, frequency, toxicity and affected organisms are those caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella responsible for the Paralytic shellfish poisoning that has caused numerous human deaths. Then, the mildest, in severity and frequency, is the Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In contrast, domoic acid, known as Amnesic shellfish toxin, has not produced human intoxications yet. Recently, toxins and dinoflagellate species causing Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning have been re-corded, expanding the range of toxins for the region. In addition, the potentially toxic Yessotoxins and Spirolides have been detected, whose mechanism of action and toxicity is still being evaluated worldwide. These emerging toxins represent a potential risk to public health and socioeconomic activities due to the eventual closure of mollusc exploitation sites. They certainly present a new challenge, since detection and quantification can only be carried out using methods based on HPLC - mass spectrometry, which makes monitor-ing in regional laboratories difficult. Prevention through policies, regulations, and monitoring and control systems of each toxin group is the key management tool. These preventive measures are expected to contribute to reducing the number of poisonings and to ap-plying more efficient fisheries closures, ensuring a balance that protects both public health and the development of the fishing industry.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Shellfish Poisoning/epidemiology , Microalgae , Marine Toxins/classification , Mollusca , Argentina/epidemiology , Phytoplankton , Shellfish/standards , Shellfish/toxicity , Impacts of Polution on Health/prevention & control , Shellfish Poisoning/classification , Shellfish Poisoning/prevention & control , Harmful Algal Bloom , Marine Toxins/chemistry
2.
Rev. cuba. invest. bioméd ; 32(3): 271-283, jul.-sep. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-705680

ABSTRACT

Introducción: frecuentemente en las regiones insulares de países tropicales se reportan casos de intoxicación por ciguatera, los cuales se asocian al consumo de ciertos tipos de peces que se alimentan de algas tóxicas. Debido a que la aparición de la intoxicación es impredecible, y que los peces portadores de la ciguatoxinas presentan sabor y olor como los peces no contaminados, existen grandes dificultades en la prevención de esta enfermedad, ocacionando serios problemas socio-económicos en las comunidades que habitan estas regiones. Objetivo: con el propósito de entender la bio-acumulación de las ciguatoxinas en la cadena alimentaria marina, se propone un sistema no lineal de ecuaciones diferenciales que puede ser utilizado como herramienta en la determinación de tiempos de veda en el consumo de peces y mitigar los riesgos de intoxicación. Métodos: se analiza la estabilidad de la solución de equilibrio del sistema que tienen sentido ecológico y se presentan y discuten simulaciones numéricas para diferentes escenarios de brotes de las ciguatoxinas. Resultados: los resultados indican que la evolución del sistema de transporte y bio-acumulación de toxina depende de la dinámica del sistema poblacional. Conclusiones: El modelo puede convertirse en una orientación para los ecólogos que investigan en actividades de campo relacionadas con la enfermedad, ya que sugiere algunas medidas importantes que son necesarias para calibrar el modelo y hacer de él una herramienta valiosa en la toma de decisiones por las autoridades encargadas del tema de salud pública en zonas costeras caribeñas donde la enfermedad sea endémica.


Introduction: Island regions in tropical countries often report cases of ciguatera fish poisoning associated with consumption of certain types of fish feeding on toxic algae. The emergence of intoxication is unpredictable, and fish carrying ciguatoxins taste and smell just like uncontaminated fish. Therefore, it is very difficult to prevent this disease, which causes serious socio-economic problems in the communities inhabiting these regions. Objective: with the purpose of understanding the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in the marine food chain, a proposal is made of a non-linear system of differential equations which may be used as a tool to lay down closed seasons in fish consumption and thus mitigate poisoning risks. Methods: an analysis is conducted of the stability of the equilibrium solution of the system which makes ecological sense, and a presentation and discussion are provided of numerical simulations for various scenarios of ciguatoxin outbreaks. Results: results show that evolution of the toxin transport and bioaccumulation system depends on the dynamics of the population system. Conclusions: the model may be used as a guideline for ecologists carrying out field research into the disease, since important measures are suggested which are required to calibrate the model and turn it into a valuable tool for the taking of decisions by public health authorities in Caribbean coastal areas where the disease is endemic.

3.
Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology ; : 217-225, 2010.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-64533

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a novel marine micro-organism with anticancer properties, H31, the metabolic product of Bacillus SW31, has anti-tumor effects on head and neck cancer, and potential for apoptotic-enhancing anti-cancer treatment of affected patients. METHODS: The cell viability and apoptosis assays were performed. Changes in the signal pathway related to apoptosis were investigated. Then, the therapeutic effects of H31 were explored in mouse xenograft model and drug toxicity of H31 was examined in zebrafish model. RESULTS: We identified the anticancer activity of H31, a novel metabolic product of Bacillus SW31. Bacillus SW31, a new marine micro-organism, has 70% homology with Bacillus firmus and contains potent cytotoxic bioactivity in head and neck cancer cells using MTT assay. Combined with c-JUN, p53, cytochrome C, and caspase-3, H31 induced apoptosis of KB cells, a head and neck cancer cell line. In a separate in vivo model, tumor growth in C3H/HeJ syngeneic mice was suppressed by H31. In addition, in a zebrafish model used for toxicity testing, a considerable dose of H31 did not result in embryo or neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Growth inhibition and apoptosis were achieved both in vitro and in vivo in head and neck cancer cells after exposure to H31, a metabolite from the marine Bacillus species, without any significant toxicity effects even at considerable H31 dose concentrations.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Apoptosis , Bacillus , Caspase 3 , Cell Line , Cell Survival , Cytochromes c , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Embryonic Structures , Head , Head and Neck Neoplasms , KB Cells , Marine Toxins , Signal Transduction , Toxicity Tests , Transplantation, Heterologous , Zebrafish
4.
Journal of the Korean Neurological Association ; : 263-265, 2007.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-17567

ABSTRACT

No abstract available.


Subject(s)
Ciguatoxins , Eating , Intestines , Marine Toxins , Neurologic Manifestations , Quadriplegia
5.
Chinese Journal of Primary Medicine and Pharmacy ; (12)2006.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-558990

ABSTRACT

Objective To study the clinical feature of ciguatera fish poisoning.Methods Thirty-nine patients with ciguatera fish poisoning were observed.Results The clinical symlptoms of ciguatera poisoning usually began to appear 2~10 hours after eating a poisonous fish and could be classified into three broad groups:neurological,gastrointestinal cardiovascular symptoms.Gastrointes tinal symptoms were the most common complaint.Neurological symptoms generally stayed for 1~2 weeks.The clinical picture was characterized by temperature reversal.Conclusion Ciguatera poisoning can be differentiated by unique features affecting the neurological system.

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