The Role of Negative Automatic Thoughts as a Mediator in the Relationship between Maternal Attachment and Depressive Symptoms among Late Adolescents of Pakistan

@#Introduction: Negative automatic thoughts refer to subconscious thinking patterns in response to irrational and self-defeating stimuli. Individuals who are depressed tend to have biased negative automatic thoughts. Therefore, there is a need to refine our understanding of what contributes to the development of adolescent depressive symptoms. The current study examined the mediating role of negative automatic thoughts in the link between maternal attachment and depressive symptoms among late adolescents in Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study focused on 936 (males=423, females=513) students aged 17 to 19 years old, who were selected through multistage cluster sampling technique. Respondents answered self-report questionnaires which assessed maternal attachment, depressive symptoms, and negative automatic thoughts. Structural equation modelling was utilised to analyse the relationships among the research variables. Results: The findings indicated that 39.3% had negative automatic thoughts; whereas, 5.6% experienced severe depressive symptoms. Correlational analysis showed that maternal attachment had a negative association with depressive symptoms and negative automatic thoughts. In contrast, depressive symptoms were positively related to negative automatic thoughts. Structural analysis revealed that negative automatic thoughts partially mediated the association of maternal attachment with depressive symptoms among late adolescents. Findings specifically demonstrated that those with insecure maternal attachment tend to have negative automatic thoughts, which subsequently lead to depressive symptoms. Conclusion: In conclusion, findings highlight the importance of secure attachment to the mother and positive automatic thoughts in combating depressive symptoms; thus ensuring a healthy psychological development for adolescents.

Development of a Program to Promote Maternal Role Confidence and Maternal Attachment for Mothers of Premature Infants / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a program to promote maternal role confidence and maternal attachment for mothers of premature infants and to evaluate the effects in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: This program was developed through a literature review and validation of an expert group, and tested with 60 preterm infants (experimental group 30, control group 30) in a NICU in South Korea. Data were collected from December 2017 to March 2018 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, χ²-test and Fisher's exact test with the SPSS/Win statistical program. RESULTS: Maternal role confidence for the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group (t=3.22, p=.002). Maternal attachment in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group (t=2.30, p=.025). CONCLUSION: The program developed in this study should be effective in promoting maternal role confidence and maternal attachment in mothers of premature infants.

Estilos de apego y representaciones maternas durante el embarazo / Attachment style and maternal representations during pregnancy

Various authors support the theory that the mother-child bond begins in gestation, through a mental representation which the mother constructs during pregnancy. This image would be based on their own childhood experience, which lays the foundation for the transgenerational transmission of the attachment relationship type that will be formed. Objective: To study the relationship between the pregnant mother's history of attachment and her attachment style during pregnancy, including the types of images formed about her future son or daughter as well as herself as a mother. Patients and Method: Three first time pregnant women with different attachment styles were identified through the Parental Bonding Instrument. An in-depth interview was performed with each individual. Flick's adaptation of Grounded Theory was applied during data analysis. Results show that differences exist both in the thematic contents as in the quality, quantity and coherence of their representations depending upon the attachment style. Discussion: These results contribute to the knowledge of the representational world of the pregnant woman, allowing for improved prenatal interventions that will promote secure mother-child attachment.

De acuerdo a diversos autores, el vínculo madre-hijo se inicia desde la gestación, a través de las representaciones que la madre va construyendo durante el embarazo. Dichas representaciones estarían ancladas en su propia experiencia de apego en la infancia, lo que sentaría las bases de la transmisión transgeneracional de los vínculos de apego. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el estilo de apego de la madre y el tipo de representaciones que ésta construye acerca del hijo en gestación, de sí misma como madre y de su propia historia de apego, durante el embarazo. Pacientes y Método: Estudio cualitativo con análisis interpretativo de los datos. Se seleccionaron 3 mujeres primigestas, con distintos estilos vinculares, identificados a través del Parental Bondig Instrument, a las cuales se les realizó una entrevista semi-estructurada, en función de una pauta guía que contenía los principales ejes teóricos del estudio. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la adaptación de Flick de la Grounded Theory. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias tanto en los contenidos temáticos, como en la calidad, cantidad y coherencia de las representaciones maternas, dependiendo del estilo vincular. Conclusión: Los resultados aportan al conocimiento del mundo representacional de la mujer embarazada, lo cual permite el desarrollo de intervenciones prenatales para promover el establecimiento apego seguro madre-hijo.

