Perthes-Like Disease Masquerading Non-Classical MPS

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are inborn errors of metabolism caused by deficient lysosomal enzymes, leading to organomegaly, hip osteonecrosis, coarse facial features, bone deformities, joint stiffness, cardiac and pulmonary symptoms (MPS VI) or hypermobility (MPS IVA). Some patients may present with non-classical forms of the disease in which osteoarticular abnormalities are the initial symptoms of non-classical forms. As orthopedists and surgeons are the specialists most frequently consulted before the diagnosis, it is critical that MPS may be considered as a differential diagnosis for patients with bone dysplasia. Experts in Latin America reviewed medical records focusing on disease onset, first symptoms and the follow-up clinical and surgical outcomes of non-classical MPS VI and IVA patients. All patients displayed orthopedic issues, which worsened over time, followed by cardiac and ophthalmological abnormalities. Our findings enlighten the necessity of including non-classical MPS as possible diagnosis for patients who report osteoarticular abnormalities in absence of inflammation.

Long-Term Galsulfase Treatment Associated With Improved Survival of Patients With Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome): 15-Year Follow-Up From the Survey Study

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is a progressive lysosomal storage disorder with multiorgan and multisystemic pathology. Currently, galsulfase enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the only approved treatment for MPS VI. A crosssectional survey study of 121 patients with MPS VI conducted in 2001 to 2002 and a 10-year follow-up study of the same patients (resurvey study; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01387854) found that those receiving galsulfase at any time showed physical improvements and a lower mortality rate (16.5%) versus treatment-naive patients (50%). After *15 years, galsulfasetreated patients (n » 104) continue to have a survival advantage over treatment-naive patients (n » 14), as demonstrated by a 24% versus 57% mortality rate. This survival advantage is further supported by data from the commercial use of galsulfase (2005-2016), which show a 5-year mortality rate for galsulfase-treated patients of 12.5%. Together, these findings suggest that galsulfase ERT can increase life expectancies for patients with MPS VI over a period of at least 15 years.

Impact of Enzyme Replacement Therapy in a Patient Younger Than 2 Years Diagnosed With Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (MPS VI)

Abstract Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, also known as Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (#OMIM 253200), is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to deficient activity of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B) required for the breakdown of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Patient: Report of a female patient started on enzyme replacement therapy at 17 months of age. At the time of diagnosis (14 months), the patient presented mild corneal opacity and significant thoracolumbar kyphosis, but no visceral involvement or growth arrest. At 73 months of treatment, weight was normal, although the patient was in a low height percentile. The patient showed adequate neural development, with improvement in lumbar spine and joint involvement. Corneal compromise or valvular disease progression was not evident. Conclusion: Early and timely diagnosis and treatment with enzyme replacement therapy are essential, as the means to change the natural history of the disease, avoiding comorbidities and improving final prognosis.

Aspectos clínicos da mucopolissacaridose tipo VI / Clinical aspects of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Este estudo visou destacar os principais sinais clínicos para a suspeita diagnóstica da mucopolissacaridose do tipo VI (MPS VI). Desta feita, espera-se que os profissionais de saúde aprofundem seus conhecimentos relacionados ao tema e identifiquem precocemente os pacientes portadores desta síndrome, possibilitando um tratamento adequado e, consequentemente, minimizando sequelas. CONTEÚDO: Realizou-se uma pesquisa ao banco de dados do MedLine/PubMed e do Pediatrics (Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics) com a palavra-chave "Maroteaux-Lamy" selecionando-se apenas os estudos de livre acesso. Foram encontrados 19 estudos nas bases de dados consultadas, no período de setembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. CONCLUSÃO: A MPS VI é uma doença autossômica recessiva cuja etiologia relaciona-se à atividade deficiente da hidrolase lisossômica N-acetilgalactosamina 4-sulfatase, ou arilsulfatase B. A maioria dos pacientes apresenta os primeiros sinais da doença na infância (hepatoesplenomegalia, face infiltrada e alterações na coluna). Com a sua evolução, os pacientes passam a apresentar alterações em vários órgãos e tecidos, que podem incluir: retardo de crescimento; contraturas flexionais de dedos, joelhos ou ombros; alterações cardiovasculares (estenose de valvas, regurgitação e cardiomegalia); alterações oculares (opacificação de córnea, glaucoma e papiledema com atrofia ótica); alterações neurológicas (hidrocefalia e compressão medular) e síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. As complicações cardiorrespiratórias são progressivas e podem levar o paciente ao óbito, sendo imprescindível a identificação precoce da doença e instituição de terapêutica adequada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to highlight the main clinical criteria for suspected diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI). Consequently, we hope that the health professionals learn a little more about MPS VI and can identify patients with the syndrome in time to make appropriate treatment and thus minimize sequels. CONTENTS: We searched the database of MedLine/PubMed and Pediatrics (Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics) with the keyword "Maroteaux-Lamy" by selecting only the open access studys. We found 19 studys in the databases consulted in the period of September 2009 to February 2010. CONCLUSION: MPS VI is an autosomal recessive disease whose etiology is related to deficiency of lysosomal hydrolase N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase, or arylsulfatase B. Most patients show early signs of disease in childhood (hepatosplenomegaly, facial infiltration and changes in column). With the evolution of the disease the patients started to show abnormalities in many organs and tissues, which may include: growth retardation; inflectional contractures of the fingers, knees or shoulders; cardiovascular disorders (stenosis, valve regurgitation and cardiomegaly); eyes (opacification cornea, glaucoma, and papilledema with optic atrophy); neurological disorders (hydrocephalus and spinal cord compression) and syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea. Cardiorespiratory complications are progressive and can lead the patient to death; due to this fact is essential early identification of disease and institution of therapy.

Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: brief review and guidelines for treatment

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases caused by the deficiency of one of the lysosomal enzymes involved in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) breakdown pathway. This metabolic block leads to the accumulation of GAG in various organs and tissues of the affected patients, resulting in a multisystemic clinical picture, sometimes including cognitive impairment. Until the beginning of the XXI century, treatment was mainly supportive. Bone marrow transplantation improved the natural course of the disease in some types of MPS, but the morbidity and mortality restricted its use to selected cases. The identification of the genes involved, the new molecular biology tools and the availability of animal models made it possible to develop specific enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) for these diseases. At present, a great number of Brazilian medical centers from all regions of the country have experience with ERT for MPS I, II, and VI, acquired not only through patient treatment but also in clinical trials. Taking the three types of MPS together, over 200 patients have been treated with ERT in our country. This document summarizes the experience of the professionals involved, along with the data available in the international literature, bringing together and harmonizing the information available on the management of these severe and progressive diseases, thus disclosing new prospects for Brazilian patients affected by these conditions.