The effectiveness of zinc supplementation in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

A multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled superiority trial with 18 months of follow-up was conducted to investigate whether oral zinc supplementation could further promote spermatogenesis in males with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) receiving sequential purified urinary follicular-stimulating hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (uFSH/hCG) replacement. Sixty-seven Chinese male IHH patients were recruited from the Departments of Endocrinology in eight tertiary hospitals and randomly allocated into the sequential uFSH/hCG group (Group A, n = 34) or the sequential uFSH plus zinc supplementation group (Group B, n = 33). In Group A, patients received sequential uFSH (75 U, three times a week every other 3 months) and hCG (2000 U, twice a week) treatments. In Group B, patients received oral zinc supplementation (40 mg day-1 ) in addition to the sequential uFSH/hCG treatment given to patients in Group A. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a sperm concentration ≥1.0 × 106 ml-1 during the 18 months. The comparison of efficacy between Groups A and B was analyzed. Nineteen of 34 (55.9%) patients receiving sequential uFSH/hCG and 20 of 33 (60.6%) patients receiving sequential uFSH/hCG plus zinc supplementation achieved sperm concentrations ≥1.0 × 106 ml-1 by intention to treat analyses. No differences between Group A and Group B were observed as far as the efficacy of inducing spermatogenesis (P = 0.69). We concluded that the sequential uFSH/hCG plus zinc supplementation regimen had a similar efficacy to the sequential uFSH/hCG treatment alone. The additional improvement of 40 mg day-1 oral zinc supplementation on spermatogenesis and masculinization in male IHH patients is very subtle.

Norethindrone-induced masculinization and progeny testing in guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters 1859).

Norethindrone(NE) was evaluated for its efficacy on alteration of sex ratio of P. reticulata. Either the young fry or the brooders and the resultant fry were fed a commercial diet incorporated with NE at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg kg-1 diet (ppm) for 30-40 d in rectangular glass aquaria; this was followed by 40-60 d rearing on NE-free diet in out-door concrete tanks. In general, the androgen treatment altered sex ratio, leading to the production of a dose dependent increase in the percentage of males. The oral administration of the steroid at 75 ppm for 40 d or 100 ppmfor 30 or 40 d to first feeding fry, yielded 100% males. On the other hand, NE administration to brooders before parturition and the resultant fry also produced an all-male population of guppy. The sex ratio of the untreated control was almost 1:1. The survival of fish in all the trials was high, ranging between 67 and 100%. Mating masculinized males (“XX” male) with normal female resulted in an all-female progeny, while crossing normal male (XY) from treatment groups with normal female sired normal sex ratio (1:1), elucidating XX-XY sex determination system in the guppy.

Progesterone induces morphological masculinization in immature female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) / 中国实验动物学报

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the masculinizing effects of progesterone ( PRO) exposure at different concentrations on the morphology of female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).Methods Immature female G.affinis individuals were put into static water with 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 nmol/L progesterone (n=56), respective-ly.In addition, control group and parallel groups were set up .After 42-day-long exposure, we measured four main indexes of the G.affinis:the body length, body weight, morphological changes in the anal fin 3rd fin and the 14, 15 and 16 verte-bral ribs.We also observed the state of ovarian development .Results The body lengths (BL) of experimental groups ex-posed at concentration of 50 and 500 nmol/L progesterone for 42 d showed significant differences , respectively ( P0.05).When exposed to 500 nmol/L PRO, the L, D and L:D values of the 14th, 15th and 16th vertebral ribs of the female G.affinis had very significant difference ( P<0.01 for all ) , respectively , indicating significant changes of morphological masculinization .Histological examination revealed that the developmental status of the ovaries of G.affinis in the experimental groups were to different degrees inhibited , and the nuclei appeared swelling in stage II and III oocytes . Conclusions The results of this study indicate apparent masculinizing effects of progesterone on immature female mosquit -ofish.