Effect of maternal anxiety, depression, acceptance and psychological control on students' social anxiety / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo determine the current students' social anxiety status and maternal factors in school students( grade 5-7) in Harbin,and provided scientific guidance relevant to students'social anxiety.Methods 1526 mother-child pairs collected by random cluster sampling,children completed the social anxiety scale for children (SASC),security scale,coping strategies questionnaire( consist of ambivalence and avoidance subscale),acceptance scale and psychological control scale,and mothers completed the center for epidemiologic studies depression inventory (CES-D),self-rating anxiety scale (SAS).ResultsThe total positive detection rate of social anxiety was 13.6％,there was no significantly difference between boys and girls (P ＞ 0.05) ; the positive detection rate of Grade 6 was higher than Grade 5 and Grade 7.There were positive correlation between social anxiety and mother's psychological control,mother's depression,mother's anxiety ( r =0.228,0.143,0.122) ; negative correlation with mother's acceptance( r =-0.214).Linear regression indicated that only three variables (mother's psychological control,mother's acceptance,mother's depression) were at the P ＜ 0.05 level.The regression coefficients for the three variables were 1.557,- 1.092 and 0.040,respectively.ConclusionMaternal highly psychological control,lowly acceptance and maternal anxiety depression all play a role in promoting the occurrence of students' social anxiety.

The Effects of Music Therapy on Postpartum Blues and Maternal Attachment of Puerperal Women

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on postpartum blues and maternal attachment of puerperal women. METHODS: The research design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were puerperal women who agreed to participate in this study and through a convenience sampling, 60 puerperal women were recruited (30 in the experimental group, 30 in the control group). After measuring postpartum blues and maternal attachment, music therapy was provided to the experimental group over 40 min, once a day, and for 8 days. Then, postpartum blues and maternal attachment for the experimental and control group were measured again on the 8th day. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 12.0 Program. RESULTS: The first hypothesis that "the degree of postpartum blues for the experimental group who participated in music therapy would be lower than that of the control group" was accepted (t=4.350, p<.001). The second hypothesis that "the degree of maternal attachment of the experimental group who participated in music therapy would be higher than that of the control group" was accepted (t=4.828, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that music therapy has positive influences on decreasing postpartum blues and increasing maternal attachment of puerperal women.

Effects of Kangaroo Care on Anxiety, Maternal Role Confidence, and Maternal Infant Attachment of Mothers who Delivered Preterm Infants / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Kangaroo Care(KC) on anxiety, maternal role confidence, and maternal infant attachment of mothers who delivered preterm infants. METHODS: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest. Data was collected from September 1. 2006 to June 20. 2007. The participants were 22 mothers in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. KC was applied three times per day, for a total of ten times in 4 days to the experimental group. RESULTS: The degree of anxiety was statistically significantly different between the two groups but maternal role confidence and maternal infant attachment was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: This data suggests that KC was effective for mothers anxiety relief but it was not effective for maternal role confidence and maternal infant attachment of mothers. The implications for nursing practice and directions for future research need to be discussed.

Yakson vs. GHT Therapy Effects on Growth and Physical Response of Preterm Infants and on Maternal Attachment / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study is aimed to confirm the effects of Yakson therapy on the growth and physical response of preterm infants, and maternal attachment to them compared with GHT therapy. METHOD: The design of this study is nonequivalent control group with repeated measuring by quasi experimental study. The subjects are preterm infants in 26 - 34 gestational age hospitalized in the NICU of 4 university hospitals with an experimental group of 15 and a control group of 14. Yakson therapy consists of three phases: laying a hand, caressing by hand, and laying a hand again taking 5 minutes for each phase. RESULT: As a result of administering Yakson therapy to preterm infants; the average weight gain of the Yakson group was higher than that of the GHT group, but there is no significant difference between groups. The oxygen saturation and maternal attachment difference between the Yakson and the GHT group were not significant. Significant differences in the average daily increase of oral intake and apical pulse rate were observed between the Yakson group and GHT group. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that Yakson therapy may be an effective nursing intervention which can facilitate growth and physical response of preterm infants.

The Effects of the Integrated NICU Hospitalization Education on Maternal Attachment, Maternal Self-Esteem, and Postpartum Depression in the Mothers of High-Risk Infants / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: The quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the integrated NICU hospitalization education on maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS in the 26 mothers of high-risk infants(HRI). METHOD: The subjects were divided into the experimental group to received the integrated NICU hospitalization education included the enforced direct education of NICU and HRI to the mothers using a booklet and the provision of the neomaternal exposure as soon as possible after delivery. The control group received the routine education of the NICU hospitalization, mostly including the admission process and the NICU rules delivering to the husband. The research variables were maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS. RESULTS: The results showed the increases in these variables after the integrated education in experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: It supports the benefits of the early direct NICU education and the neomaternal exposures on maternal adaptation process in the mothers of HRI.

A Comparison of Attachment in Adolescents of Mainland China and Malaysia / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To compare the differences of the relationships of paternal attachment,maternal attachment and peer attachment in adolescents of Mainland China and Malaysia.Methods: Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment was used and 1694 adolescents were tested(315 were Malay of Malaysia,666 were Chinese of Malaysia and 713 were Chinese of Mainland China).Results: Adolescents of Malay evaluated more positive in parental and peer attachment than those in China and Malaysia.Conclusion: Significant differences between the attachment by Malay and Chinese adolescents point to the need to understand attachment in adolescents within a cultural context.