Masculinização rural: uma abordagem a partir da regionalização por sistemas agrários no Rio Grande do Sul / Rural masculinization: an approach based on the regionalization of agrarian systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Masculinización rural: un abordaje a partir de la regionalización por sistemas agrarios en Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho objetivou analisar o processo de masculinização da população rural nos diferentes sistemas agrários do Rio Grande do Sul, buscando interpretar suas eventuais particularidades e diferentes configurações. Para tanto, utilizaram-se os dados do Censo Demográfico de 1950 e da Contagem Populacional 2007 do IBGE, que foram sistematizados e submetidos à análise estatística. Foram calculadas as razões de sexo da população rural e, no caso de 2007, para quatro faixas etárias. Estas razões foram agrupadas por sistema agrário (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressão Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colônias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colônias Novas e Planalto) para aplicação do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. De forma complementar, ainda foi calculada a razão de sexo do Rio Grande do Sul em 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. Verificou-se que o processo de masculinização rural, que vem se desenvolvendo lentamente no Estado, apresenta comportamentos diferenciados conforme as regiões. De forma geral, as regiões pecuaristas são as que apresentam as maiores proporções de homens, enquanto aquelas caracterizadas pela agricultura familiar e pelos sistemas produtivos intensivos possuem as menores proporções. As regiões Depressão Central e Planalto, onde a produção mecanizada de soja e arroz é representativa, assumiram, em 2007, uma posição intermediária entre as altas razões de sexo das regiões pecuaristas e os baixos valores das Colônias, onde a agricultura familiar é característica. Entende-se que a intensidade do processo de masculinização rural possa estar relacionada a aspectos dos diferentes sistemas agrários, como a importância socioeconômica da agricultura familiar, ou ainda a intensificação dos principais sistemas de produção.

This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressão Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colônias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colônias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressão Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.

Este trabajo tuvo el propósito de analizar el proceso de masculinización de la población rural en los distintos sistemas agrarios de Rio Grande do Sul, buscando interpretar sus eventuales particularidades y diferentes configuraciones. Para ello se utilizaron los datos del Censo Demográfico de 1950 y del Conteo Poblacional 2007 del IBGE, que fueron sistematizados y sometidos al análisis estadístico. Se calcularon las razones de sexo de la población rural y, en el caso de 2007, para cuatro grupos de edad. Estas razones fueron agrupadas por sistema agrario (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressão Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colônias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colônias Novas y Planalto) para la aplicación del test de Kruskal-Wallis. De forma complementaria, se calculó asimismo la razón de sexo de Rio Grande do Sul en 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 y 2010. Se verificó que el proceso de masculinización rural, que se viene desarrollando lentamente en el estado, presenta comportamientos diferenciados según las regiones. En general, las regiones ganaderas son las que presentan las mayores proporciones de hombres, mientras las caracterizadas por la agricultura familiar y los sistemas productivos intensivos poseen las menores proporciones. Las regiones Depressão Central y Planalto, en las que la producción mecanizada de soya y arroz es representativa, asumieron en el 2007 una posición intermedia entre las altas razones de sexo de las regiones ganaderas y los bajos valores de las Colônias, donde la agricultura familiar es característica. Se entiende que la intensidad del proceso de masculinización rural puede relacionarse con aspectos de los diferentes sistemas agrarios, como la importancia socioeconómica de la agricultura familiar, o aún la intensificación de los principales sistemas de producción.

Êxodo seletivo, masculinização e envelhecimento da população rural na região central do RS / Selective exodus, masculinization and rural aging in the central Region of the RS

A configuração populacional vem sofrendo acentuadas transformações ao longo da última década. Atualmente, a masculinização e o envelhecimento populacional são apontados como características dessa realidade. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência e o comportamento dos processos de masculinização e envelhecimento da população rural de 27 municípios da Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul, em diferentes faixas etárias. Para alcançar esse propósito, utilizaram-se dados da Contagem Populacional de 1996 e 2007 do IBGE referentes à população rural regional sistematizados em quatro faixas: 0 a 14 anos, 15 a 24, 25 a 59 e 60 ou mais anos. As diferenças entre os sexos foram submetidas ao Teste para Diferença entre Duas Proporções com 5 por cento de probabilidade de erro. Também foram calculadas a diferença percentual da população total e de cada sexo entre 1996 e 2007. O processo de masculinização rural consolida sua presença na Região Central do RS, sendo a população adulta atingida com mais intensidade. A sobreposição masculina significativa pode ser observada em todos os municípios, aumentando da primeira a terceira faixa etária. Em alguns municípios, houve uma intensificação da masculinização rural também entre a população idosa. Também pode ser observado, de forma geral, um abrandamento do predomínio masculino entre a população jovem. A forte redução da população de 0 a 14 anos, bem como o aumento da população idosa no período mostra um processo de envelhecimento entre a população estudada. Essa configuração populacional pode comprometer a sucessão nos estabelecimentos rurais, interferindo na dinâmica social e produtiva do espaço rural da Região Central do RS.

Population configuration has suffered marked changes over the last decade. Currently, the population masculinization and aging are pointed out as characteristic of such reality. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the occurrence and behavior of the masculinization processes and aging of the rural population in different age groups of 27 municipalities in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. To achieve this purpose, it was used data from the IBGE population Census of 1996 and 2007 related to regional rural population systematized into four bands: 0 to 14 years, 15 to 24, 25 to 59 and 60 or over. Differences between the sexes were submitted to the test for difference between two proportions with 5 percent probability of error. It was also calculated the percentage difference of the total population and of each sex between 1996 and 2007. The process of rural masculinization consolidates its presence in the Central Region of the RS, with the adult population affected with more intensity. The significant male overlap can be observed in all municipalities, increasing from first to third age. In some municipalities there was an intensification of rural masculinization also among the elderly. It can also be observed, in general, a slowdown in the male predominance among young people. The strong reduction of population aged 0 to 14 years old and the aging population in the period shows a process of aging among the population studied. This population configuration may compromise the succession on farms, interfering in the social and productive rural areas of the Central Region of Brazil.

Exposure of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) eggs to 17 α-Methyltestosterone and the sex ratio of the fish offspring / Inmersión de ovas de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) en diferentes estadíos de fertilización en una solución de 17 α- metiltestosterona y la proporción fenotípica del sexo / Efeito da imersão de ovas de tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis spp.) em diferentes fases de fertilização numa solução de 17α- metiltestosterona sobre a proporção fenotípica do sexo

This study evaluated the proportions of sex reversals which occurred after red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) eggs were immersed into various solutions of 17 α-Methyltestosterone (0, 800 and 1200 ug/L of water). Two fertilization stages of the eggs, i.e., reflecting clear or dark colors, were included in this study. Besides sex proportions, other parameters studied included hatching, fry and fingerling survival, final weight and length. There were no significant differences between the sex proportions obtained relative to hormone concentration or egg color (49.59% males from dark eggs and 46.36% males from light eggsversus the control, which had 55.24% males). In contrast, the percentage of hatching was significantly higher in dark eggs (60.27% ± 11.52). Survival of fry was higher when born from dark eggs compared with clear eggs (51.74% ± 27.01 versus 28.97% ± 1.52, respectively). Fingerling survival was not related to the color of the eggs (59.28% ± 23.73 versus 65.58% ± 9.01 for initially dark and clear eggs, respectively). However, surviving males were longer and heavier (6.75 cm ± 1.29 and 5.45 g ± 3.09) than females. This data suggest a possible interaction between hatching, survival, and egg color.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la reversión sexual por inmersión de ovas de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) clasificadas por estadíos de fertilización (color de ovas claras y oscuras) a diferentes hormonales 0, 800 y 1200 μg de 17 α- Metil Testosterona (17αMT/L) por litro de agua. El trabajo fue realizado en la estación piscícola de la Universidad de Antioquia, midiendo como variables: proporción sexual, porcentaje de eclosión, sobrevivencia en larva y alevinaje, peso final, longitud total. Para porcentaje de reversión sexual no se encontró diferencia significativa (p>0.05) con respecto a las concentraciones hormonales y al color de ovas, cuyos valores promedio fueron 49.59% de machos para ovas oscuras y 46.36% de machos para ovas claras, respecto al tratamiento testigo que tuvo 55.24% de machos. Para los demás parámetros, tales como porcentaje de eclosión, se encontró diferencia altamente significativa (p<0.01) con respecto al color de las ovas siendo mayor la eclosión en ovas de color oscuro con un valor de 60.27 ± 11.52%. Para sobrevivencia en larva se encontró diferencia significativa (p<0.05) hallándose 51.74 ± 27.01% para las larvas provenientes de ovas oscuras y 28.97 ± 1.52% para las provenientes de ovas claras. Para sobrevivencia en la etapa de alevinaje, no hubo diferencia significativa (p>0.05) con respecto al color de las ovas, encontrándose 59.2 ± 23.73% para los animales provenientes de ovas oscuras y de 65.58 ± 9.01% para los animales provenientes de ovas claras. En las variables peso y longitud se observó diferencia altamente significativa (p<0.001) con respecto al sexo siendo de mayor tamaño y peso los machos con una media de 6.75 ± 1.29 cm y 5.45 ± 3.09 g, respectivamente.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a reversão sexual por imersão em ovas de tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis spp.), classificadas por fases da fecundação (ovas de cores claras e escuras), com diferentes concentrações hormonais, 0, 800 e 1200 μg17α MT / L de água. Este trabalho foi realizado na Estação Piscícola da Universidade de Antioquia, medindo variáveis, tais como: percentagem de Eclosão, percentagem de Sobrevivência das larvas e alevinagem, Peso fim, Comprimento total, e proporção sexual. Para a variável Eclosão, foi encontrada uma diferença altamente significativa (p<0.01), sendo maior a quantidade de ovas escuras, com uma média de 60.27% e um desvio padrão de ± 11.52%. Na sobrevivencia das larvas não foi encontrada diferença significativa (p<0.05) com respeito a cor das ovas, havendo uma média de 51.74% e um desvio padrão de ± 27.01% para as larvas das ovas escuras; uma média de 28.97% e com desvio padrão de ± 1.52% para as larvas das ovas claras. Durante a etapa da alevinagem não houve diferença significativa (p>0.05), encontrado uma média de 59.28% e um desvio padrão de ± 23.73% para os animais provenientes de ovas escuras; uma média de 65.58% e um desvio padrão de ± 9.01% para animais provenientes de ovas claras. Nas variáveis Peso e Comprimento, foi observada diferença altamente significativa (p <0.001); sendo os machos, de maior tamanho e peso, com uma média de 6.75 centímetros e um desvio padrão de ± 1.29 cm para a variável comprimento. Para a variável peso, ocorreu uma média de 5.45 gr e um desvio de ± 3.09 g. Para a Reversão, não foi encontrada diferença significativa (p>0.05), no que diz respeito ao concentrações hormonais e a cor das ovas.

Efecto anabólico y androgénico del esteroide acetato de trembolona en el guppy (Poecilia reticulata) / Anabolic and androgenic effect of steroid trenbolone acetate on guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

The effect of semi-synthetic steroid trenbolone acetate (TBA) on the ornamental fish Poecilia reticulata (guppy) was studied. The steroid at a dose of 300 mg/kg feed was administered to 30 days old juvenile specimens during 60 days. Forty days after treatment was ended, an evaluation aimed to determine the steroid residual effect was undertaken. Survival, masculinization ratio and the drug anabolic effect were analyzed. Results showed TBA to be effective to induce masculinization, differing (P < 0.001) with the control group, which registered 32% males and 68% females. TBA turned out to be an excellent anabolic as well, since treated fish showed weight increase, a larger body and an increased size of caudal fin. The steroid did not cause any damage on the treated population. The survival factor was 93.3% for the treated fish as compared to 83% for the control group.

Se investigó el efecto del esteroide semisintético acetato de trembolona (ATB) en el pez de ornato Poecilia reticulata (guppy). Especímenes juveniles de 30 días de edad fueron tratados con el esteroide a dosis de 300 mg/kg de alimento durante 60 días. Al término del tratamiento, 40 días después, se estimó el efecto residual del esteroide. Se analizó la sobrevivencia, la proporción de peces masculinizados, así como el efecto anabólico. Los resultados indicaron que el ATB es eficaz para inducir la masculinización, a diferencia del grupo testigo, donde se registraron 32% de machos. Asimismo, el ATB tuvo un efecto anabólico, ya que los peces tratados mostraron mayor peso y talla e incremento de la aleta caudal. El esteroide no causó daño en la población tratada, al sobrevivir 93.3% de los peces, comparado con 83% del grupo testigo.

The Behavioral and Psychic Masculinizing Scores and Its Related Factors in Female Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency / 대한소아내분비학회지

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the degree of behavioral and psychic masculinization as well as factors influencing the masculinization in female patients with CAH caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency. METHODS: We studied 26 patients with salt-wasting (SW) type, 29 patients with simple virilizing (SV) type and 30 control patients, who were older than 10 years of age. Study participants were given a questionnaire containing 55 items (20 masculine items, 20 feminine items, 15 neutral items) in order to evaluate the degree of feminity and masculinity. RESULTS: SW and SV girls revealed significantly higher masculine scores and lower feminine scores than the control groups (P<0.05). Feminine scores were lower in the SW group compared to those in the SV group (P<0.05). Neutral scores showed no significant difference among three groups. Masculine, feminine, bisexual and undifferentiated personality characteristics exhibit 57.6%, 3.8%, 7.6%, and 30.7% in SW group, respectively; 31%, 17.2%, 20.6%, and 30%, respectively in SV group; 3.3%, 50.0%, 20.0% and 26.6%, respectively in control group. Masculine scores were negatively correlated with age at diagnosis and treatment (r=-0.516, P<0.05), but not with the levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone at the time of diagnosis and study, advancement of bone age, age at clitoplasty, age at onset of puberty and age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS: Female patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, who reveal high masculinizing score, should be closely monitored for the adverse effects of high degree of masculinization, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. Additionally, it is important to treat adequately after early diagnosis to minimize the degree of masculinization and to develop the prenatal mode of treatment to interrupt the secretion of adrenal androgen.

A Case of Giant Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor of the Ovary with Masculinization / 대한부인종양콜포스코피학회잡지

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is a rare sex-cord stromal tumor of the ovary and accounts for less than 0.5% of all ovarian tumors. It is among the most fascinating from pathologic and clinical viewpoints in masculinization. We experience an unusual case of a poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor in 60-year-old woman who showed masculinization and present it with brief review of literature.